676 lines
73 KiB
XML
676 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3792290" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f309b9a6-ba6b-4f63-96b6-caf37e4e2a21" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163815497" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3792290" ID-ZooBank="20B00870-7416-4583-ADE0-4302E5571B66" approvalRequired="57" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="57" checkinTime="1587999934386" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Anweiler, Gary G." docDate="2009" docId="F544023F5B4DFFF019AF038829F1FD92" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_1990.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 9 (9)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@52c7884c" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Panthea virginarius Grote" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="123" masterDocId="097D7A475B55FFEA1923032E2837FFD7" masterDocTitle="Revision of the New World Panthea Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with descriptions of 5 new species and 2 new subspecies" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="97" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" updateTime="1643568514638" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the New World Panthea Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with descriptions of 5 new species and 2 new subspecies</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Anweiler, Gary G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="LSID">87B63195-32B4-4FAF-8732-54242BF1FAA9</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum, 218 Earth Sciences Building, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T 6 G 2 E 9</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gganweiler@shaw.ca)</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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||
<mods:number>2009-05-12</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>97</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.9.157</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">f309b9a6-ba6b-4f63-96b6-caf37e4e2a21</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576456</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">20B00870-7416-4583-ADE0-4302E5571B66</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3792290" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163815497" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3792290" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F544023F5B4DFFF019AF038829F1FD92" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F544023F5B4DFFF019AF038829F1FD92" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<subSubSection box="[140,452,166,193]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,452,166,229]" box="[140,452,166,193]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<heading box="[140,452,166,193]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="Grote" authorityName="Grote" box="[140,452,166,193]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,452,166,193]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,377,166,193]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea virginarius</emphasis>
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Grote
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,438,202,229]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,452,166,229]" box="[140,438,202,229]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<figureCitation box="[140,271,202,229]" captionStart="Figures 28-43" captionStartId="32.[140,222,1366,1388]" captionTargetBox="[181,1067,165,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1067,165,1347]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 28-43. Panthea adults 28. P. virginarius ♁, Nevada Co., CA, USA; 29. P. virginarius ♀, Waterton Lk. N.P, AB, CAN; 30. P. virginarius, ♁, LA Co., CA, USA; 31. P. virginarius ♀, Monterey Co, CA, USA; 32. P. virginarius ♁, Lincoln Co., WY, USA; 33. P. virginarius ♀, Cowlitz Co., WA, USA; 34. P. virginarius ♁ - holotype of suffusa, Barriere, BC, CAN; 35. P. viginarius, Vavenby, BC, CAN; 36. P. a. acronyctoides ♁ Edmonton, AB, CAN; 37. P. a. acronyctoides, ♁ holotype of albosuffusa, Queen’s Co., NS, CAN; 38. P.a. acronyctoides ♁, Penobscot, ME, USA; 39. P. a. acronyctoides – a. nigra intermediate, Edmonton, AB, CAN; 40. P. a. nigra ♁ holotype, Gilpin Co., CO., USA; 41. P. a. nigra ♁, Jasper N.P., AB, CAN; 42. P. a. nigra ♁, Grand Co., CO, USA; 43. P. a. nigra ♀, Grand Co. CO, USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771584/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Figs. 29-35</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[282,353,202,229]" captionStart="Figures 50-57" captionStartId="34.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[146,1108,182,1451]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 50-57. Panthea male genitalia 50. P. virginarius, Josephine Co. OR., USA; 51. P. virginarius Wyoming variant, Lincoln Co., WY., USA; 52. P. acronyctoides nigra, Albany Co., WY, USA; 53. P. a. acronyctoides, Steuben, ME, USA; 54. P. furcilla furcilla, Norfolk Co., MA., USA; 55. P.furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA.USA; 56. Panthea f.furcilla - f. australis intermediate specimens, showing variation in size of basal cornuti; a. P.G. Co., MD; b, c. Owsley Co., KY; d. Elko Co., PA. 57. P. greyi. Coconino Co., AZ, USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771592" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771592/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">50-51</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[365,397,202,228]" captionStart="Figures 58-68" captionStartId="35.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[197,1038,190,1416]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 58-68. Panthea female genitalia 58. P. apanthea, Coconino Co, AZ. USA; 59. P. judyae, Chihuahua, MEX; 60. P. gigantea, Chihuahua, MEX; 61. P. guatemala, Oaxaca, MEX; 62. P. virginarius, Missoula Co., MT., USA; 63. P.acronyctoides nigra, Teller Co., CO., USA;. 64. P. a. acronyctoides, Ashland Co., WI, USA; 65. P. f.furcilla, Windham Co., CT, USA; 66. P. f.furcilla-f. nigra intermediate, Dauphin Co., PA., USA; 67. P. furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA, USA; 68. Panthea greyi, Apache Co., AZ., USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771594/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">62</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[409,438,202,228]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[140,174,830,852]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,811]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[141,1107,166,810]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 69. Distribution of examined specimens of P. virginarius, P. apanthea and P. judyae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771596/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">69</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,272,650]" box="[140,545,272,298]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,545,272,298]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitation author="Grote AR" box="[140,542,272,298]" page="220" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1880">
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<taxonomicName authority="Grote, 1880: 220" authorityName="Grote" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1880" box="[140,542,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
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<emphasis box="[140,333,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Biston virginarius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Grote AR" box="[340,542,272,298]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="220" part="12" refId="ref17762" refString="Grote AR (1880) New species of North American Moths. Canadian Entomologist 12: 220." title="New species of North American Moths" type="journal article" year="1880">Grote, 1880: 220</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,272,650]" box="[140,608,308,334]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,608,308,334]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Grote)" baseAuthorityName="Grote" box="[140,407,308,334]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Lycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginaria">
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<emphasis box="[140,313,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Lycia virginaria</emphasis>
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(Grote)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Dyar HG" box="[419,605,308,334]" page="328" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1902">
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<bibRefCitation author="Dyar HG" box="[419,605,308,334]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 723" part="52" refId="ref17579" refString="Dyar HG (1902) A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 52: 1 - 723." title="A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects" type="journal article" year="1902">Dyar 1902: 328</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,272,650]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="(Grote)" baseAuthorityName="Grote" box="[140,438,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginaria">
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<emphasis box="[140,344,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea virginaria</emphasis>
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(Grote)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Barnes W & McDunnough J" box="[450,859,343,369]" page="83" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1917">
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<bibRefCitation author="Barnes W & McDunnough J" bookContentInfo="392 pp." box="[450,859,343,369]" journalOrPublisher="Herald Press, Decatur" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" refId="ref17357" refString="Barnes W, McDunnough J (1917) Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America. Herald Press, Decatur, 392 pp." title="Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America" type="book" year="1917">Barnes and McDunnough 1917: 83</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="McDunnough, J" page="54" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 272" part="1" refId="ref18169" refString="McDunnough, J (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1: 1 - 272." title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera" type="journal article" year="1938">McDunnough 1938: 54</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Franclemont JG & Todd EL" box="[229,616,378,404]" page="134" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1983">
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<bibRefCitation author="Franclemont JG & Todd EL" box="[229,616,378,404]" editor="Hodges RW" journalOrPublisher="EW Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation London" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="120 - 159" refId="ref17666" refString="Franclemont JG, Todd EL (1983) Noctuidae. In: Hodges RW (Ed.) Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. EW Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation London, 120 - 159." title="Noctuidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd 1983: 134</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,272,650]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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<treatmentCitation author="Grote AR" box="[140,541,413,439]" page="14" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1896">
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<taxonomicName authority="Grote, 1896: 14" authorityName="Grote" authorityPageNumber="14" authorityYear="1896" box="[140,541,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
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<emphasis box="[140,349,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea portlandia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Grote AR" bookContentInfo="18 pp." box="[356,541,413,439]" journalOrPublisher="Mittheilungen aus dem Roemer-Museum, Hildesheim 3" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" refId="ref17780" refString="Grote AR (1896) Die Apateliden. Mittheilungen aus dem Roemer-Museum, Hildesheim 3: 18 pp. 2 plates." title="Die Apateliden" type="book" year="1896">Grote, 1896: 14</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Dyar HG" box="[553,723,413,440]" page="98" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1902">
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<bibRefCitation author="Dyar HG" box="[553,723,413,440]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 723" part="52" refId="ref17579" refString="Dyar HG (1902) A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 52: 1 - 723." title="A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects" type="journal article" year="1902">Dyar 1902: 98</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation author="Smith JB" box="[735,916,413,439]" page="98" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1903">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith JB" bookContentInfo="136 pp." box="[735,916,413,439]" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" refId="ref18537" refString="Smith JB (1903) Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, vi + 136 pp." title="Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America" type="book" year="1903">Smith 1903: 98</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Barnes and Mc- Dunnough 1917: 83;
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<treatmentCitation author="McDunnough, J" box="[433,708,448,475]" page="54" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough, J" box="[433,708,448,475]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 272" part="1" refId="ref18169" refString="McDunnough, J (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1: 1 - 272." title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera" type="journal article" year="1938">McDunnough 1938: 54</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Franclemont and Todd 1883: 134.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,375,483,509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">New synonomy.</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,272,650]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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||
<treatmentCitation author="Dyar HG" box="[140,531,519,545]" page="142" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1921">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dyar, 1921: 142" authorityName="Dyar" authorityPageNumber="142" authorityYear="1921" box="[140,531,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelica">
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||
<emphasis box="[140,325,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea angelica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Dyar HG" box="[335,531,519,545]" journalOrPublisher="Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="142" part="9" refId="ref17614" refString="Dyar HG (1921) New North American Lepidoptera and records. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 9: 142." title="New North American Lepidoptera and records" type="journal article" year="1921">Dyar, 1921: 142</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation author="McDunnough, J" box="[546,828,518,545]" page="54" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1938">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough, J" box="[546,828,518,545]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="1 - 272" part="1" refId="ref18169" refString="McDunnough, J (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1: 1 - 272." title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera" type="journal article" year="1938">McDunnough 1938: 54</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; Franclemont and Todd 1883: 134.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[317,507,554,580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">New synonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1108,272,650]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="McDunnough J" box="[140,743,589,615]" page="94" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" year="1942">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="McDunnough, 1942: 94" authorityName="McDunnough" authorityPageNumber="94" authorityYear="1942" box="[140,743,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="portlandia" subSpecies="suffusa">
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||
<emphasis box="[140,438,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea portlandia suffusa</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough J" box="[450,743,589,615]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" pagination="93 - 95" part="74" refId="ref18208" refString="McDunnough J (1942) Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Canadian Entomologist 74: 93 - 95." title="Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa." type="journal article" year="1942">McDunnough, 1942: 94</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
; Franclemont and Todd 1883: 134.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[244,438,624,650]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">New Synonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1109,694,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,312,694,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
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||
<emphasis box="[140,198,695,721]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" reason="1">Type</emphasis>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1880" box="[319,511,695,720]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
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||
<emphasis box="[319,511,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Biston virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609010621" collectionCode="BMNH" country="United States of America" location="Soda Springs" municipality="Shasta Co" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[526,633,695,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F544023F5B4DFFF019AF038829F1FD92:7832E5F25B4DFFF21BFA01992B58FD06" box="[729,879,695,721]" country="United States of America" municipality="Shasta Co" name="Soda Springs" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" stateProvince="California">Soda Springs</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[890,1006,695,721]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Shasta Co</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[189,244,730,756]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[260,357,730,756]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
). Photograph examined
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1109,694,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Mt. Lowe, Los Angeles" authorityName="Mt. Lowe, Los Angeles" box="[185,692,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,377,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea angelica</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2609010630" box="[401,692,765,792]" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" location="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">Mt. Lowe, Los Angeles</materialsCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[713,831,765,791]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[851,909,765,791]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus box="[930,1037,765,791]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[148,237,800,826]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
) Photograph examined; genitalia slide apparently lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1109,694,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1896" box="[185,394,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,394,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: described by Grote from
|
||
<specimenCount box="[694,831,835,862]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from Portland,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1013,1103,836,862]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[140,198,871,897]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus box="[208,273,871,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
could not be located in either the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[663,754,871,897]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectionCode box="[793,879,871,897]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
and may be lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1109,694,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[185,466,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="virginaria" subSpecies="suffusa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,466,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea virginaria suffusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: described from a
|
||
<typeStatus box="[673,772,906,932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male from Dixon Creek, Barriere,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[204,404,941,967]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[416,506,941,967]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The specimen was reared from a larva collected from
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,338,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,333,976,1002]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="englemanni">Picea englemanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Type #
|
||
<quantity box="[432,521,976,1003]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.341628" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" unit="in" value="5282.0">5282 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[528,596,976,1002]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">CNC</collectionCode>
|
||
). Adult and genitalic slide examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1109,694,1672]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,1011,1037]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,307,1011,1037]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[320,535,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[320,535,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies greatly in size and color pattern depending on location and habitat. Both sexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[587,738,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,603,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[620,738,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be very difficult to separate from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="French" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[297,412,1083,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[297,412,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where they occur together unless genitalic characters are used. The tip of the uncus can usually be examined without dissection by brushing the scales from the end of the abdomen; the male of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="French" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[627,748,1153,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[627,643,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,748,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a bifurcate tip to the uncus (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,230,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figures 44-49" captionStartId="33.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[141,1083,189,1416]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 44-49. Panthea male genitalia 44. Lichnoptera decora, Queretero, MEX; 45. P. apanthea, El Paso Co., CO., USA; 46. P. judyae Grant Co., NM, USA; 47. P.reducta, Pedemales, DR; 48. P.gigantea, El Dorado Co., CA., USA, a. tip of uncus; 49. P. guatemala, Oaxaca MEX., a. tip of uncus, Oaxaca, b. tip of uncus, Chiapas, MEX." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771588" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771588/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[251,398,1188,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[251,267,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,398,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[515,598,1187,1214]" captionStart="Figures 50-57" captionStartId="34.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[146,1108,182,1451]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 50-57. Panthea male genitalia 50. P. virginarius, Josephine Co. OR., USA; 51. P. virginarius Wyoming variant, Lincoln Co., WY., USA; 52. P. acronyctoides nigra, Albany Co., WY, USA; 53. P. a. acronyctoides, Steuben, ME, USA; 54. P. furcilla furcilla, Norfolk Co., MA., USA; 55. P.furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA.USA; 56. Panthea f.furcilla - f. australis intermediate specimens, showing variation in size of basal cornuti; a. P.G. Co., MD; b, c. Owsley Co., KY; d. Elko Co., PA. 57. P. greyi. Coconino Co., AZ, USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771592" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771592/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females can be separated by the structure of the sterigma, which is much larger and more massively sclerotized in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="French" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[926,1048,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,942,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1048,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 58-68" captionStartId="35.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[197,1038,190,1416]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 58-68. Panthea female genitalia 58. P. apanthea, Coconino Co, AZ. USA; 59. P. judyae, Chihuahua, MEX; 60. P. gigantea, Chihuahua, MEX; 61. P. guatemala, Oaxaca, MEX; 62. P. virginarius, Missoula Co., MT., USA; 63. P.acronyctoides nigra, Teller Co., CO., USA;. 64. P. a. acronyctoides, Ashland Co., WI, USA; 65. P. f.furcilla, Windham Co., CT, USA; 66. P. f.furcilla-f. nigra intermediate, Dauphin Co., PA., USA; 67. P. furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA, USA; 68. Panthea greyi, Apache Co., AZ., USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771594/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
|
||
) than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[277,427,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[277,293,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,427,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[443,528,1258,1285]" captionStart="Figures 58-68" captionStartId="35.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[197,1038,190,1416]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 58-68. Panthea female genitalia 58. P. apanthea, Coconino Co, AZ. USA; 59. P. judyae, Chihuahua, MEX; 60. P. gigantea, Chihuahua, MEX; 61. P. guatemala, Oaxaca, MEX; 62. P. virginarius, Missoula Co., MT., USA; 63. P.acronyctoides nigra, Teller Co., CO., USA;. 64. P. a. acronyctoides, Ashland Co., WI, USA; 65. P. f.furcilla, Windham Co., CT, USA; 66. P. f.furcilla-f. nigra intermediate, Dauphin Co., PA., USA; 67. P. furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA, USA; 68. Panthea greyi, Apache Co., AZ., USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771594/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
). Black and white specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[894,1044,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[894,910,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[926,1044,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[249,448,1293,1319]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[510,576,1293,1319]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[593,676,1293,1320]" captionStart="Figures 28-43" captionStartId="32.[140,222,1366,1388]" captionTargetBox="[181,1067,165,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1067,165,1347]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 28-43. Panthea adults 28. P. virginarius ♁, Nevada Co., CA, USA; 29. P. virginarius ♀, Waterton Lk. N.P, AB, CAN; 30. P. virginarius, ♁, LA Co., CA, USA; 31. P. virginarius ♀, Monterey Co, CA, USA; 32. P. virginarius ♁, Lincoln Co., WY, USA; 33. P. virginarius ♀, Cowlitz Co., WA, USA; 34. P. virginarius ♁ - holotype of suffusa, Barriere, BC, CAN; 35. P. viginarius, Vavenby, BC, CAN; 36. P. a. acronyctoides ♁ Edmonton, AB, CAN; 37. P. a. acronyctoides, ♁ holotype of albosuffusa, Queen’s Co., NS, CAN; 38. P.a. acronyctoides ♁, Penobscot, ME, USA; 39. P. a. acronyctoides – a. nigra intermediate, Edmonton, AB, CAN; 40. P. a. nigra ♁ holotype, Gilpin Co., CO., USA; 41. P. a. nigra ♁, Jasper N.P., AB, CAN; 42. P. a. nigra ♁, Grand Co., CO, USA; 43. P. a. nigra ♀, Grand Co. CO, USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771584/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
|
||
) have been mistaken for nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acronyctoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P. acronyctoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[296,381,1328,1355]" captionStart="Figures 28-43" captionStartId="32.[140,222,1366,1388]" captionTargetBox="[181,1067,165,1346]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[180,1067,165,1347]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 28-43. Panthea adults 28. P. virginarius ♁, Nevada Co., CA, USA; 29. P. virginarius ♀, Waterton Lk. N.P, AB, CAN; 30. P. virginarius, ♁, LA Co., CA, USA; 31. P. virginarius ♀, Monterey Co, CA, USA; 32. P. virginarius ♁, Lincoln Co., WY, USA; 33. P. virginarius ♀, Cowlitz Co., WA, USA; 34. P. virginarius ♁ - holotype of suffusa, Barriere, BC, CAN; 35. P. viginarius, Vavenby, BC, CAN; 36. P. a. acronyctoides ♁ Edmonton, AB, CAN; 37. P. a. acronyctoides, ♁ holotype of albosuffusa, Queen’s Co., NS, CAN; 38. P.a. acronyctoides ♁, Penobscot, ME, USA; 39. P. a. acronyctoides – a. nigra intermediate, Edmonton, AB, CAN; 40. P. a. nigra ♁ holotype, Gilpin Co., CO., USA; 41. P. a. nigra ♁, Jasper N.P., AB, CAN; 42. P. a. nigra ♁, Grand Co., CO, USA; 43. P. a. nigra ♀, Grand Co. CO, USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771584" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771584/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the two taxa are well separated by range (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[921,1015,1328,1354]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[140,174,830,852]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,811]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[141,1107,166,810]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 69. Distribution of examined specimens of P. virginarius, P. apanthea and P. judyae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771596/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Figs. 69</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1028,1061,1328,1354]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="37.[140,174,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,988,1634]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[141,1107,990,1634]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Fig. 72. Distribution of examined specimens of P. acronyctoides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771602/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">72</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the Rocky Mountains from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[451,534,1363,1389]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[588,784,1363,1389]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
southward
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[915,1062,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[915,931,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,1062,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be confused with
|
||
<emphasis box="[344,807,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anweiler" authorityYear="2009" box="[344,580,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="acronyctoides" subSpecies="nigra">P. acronyctoides nigra</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[592,807,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">Panthea virginarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is larger and the male has a paler, banded hindwing than
|
||
<emphasis box="[500,556,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">nigra</emphasis>
|
||
; females can be differentiated by examining the ductus, which is wrinkled in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[479,630,1470,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,495,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[512,630,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[648,734,1469,1496]" captionStart="Figures 58-68" captionStartId="35.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[197,1038,190,1416]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 58-68. Panthea female genitalia 58. P. apanthea, Coconino Co, AZ. USA; 59. P. judyae, Chihuahua, MEX; 60. P. gigantea, Chihuahua, MEX; 61. P. guatemala, Oaxaca, MEX; 62. P. virginarius, Missoula Co., MT., USA; 63. P.acronyctoides nigra, Teller Co., CO., USA;. 64. P. a. acronyctoides, Ashland Co., WI, USA; 65. P. f.furcilla, Windham Co., CT, USA; 66. P. f.furcilla-f. nigra intermediate, Dauphin Co., PA., USA; 67. P. furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA, USA; 68. Panthea greyi, Apache Co., AZ., USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771594/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
|
||
), smooth with an expanded rim around the ostium in
|
||
<emphasis box="[387,443,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[459,543,1504,1531]" captionStart="Figures 58-68" captionStartId="35.[140,222,1494,1516]" captionTargetBox="[197,1038,190,1416]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[140,1108,174,1453]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 58-68. Panthea female genitalia 58. P. apanthea, Coconino Co, AZ. USA; 59. P. judyae, Chihuahua, MEX; 60. P. gigantea, Chihuahua, MEX; 61. P. guatemala, Oaxaca, MEX; 62. P. virginarius, Missoula Co., MT., USA; 63. P.acronyctoides nigra, Teller Co., CO., USA;. 64. P. a. acronyctoides, Ashland Co., WI, USA; 65. P. f.furcilla, Windham Co., CT, USA; 66. P. f.furcilla-f. nigra intermediate, Dauphin Co., PA., USA; 67. P. furcilla australis, Whitfield Co., GA, USA; 68. Panthea greyi, Apache Co., AZ., USA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771594" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771594/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[140,1109,694,1672]" lastBlockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,488,1539,1565]" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,336,1539,1565]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[493,704,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[493,704,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Panthea virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs mainly west and north of the Great Basin, from the coast of southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[593,707,1575,1601]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
northward to the Queen Charlotte Islands of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[252,448,1610,1636]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and the Alaskan Panhandle, eastward to central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[986,1104,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[249,337,1645,1671]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[351,420,1645,1671]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[591,706,1645,1671]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[814,921,1646,1672]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="24" pageNumber="121">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and southwest- ern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[184,270,167,193]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
; a disjunct population is in the Cypress Hills of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[813,896,167,193]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[952,1108,167,193]" country="Canada" name="Saskatchewan" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Saskatchewan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[148,233,202,229]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[140,174,830,852]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,811]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[141,1107,166,810]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 69. Distribution of examined specimens of P. virginarius, P. apanthea and P. judyae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3771596" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3771596/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large black and white populations (syn. “
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1896" box="[726,840,202,228]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[726,840,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”) occur along the coast from central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[288,402,237,263]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
to southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[548,750,237,263]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. These are replaced by gray and black populations both farther north and farther south along the coast, and at higher elevations inland. Intermediate populations occur at lower elevations eastward as far as western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[233,337,343,369]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
and extreme southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[646,729,343,369]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[185,400,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,400,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Panthea virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in coniferous forests, in particular but not confined to Douglas-fir forest (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Mirb.) Franco" authorityName="Franco" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Mirb." box="[384,799,413,440]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[384,620,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Pseudotsuga menziesii</emphasis>
|
||
(Mirb.) Franco
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) at elevations ranging from sea-level to near tree-line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,483,509]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,483,509]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[308,524,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[308,524,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Panthea virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears in checklists as both the original spelling
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[140,258,519,544]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,258,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grote AR" box="[329,462,519,545]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" pagination="220" part="12" refId="ref17762" refString="Grote AR (1880) New species of North American Moths. Canadian Entomologist 12: 220." title="New species of North American Moths" type="journal article" year="1880">Grote 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[475,604,519,545]" journalOrPublisher="E. J. Brill, New York" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 1314" refId="ref18345" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (New Series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae, Parts 1 - 3: E. J. Brill, New York, xii + 1 - 1314." title="Lepidopterorum Catalogus (New Series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae, Parts 1 - 3" type="book chapter" year="1989">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[475,537,519,545]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[669,778,519,544]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginaria">
|
||
<emphasis box="[669,778,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Franclemont JG & Todd EL" editor="Hodges RW" journalOrPublisher="EW Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation London" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" pagination="120 - 159" refId="ref17666" refString="Franclemont JG, Todd EL (1983) Noctuidae. In: Hodges RW (Ed.) Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. EW Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation London, 120 - 159." title="Noctuidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with the ending changed from the original spelling for gender congruity. The original spelling is used herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
The taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[385,598,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[385,598,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Panthea virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has suffered from the same plethora of errors as has occurred elsewhere in the genus, starting with Grote describing
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[940,1058,660,685]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[940,1058,660,685]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a geometrid (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[274,341,695,720]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Biston" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[274,341,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Biston</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and finishing with McDunnough describing
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,958,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">suffusa</emphasis>
|
||
as a form of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1896" box="[140,254,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,254,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[393,541,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[393,409,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,541,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens he used for comparison were misidentified specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anweiler" authorityYear="2009" box="[341,575,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="acronyctoides" subSpecies="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[341,357,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,575,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">acronyctoides nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[185,366,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,366,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Panthea angelica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a population of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[571,717,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[571,587,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[600,717,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[939,1052,800,826]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties). Internally it is identical to nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[983,1100,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1100,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and externally differs only by being slightly more suffused with dark scales and thus appearing less powdery. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[545,632,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[545,632,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">angelica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been widely misapplied, both in the literature (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crumb SE" box="[309,456,941,968]" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 356" part="1135" refId="ref17476" refString="Crumb SE (1956) The Larvae of the Phalaenidae. U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1135: 1 - 356." title="The Larvae of the Phalaenidae" type="journal article" year="1956">Crumb 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and on museum specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anweiler" authorityYear="2009" box="[806,885,942,968]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greyi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[806,822,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[836,885,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">greyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anweiler" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="acronyctoides" subSpecies="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[939,955,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">acronyctoides nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lending weight to the apparently mistaken belief that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[804,891,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angelica">
|
||
<emphasis box="[804,891,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">angelica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a good species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1896" box="[185,393,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,393,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Panthea portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the name that has been applied to the large and striking black and white coastal populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,673,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,539,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[555,673,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that occur mainly at lower elevations from northern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[318,432,1082,1108]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
to southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[638,843,1082,1108]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Inland, and at higher elevations, this form intergrades with typical
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[672,825,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,688,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,825,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but some of the white shading of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1896" box="[307,421,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[307,421,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
phenotype is still evident as far east as western
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[954,1058,1153,1179]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[297,384,1187,1213]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Both white and gray forms occur together at some locations in central
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[223,364,1223,1249]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The genitalia are indistinguishable from those of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1003,1019,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so the name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1896" box="[351,465,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[351,465,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also placed in synonymy under
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[854,1003,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,870,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[885,1003,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="McDunnough" authorityYear="1942" box="[185,478,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="portlandia" subSpecies="suffusa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,478,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Panthea portlandia suffusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by McDunnough after comparing it to what he believed were specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[568,720,1329,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[568,584,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[602,720,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[797,904,1328,1354]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[968,1054,1328,1354]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but which were in fact specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Anweiler" authorityYear="2009" box="[502,735,1363,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="acronyctoides" subSpecies="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[502,518,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[532,735,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">acronyctoides nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is evident from his description of the genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[406,559,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[406,422,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[438,559,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[559,563,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">,</emphasis>
|
||
which accurately describes
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[881,1053,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acronyctoides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,897,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[913,1053,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">acronyctoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, not
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(McDunnough 1942)" baseAuthorityName="McDunnough" baseAuthorityYear="1942" box="[140,516,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,254,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough J" box="[270,507,1434,1460]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" pagination="93 - 95" part="74" refId="ref18208" refString="McDunnough J (1942) Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Canadian Entomologist 74: 93 - 95." title="Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa." type="journal article" year="1942">McDunnough 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An examination of his slides in the CNC confirms this. It also explains his puzzling (but accurate) statement that based on the genitalia slides of males from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[415,522,1504,1530]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Nordegg,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[697,783,1504,1530]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[797,948,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[797,813,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[830,948,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seemed to be merely a large western race of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Walker (McDunnough 1942)" authorityName="Walker (McDunnough" authorityYear="1942" box="[479,996,1539,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acronyctoides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[479,495,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[510,650,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">acronyctoides</emphasis>
|
||
Walker (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough J" box="[752,987,1539,1566]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" pagination="93 - 95" part="74" refId="ref18208" refString="McDunnough J (1942) Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Canadian Entomologist 74: 93 - 95." title="Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa." type="journal article" year="1942">McDunnough 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[140,1108,167,1671]" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[345,494,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[345,361,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[378,494,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[725,836,1575,1601]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
tend to be lighter gray, and specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[374,485,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
and adjacent areas of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[735,800,1610,1636]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="25" pageNumber="122">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
tend to have the diverticulum of the vesica and its terminal spine greatly reduced in size, and occasionally obsolete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,1109,167,581]" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">
|
||
The various forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[424,572,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[424,440,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[454,572,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vary greatly in both size and in the proportions of black and white scaling, and thus external appearance varies greatly over a very large geographic area. However, with the exception of specimens in a small area of northwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[234,349,272,298]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
, little significant variation occurs in the genitalia of either sex, and all are treated as forms rather than subspecies. Further study, particularly in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[986,1104,307,333]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, may show that one or more populations there should be recognized at the subspecies level,
|
||
<emphasis box="[204,247,379,404]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
a silvery-gray population on the Monterey Peninsula that has been reared on Monterey pine (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="D. Don" authorityName="D. Don" authorityYear="2010" box="[324,568,413,440]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[324,471,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">Pinus radiata</emphasis>
|
||
D. Don
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Frank Sala pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[140,1109,167,581]" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">
|
||
The life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[396,541,449,474]" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virginarius">
|
||
<emphasis box="[396,541,449,474]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">P. virginarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Vancouver Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[797,999,448,474]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. is briefly described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy GA" box="[292,455,483,510]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" pagination="35" part="60" refId="ref17826" refString="Hardy GA (1963) Notes on the life histories of four moths and one butterfly from Vancouver Island. (Lepidoptera Phalaenidae, Lasiocampidae and Lycaenidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 60: 35." title="Notes on the life histories of four moths and one butterfly from Vancouver Island. (Lepidoptera Phalaenidae, Lasiocampidae and Lycaenidae)" type="journal article" year="1963">Hardy (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The larva and adult female are illustrated in color (as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="McDunnough" baseAuthorityYear="1942" class="Insecta" family="Pantheidae" genus="Panthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="portlandia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="123">P. portlandia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Miller JC & Hammond PC" box="[304,643,519,545]" journalOrPublisher="Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. U. S. D. A. FHTET- 2003" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" refId="ref18248" refString="Miller JC, Hammond PC (2003) Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest: Caterpillars and Adults. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. U. S. D. A. FHTET- 2003 - 03." title="Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest: Caterpillars and Adults" type="book" year="2003">Miller and Hammond (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the larva is described and illustrated in color by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Duncan RW" bookContentInfo="259 pp." box="[269,449,554,581]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="123" refId="ref17541" refString="Duncan RW (2006) Conifer Defoliators of British Columbia. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 259 pp." title="Conifer Defoliators of British Columbia" type="book" year="2006">Duncan (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |