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<document id="8C54252625233FF2D6CCDC5EA95D62C0" ID-CLB-Dataset="24022" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2019.1655106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c54a2573-abdd-42a7-aec3-4d657e4d8661" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3670114" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1581941080086" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="O, Kyle A., Connell, Aryal, Prakash C., Sherchan, Adarsh M., Dhakal, Bimala, Chaudhary, Hemanta Kumari, Ranabhat, Rishi &amp; Karmacharya, Dibesh" docDate="2019" docId="31704740E73CFFA80C487295FD1BE2E0" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.53.23–24.1421–1437.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 53 (23)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73.9:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="485A7191CD41D6261F41521A3380DC73" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Nanorana liebigii" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1426" masterDocId="CD493F38E73AFFAF0E627655FF82E33E" masterDocTitle="A herpetological survey of the Kathmandu Valleyı Nepalı and phylogenetic identification of Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi" masterLastPageNumber="1437" masterPageNumber="1421" pageNumber="1426" updateTime="1698783541801" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="629AA46E02CD170C7CCB439C55CDA330">A herpetological survey of the Kathmandu Valleyı Nepalı and phylogenetic identification of Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A155DB87BA50A7AD00A00C4FAE2E6F4A">Dhakal, Bimala</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="31704740E73CFFA80C487295FD1BE2E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3671158" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196372605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3671158" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:31704740E73CFFA80C487295FD1BE2E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/31704740E73CFFA80C487295FD1BE2E0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1426" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">
<subSubSection id="F1C3A5DDE73CFFA90C487295FD78E7E4" box="[554,762,1216,1242]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B966F656E73CFFA90C487295FD78E7E4" blockId="6.[445,870,1182,1277]" box="[554,762,1216,1242]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">
<taxonomicName id="7ED98DD5E73CFFA90C487295FD78E7E4" ID-CoL="73SLH" baseAuthorityName="Günther" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[554,762,1216,1242]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liebigii">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90C487295FD78E7E4" box="[554,762,1216,1242]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Nanorana liebigii</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="F1C3A5DDE73CFFA90FDF72B6FCE4E7C3" box="[445,870,1251,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" type="description">
<paragraph id="B966F656E73CFFA90FDF72B6FCE4E7C3" blockId="6.[445,870,1182,1277]" box="[445,870,1251,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">
<figureCitation id="21E2EAD3E73CFFA90FDF72B6FDB2E7C3" box="[445,560,1251,1277]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[160,225,1557,1580]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,691,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[163,1153,690,1526]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map showing distributions of species surveyed in the Kathmandu Valley: circles = amphibians, squares = reptiles. Colours are defined as follows, amphibians: dark blue = Duttaphrynus melanostictus, purple = Nanorana liebigii, yellow = Fejervarya syhadrensis, light green = Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, dark green = Euphlyctis cyanophylyctis, orange = Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi, red = Microhyla ornata. Reptiles: light purple = Calotes versicolor, light blue = Hemidactylus platyurus, dark blue = Hemidactylus frenatus, dark purple = Herpetoreas platyceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670116/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Figures 1</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="21E2EAD3E73CFFA90C1072B6FD00E7C3" box="[626,642,1251,1277]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[355,962,143,963]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[354,962,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Amphibian species observed during this survey. (a) Duttaphrynus melanostictus, (b) Nanorana liebigii, (c) Nanorana liebigii, (d) ventral view of Nanorana liebigii demonstrating lack of pectoral or finger spines, (e) tadpole of Nanorana liebigii, (f) tadpole of Fejervarya syhadrensis, (g) Fejervarya syhadrensis, (h) Fejervarya syhadrensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670118/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">2</figureCitation>
(b
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90CF872B6FD2BE7C3" box="[666,681,1251,1277]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">–</emphasis>
d);
<tableCitation id="F45BC3EDE73CFFA90CB372B6FCBBE7C3" box="[721,825,1251,1277]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[160,216,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Counts and locality information for all species encountered during this survey of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDA6A6DEE73EFFAB0EC276DBFE20E3FC" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" tableUuid="EDA6A6DEE73EFFAB0EC276DBFE20E3FC">Tables 2</tableCitation>
, S
<tableCitation id="F45BC3EDE73CFFA90D3F72B6FCE4E7C3" box="[861,870,1251,1277]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[331,387,142,165]" captionTargetBox="[342,974,207,618]" captionText="Table 1. Species’ identified in previous herpetofaunal surveys of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDA6A6DEE739FFAC0F2976DBFDF4E3FC" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" tableUuid="EDA6A6DEE739FFAC0F2976DBFDF4E3FC">1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B966F656E73CFFA90EC2734CFC95E60F" blockId="6.[160,791,1305,1329]" box="[160,791,1305,1329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90EC2734CFE07E60F" box="[160,389,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">specimens examined</emphasis>
:
<collectionCode id="DFC86E93E73CFFA90FF1734CFE76E60F" box="[403,500,1305,1329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">CMDN-A</collectionCode>
67, 86, 90, 152, 153, 166.
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<subSubSection id="F1C3A5DDE73CFFA90EC27313FBF3E6BF" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B966F656E73CFFA90EC27313FBF3E6BF" blockId="6.[160,1155,1350,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90EC27313FE70E660" box="[160,498,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Distribution in the KTM Valley</emphasis>
: Encountered at Nagarkot, Godawari, Shivapuri National Park west and east.
<bibRefCitation id="DD488BA7E73CFFA90FE4733CFDE8E6BF" author="Pokhrel GK &amp; Aryal PC &amp; Shah KB &amp; Rjal B &amp; Suwal MK &amp; Kharel SC &amp; Paudel E &amp; Dhamala MK" box="[390,618,1385,1409]" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" pagination="358 - 365" refId="ref7688" refString="Pokhrel GK, Aryal PC, Shah KB, Rjal B, Suwal MK, Kharel SC, Paudel E, Dhamala MK. 2011. Herpetofaunal diversity of nagarjun forest. Nepal J Sci and Tech. 12: 358 - 365. doi: 10.3126 / njst. v 12 i 0.6524" type="journal article" year="2011">Pokhrel et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
also reported this species from Nagarjun NP.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F1C3A5DDE73CFFA80EC273C3FD1BE2E0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1427" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B966F656E73CFFA80EC273C3FD1BE2E0" blockId="6.[160,1156,1430,1697]" lastBlockId="7.[160,1156,142,478]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1427" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90EC273C3FF78E690" box="[160,250,1430,1454]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Remarks</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="7ED98DD5E73CFFA90F6D73C3FE4DE690" baseAuthorityName="Günther" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[271,463,1430,1454]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liebigii">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90F6D73C3FE4DE690" box="[271,463,1430,1454]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Nanorana liebigii</emphasis>
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is relatively common in forested areas with streams; we encountered seven adult individuals at four localities, and two larvae (
<tableCitation id="F45BC3EDE73CFFA90DD873ECFB89E6EF" box="[954,1035,1465,1489]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[160,216,142,165]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Counts and locality information for all species encountered during this survey of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EDA6A6DEE73EFFAB0EC276DBFE20E3FC" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" tableUuid="EDA6A6DEE73EFFAB0EC276DBFE20E3FC">Table 2</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="21E2EAD3E73CFFA90A7873ECFBF4E6EF" box="[1050,1142,1465,1489]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[160,225,1557,1580]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,691,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[163,1153,690,1526]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map showing distributions of species surveyed in the Kathmandu Valley: circles = amphibians, squares = reptiles. Colours are defined as follows, amphibians: dark blue = Duttaphrynus melanostictus, purple = Nanorana liebigii, yellow = Fejervarya syhadrensis, light green = Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, dark green = Euphlyctis cyanophylyctis, orange = Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi, red = Microhyla ornata. Reptiles: light purple = Calotes versicolor, light blue = Hemidactylus platyurus, dark blue = Hemidactylus frenatus, dark purple = Herpetoreas platyceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670116/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Figure 1</figureCitation>
). Individuals were most commonly encountered 1
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90CDA738EFD47E6CD" box="[696,709,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">–</emphasis>
5 metres from running water, within the forest, although one individual was next to a road along a waterway. When approached, individuals were not calling and did not move when approached. The tadpoles were encountered in a fast-moving stream in dense forest (
<figureCitation id="21E2EAD3E73CFFA90D707011FCF3E562" box="[786,881,1604,1628]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[355,962,143,963]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[354,962,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Amphibian species observed during this survey. (a) Duttaphrynus melanostictus, (b) Nanorana liebigii, (c) Nanorana liebigii, (d) ventral view of Nanorana liebigii demonstrating lack of pectoral or finger spines, (e) tadpole of Nanorana liebigii, (f) tadpole of Fejervarya syhadrensis, (g) Fejervarya syhadrensis, (h) Fejervarya syhadrensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670118/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(e)). We encountered all seven adults near slow-moving streams. We always found this species in sympatry with
<taxonomicName id="7ED98DD5E73CFFA90EC270DCFEEAE59F" baseAuthorityName="Ye and Fei" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[160,360,1673,1697]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangi">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73CFFA90EC270DCFEEAE59F" box="[160,360,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Megophrys zhangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="21E2EAD3E73CFFA90F1870DCFE55E59F" box="[378,471,1673,1697]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[160,225,1557,1580]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,691,1526]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[163,1153,690,1526]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map showing distributions of species surveyed in the Kathmandu Valley: circles = amphibians, squares = reptiles. Colours are defined as follows, amphibians: dark blue = Duttaphrynus melanostictus, purple = Nanorana liebigii, yellow = Fejervarya syhadrensis, light green = Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, dark green = Euphlyctis cyanophylyctis, orange = Megophrys (Xenophrys) zhangi, red = Microhyla ornata. Reptiles: light purple = Calotes versicolor, light blue = Hemidactylus platyurus, dark blue = Hemidactylus frenatus, dark purple = Herpetoreas platyceps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670116" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670116/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="1426">Figure 1</figureCitation>
). Reproductive males usually exhibit secondary sexual traits such as keratinised pectoral spines, spines on the fingers and metacarpal tubercle, and exhibit a swollen anal region in the form of a circular bladder (
<bibRefCitation id="DD488BA7E73DFFA80D0476E4FBFCE3F7" author="Schleich HH &amp; Kastle W" box="[870,1150,177,201]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" refId="ref7955" refString="Schleich HH, Kastle W, eds. 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of Nepal. Ruggell (Germany): A. R. G. Gantner Verlag Kommanditgesellchaft." type="book" year="2002">Schleich and Kastle 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="DD488BA7E73DFFA80EC27681FE1CE3D2" author="Ohler A &amp; Dubois A" box="[160,414,212,236]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" pagination="769 - 784" refId="ref7566" refString="Ohler A, Dubois A. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and generic taxonomy of the tribe Paini (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Dicroglossinae), with diagnoses of two new genera. Zoosystema- Paris. 28: 769 - 784." type="journal article" year="2006">Ohler and Dubois 2006</bibRefCitation>
). However, none of the five adults we encountered exhibited these characters, possibly because we surveyed after the active breeding season (
<figureCitation id="21E2EAD3E73DFFA80D9E76A3FBD9E230" box="[1020,1115,246,270]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,995,1018]" captionTargetBox="[355,962,143,963]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[354,962,142,963]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Amphibian species observed during this survey. (a) Duttaphrynus melanostictus, (b) Nanorana liebigii, (c) Nanorana liebigii, (d) ventral view of Nanorana liebigii demonstrating lack of pectoral or finger spines, (e) tadpole of Nanorana liebigii, (f) tadpole of Fejervarya syhadrensis, (g) Fejervarya syhadrensis, (h) Fejervarya syhadrensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670118/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427">Figure 2</figureCitation>
(d)). Past work has relied on variable morphological characters to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="7ED98DD5E73DFFA80DA9774CFBB4E20F" box="[971,1078,281,305]" class="Amphibia" family="Dicroglossidae" genus="Nanorana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73DFFA80DA9774CFBB4E20F" box="[971,1078,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427">Nanorana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this region (
<bibRefCitation id="DD488BA7E73DFFA80E987769FD8CE26A" author="Ohler A &amp; Dubois A" box="[250,526,316,340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" pagination="769 - 784" refId="ref7566" refString="Ohler A, Dubois A. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and generic taxonomy of the tribe Paini (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae, Dicroglossinae), with diagnoses of two new genera. Zoosystema- Paris. 28: 769 - 784." type="journal article" year="2006">Ohler and Dubois 2006</bibRefCitation>
); we hypothesise that future studies using molecular sequence data will likely uncover cryptic species within the KTM Valley.
<emphasis id="8BAD2A44E73DFFA80DA8770BFBE7E248" box="[970,1125,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427">Measurements</emphasis>
(n = 1): SVL =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80F4377D4FE06E2A7" box="[289,388,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.44" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="94.4">94.4 mm</quantity>
, HL =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80FAE77D4FDADE2A7" box="[460,559,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="21.2">21.2 mm</quantity>
, HW =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80CE377D4FD66E2A7" box="[641,740,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.09" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="30.9">30.9 mm</quantity>
, snout = 9.0 mm, internarial =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80A5E77D4FB02E2A7" box="[1084,1152,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
, eye =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80E8577F1FEBCE282" box="[231,318,420,444]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
, tympanum = absent, antebrachium =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80C9577F1FCD9E282" box="[759,859,420,444]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
, hand =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80DA277F1FBA6E282" box="[960,1060,420,444]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.04" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="20.4">20.4 mm</quantity>
, thigh =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80EC27793FE86E2E0" box="[160,260,454,478]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7299999999999995" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="37.3">37.3 mm</quantity>
, shank =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80F107793FE54E2E0" box="[370,470,454,478]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.47" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="44.7">44.7 mm</quantity>
, foot =
<quantity id="7E215BB3E73DFFA80C527793FD16E2E0" box="[560,660,454,478]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.67" pageId="7" pageNumber="1427" unit="mm" value="66.7">66.7 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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