306 lines
42 KiB
XML
306 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E8AB878BB4E6283C036ECAF9EAA6658E">Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="238389C8D6B11229D1F4ED317FA322A4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6CF6FFFFE870C624627801A0D0CEBCAC">Ekins, Merrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E40AF7E19D3B0F7F425FF4E188A2A94E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="AF0F80A996C188FB1625932070FE26DD">Erpenbeck, Dirk</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2732B3E276FE72C03AFBF55092432E09" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B4C3477B839ACA59FE2070A3FF8C5895">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8F82865322D207C395D38ECBCA8D5C45">Hooper, John N. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="59997CBDA71EACBE1BC208CC70D5D7A3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="05E6C17551EE67A66D0C449734A77DD7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="472B05E047DC572FD71A950AF8399510">
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<mods:date id="A1E0B45D74FF28C40EA8F41A09F00A4E">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="07F7D84A195EA9523A3BD6501C9196DE">2020-05-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6015B76D63D3B4A00D02E1DA03E244A8">4774</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="142EE6F608605A97477F859F3A1E26EF" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="05AE99E089114F5F926749C9B0FB077E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="7A61222A5349DDB149EC9C0EFA405830">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="83C6FBC4447849A3B640CBE4E4965877" type="CLB-Dataset">22182</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EEFF17A3A6CB1622515E586F6BB9190C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="12D56F127141B1D8A23A5599DFB9F64B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2F13D057274467E7A61B723400F55FC4" type="Zenodo-Dep">3825140</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2E08A02233D1514224EA4581DAE1B524" type="ZooBank">B0C4A2F8-F2AB-4147-BB12-63720EEF2516</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D287B691C13B89FF7EFD54FE77FE4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3846433" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164131174" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3846433" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:91243F13-A9BC-4958-8DB8-EEAB28792C85" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287B691C13B89FF7EFD54FE77FE4E" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B97FF7EFD54FE20FC97" box="[151,472,751,778]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF7EFD54FE20FC97" blockId="143.[151,966,751,850]" box="[151,472,751,778]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<heading id="D08C81CC91C13B97FF7EFD54FE20FC97" bold="true" box="[151,472,751,778]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF7EFD54FE20FC97" bold="true" box="[151,472,751,778]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391C13B97FF7EFD54FE8BFC97" ID-CoL="86X37" authority="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020" authorityName="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,371,751,778]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helios" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF7EFD54FE8BFC97" bold="true" box="[151,371,751,778]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Lycopodina helios</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57C991C13B97FE93FD4BFE20FC97" box="[378,472,752,778]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B97FF7EFCA8FC3EFCCF" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF7EFCA8FE8AFCB3" blockId="143.[151,966,751,850]" box="[151,370,787,814]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FF7EFCA8FEFDFCB3" box="[151,261,787,814]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="C6F9031B91C13B97FEF8FCA8FE8AFCB3" box="[273,370,787,814]" captionStart="TABLE 14" captionStartId="124.[151,239,487,513]" captionTargetBox="[162,2024,564,1671]" captionTargetPageId="124" captionText="TABLE 14. Comparative morphological and distributional data for all known species of Lycopodina." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04662891323B64FF7EFE5CFB29FD9C" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" tableUuid="DF04662891323B64FF7EFE5CFB29FD9C">Table 14</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF7EFC8CFC3EFCCF" blockId="143.[151,966,751,850]" box="[151,966,823,850]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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</uri>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B97FF7EFCC3FE95FC62" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF7EFCC3FE95FC62" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF7EFCC3FE7CFC0E" bold="true" box="[151,388,888,915]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B133CFD91C13B97FE65FCC2FE95FC62" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2617493374" collectingDate="2017-05-21" collectionCode="QM, NE, RV" collectorName="Brenke Epibenthic Sledge & Coll. Merrick Ekins & Sample" country="Australia" county="Station" elevation="4225" latitude="-40.461197" location="Cape Barren Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="149.36401" municipality="Tasman Sea" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" specimenCode="G337468, V03" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tasmania" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54C0880291C13B97FE65FCC2FE01FC0E" box="[396,505,889,915]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE6591C13B97FDECFCC2FDCAFC0E" box="[517,562,889,915]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35019" name="Queensland Museum" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="Museum">QM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBDD9EDB91C13B97FDD3FCC2FD5DFC0E" box="[570,677,889,915]" collectionCode="G" country="Switzerland" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706" name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="Herbarium">G337468</specimenCode>
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, off
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<location id="8EA4607B91C13B97FD33FCC2FC40FC0E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B691C13B89FF7EFD54FE77FE4E:8EA4607B91C13B97FD33FCC2FC40FC0E" box="[730,952,889,915]" country="Australia" county="Station" latitude="-40.461197" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="149.36401" municipality="Tasman Sea" name="Cape Barren Island" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" stateProvince="Tasmania">Cape Barren Island</location>
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,
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<location id="8EA4607B91C13B97FC2DFCC2FAC2FC0E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B691C13B89FF7EFD54FE77FE4E:8EA4607B91C13B97FC2DFCC2FAC2FC0E" box="[964,1338,889,915]" country="Australia" county="Station" latitude="-40.461197" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="149.36401" municipality="Tasman Sea" name="Flinders Central Marine Reserve" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" stateProvince="Tasmania">Flinders Central Marine Reserve</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BA0ACDA91C13B97FAAFFCC2FF3AFC2A" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Tasman Sea</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE6591C13B97FF26FC26FF0CFC2A" box="[207,244,925,951]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14575" name="University of New England" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="Herbarium">NE</collectionCode>
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<collectingRegion id="49BFF84291C13B97FF15FC26FE92FC2A" box="[252,362,925,951]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36C763091C13B97FE9CFC26FE27FC2A" box="[373,479,925,951]" name="Australia" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62A54E2C91C13B97FE02FC26FDC2FC2A" box="[491,570,925,951]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Station</collectingCounty>
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16, 40° 27’ 46.8”–
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, 149° 24’ 54.0”–
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,
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<quantity id="4C839B4591C13B97FABFFC26FF16FC46" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.225" metricValueMax="4.321" metricValueMin="4.129" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" unit="m" value="4225.0" valueMax="4321.0" valueMin="4129.0">4129– 4321 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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,
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<collectorName id="268E537691C13B97FEAFFC7AFD89FC46" box="[326,625,961,987]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Brenke Epibenthic Sledge</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="268E537691C13B97FD97FC7AFC9AFC46" box="[638,866,961,987]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Coll. Merrick Ekins</collectorName>
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on
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE6591C13B97FC79FC79FC49FC46" box="[912,945,962,987]" country="Italy" name="Collection of Leptospira Strains" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FC79FC79FC49FC46" box="[912,945,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">RV</emphasis>
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</collectionCode>
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FC52FC79FBBAFC46" box="[955,1090,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Investigator</emphasis>
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, Cruise IN2017_
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||
<specimenCode id="DBDD9EDB91C13B97FAE2FC7AFAC3FC46" box="[1291,1339,961,987]" collectionCode="V" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="Museum">V03</specimenCode>
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,
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<collectorName id="268E537691C13B97FAA1FC7AFA64FC46" box="[1352,1436,961,987]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Sample</collectorName>
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16-140,
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<date id="FFC5106091C13B97FF1DFC5EFE91FC62" box="[244,361,997,1023]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" value="2017-05-21">
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<collectingDate id="EF81E98891C13B97FF1DFC5EFE91FC62" box="[244,361,997,1023]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" value="2017-05-21">21/v/2017</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B97FF2EFBB2FBA6FBBE" box="[199,1118,1033,1059]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFBB2FBA6FBBE" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" box="[199,1118,1033,1059]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFBB2FEB0FBBE" bold="true" box="[199,328,1033,1059]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: Gr.
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<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FE68FBB2FE32FBBE" box="[385,458,1033,1059]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Helios</emphasis>
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, the sun refering to the sponges bright radiant morphology
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B97FF2EFB97FB48FBDA" box="[199,1200,1068,1095]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFB97FB48FBDA" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" box="[199,1200,1068,1095]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFB97FEA1FBDA" bold="true" box="[199,345,1068,1095]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: This species is currently restricted to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BFF84291C13B97FCE3FB96FC80FBDA" box="[778,888,1069,1095]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C763091C13B97FC68FB96FC13FBDA" box="[897,1003,1069,1095]" name="Australia" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at abyssal depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B97FF2EFBEBFB06F8A6" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFBEBFEA3FBF6" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" box="[199,347,1104,1131]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFBEBFEA3FBF6" bold="true" box="[199,347,1104,1131]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFBCEFF1AFB66" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFBCEFEA2FB12" box="[199,346,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Growth form</emphasis>
|
||
: A delicate erect pedunculate sponge with a subspherical club-shaped body and a long slender stem (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FF32FB22FEB1FB2E" box="[219,329,1177,1203]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29</figureCitation>
|
||
G–H). Total length of the sponge is
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591C13B97FD0CFB22FCB3FB2E" box="[741,843,1177,1203]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" unit="mm" value="16.6">16.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the majority of this being the stem of
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591C13B97FAE9FB22FA9EFB2E" box="[1280,1382,1177,1203]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" unit="mm" value="11.3">11.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The width of the sponge body is
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591C13B97FE33FB06FDE4FB4A" box="[474,540,1213,1239]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
and diameter of the stem is less than
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591C13B97FC20FB06FBF6FB4A" box="[969,1038,1213,1239]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The basal attachment was not collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFABEFD7AFA82" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" box="[199,642,1285,1311]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFABEFEEEFA82" box="[199,278,1285,1311]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Colour</emphasis>
|
||
: Yellow on-deck and in ethanol.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFA92FAFFFAFA" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFA92FE67FADE" box="[199,415,1321,1347]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Ectosomal skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
: The remains of a very thin ectosomal membrane bearing the anisochelae can be seen covering the body of the sponge. This membrane is supported by the projecting subtylostyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FB90FAF6FB01FAFA" box="[1145,1273,1357,1383]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29 I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EFACAFF2CFA6A" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EFACAFE50FA16" box="[199,424,1393,1419]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Endosomal skeleton</emphasis>
|
||
: The axis of the stem is cored by dense longitudinally arranged subtylostyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FAE4FACAFA76FA16" box="[1293,1422,1393,1419]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29 J</figureCitation>
|
||
). The body has subtylostyles radiating in every direction, with the longer of these projecting through the membranous ectosome. Adjacent radiating subtylostyles often cluster together to form filaments covered in anisochelae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FAB8FA02FF3DFA6A" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29 I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EF9BAFCA3F9FE" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EF9BAFEA5F986" box="[199,349,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Megascleres:</emphasis>
|
||
Subtylostyles with long tapering points and narrowed or slightly subtylote bases, with the largest diameter of styles approximately at their centre. However, there is no clear size delineation of the megascleres, (508-(849)-
|
||
<date id="FFC5106091C13B97FEFEF9F3FE9FF9FE" box="[279,359,1608,1635]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" value="1770-10">1770 x</date>
|
||
8.2-(13.1)-18.9 μm, n=63) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FD4DF9F2FCE9F9FE" box="[676,785,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29</figureCitation>
|
||
B–E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EF9D6FA74F96E" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EF9D6FEACF91A" box="[199,340,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
: Palmate anisochelae with three smooth upper alae, the central one nearly fully detached, and the two lateral ones fused to the fimbria. The lower frontal alae has three terminal spines and the lower lateral alae each have two spines. Anisochelae length (15.5-(21.4)-25.5 μm x 4.5-(7.1)-9.4 μm (large alae width), 3.3-(5.2)-6.7 μm (small alae width) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FEF6F962FE5FF96E" box="[287,423,1753,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29 A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sigmancistras were also found (12.2-(16.0)-18.5 x 1.0-(1.4)-2.3 μm, n=46) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FB12F962FA78F96E" box="[1275,1408,1753,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29 F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EF946FB06F8A6" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EF946FE86F88A" bold="true" box="[199,382,1789,1815]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Molecular data</emphasis>
|
||
: The 28S sequence of QM G337468 is provided in the Sponge Barcoding Database under accession number SBD#2306 and the molecular difference to other congenerics displayed in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FB71F89AFB00F8A6" box="[1176,1272,1825,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1733,1758]" captionTargetBox="[428,1156,182,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[428,1159,181,1708]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood phylogram of the DNA sequences of this study in comparison with other, published cornivorous sponges. Sequences from taxa of this study are in bold. Number at the branches are RAxML rapid bootstrap values. Numbers following the taxa are either QM registration numbers (QM G3xxxxx) or NCBI Genbank accession numbers. Scale bare are substitutions per site. Please note that the reconstruction does not represent a phylogeny as due to the variability of the 28SrRNA gene C-Region barcoding marker no unambiguous alignment is possible and clipping ambiguous sites would remove diagnostic characters for taxon distinction. The tree therefore indicates molecular differences rather than a robust phylogeny." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825146" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825146/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361652B91C13B89FF2EF8FEFE77FE4E" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091C13B97FF2EF8FEFABFF872" blockId="143.[151,1437,888,2031]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FF2EF8FEFECCF8C2" bold="true" box="[199,308,1861,1887]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
: This new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391C13B97FDC4F8FEFD48F8C2" authorityName="Lundbeck" authorityYear="1905" box="[557,688,1861,1887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FDC4F8FEFD48F8C2" box="[557,688,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Lycopodina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a more spherical shaped body of a much smaller size than its most similar species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391C13B97FE61F8D1FD26F81E" authority="(Hentschel, 1914)" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[392,734,1897,1923]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="callithrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FE61F8D1FDF4F81E" box="[392,524,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">L. callithrix</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B5191C13B97FDF3F8D2FD2DF81E" author="Hentschel" box="[538,725,1897,1923]" firstAuthor="Hentschel" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="35 - 141" refId="ref73649" refString="Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwamme und Hornschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 15 (1), 35 - 141, pls. IV-VIII." type="journal article" year="1914">Hentschel, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition this species differs in the shape of the anisochelae, which are much larger than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391C13B97FDC4F835FD49F83A" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[557,689,1933,1959]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="callithrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FDC4F835FD49F83A" box="[557,689,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">L. callithrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by Hentschel (1912) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B5191C13B97FBDDF836FB2DF835" author="Koltun" box="[1076,1237,1933,1960]" firstAuthor="Koltun" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="6 - 133" refId="ref74693" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. 1 Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. & Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), 1964, pp. 6 - 133 + 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This species also lacks the very large styles/ subtylostyles (
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591C13B97FD88F80AFCF5F856" box="[609,781,1969,1995]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" unit="mm" value="3000.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–4000 µm</quantity>
|
||
) that are present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291C13B97FC0FF809FB89F856" box="[998,1137,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391C13B97FC0FF809FB94F856" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[998,1132,1969,1995]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="callithrix">L. callithrix</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species is also unique in having the ectosomal membrane containing the anisochelae supported by the subtylostyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A2591C13B97FB50F86EFAC1F872" box="[1209,1337,2005,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Figure 29 I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF04662891DE3B88FF7EF8E8FDC5F861" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3825202" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" startId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]" targetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]" targetPageId="144">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091DE3B88FF7EF8E8FDC5F861" blockId="144.[151,1437,1875,2044]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DE3B88FF7EF8E8FED8F8F1" bold="true" box="[151,288,1875,1900]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391DE3B88FECCF8EFFE27F8F1" authority="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020" authorityName="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper" authorityYear="2020" box="[293,479,1876,1900]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helios" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DE3B88FECCF8EFFE27F8F1" box="[293,479,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Lycopodina helios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DE3B88FE0CF8EFFDC4F8F1" bold="true" box="[485,572,1876,1900]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23C57C991DE3B88FE0CF8EFFDCFF8F1" box="[485,567,1876,1900]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091DF3B89FF2EFF22FBB3FE82" blockId="145.[151,1437,153,467]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
This new species shares a similar morphology size and shape as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391DF3B89FC44FF21FBCBFF2E" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[941,1075,153,179]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="callithrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FC44FF21FBCBFF2E" box="[941,1075,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. callithrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FB2EFF22FEF2FF4A" author="Dressler-Allame" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dressler-Allame" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" pagination="190 - 206" refId="ref72833" refString="Dressler-Allame, M., Gocke, C., Kersken, D., Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae) of the deep Weddell Sea, with description of two new species. Deep-Sea Research II, 4121, 190 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.08.006" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Dressler-Allame
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FA61FF21FF4CFF4A" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as well as anisochelae (9–22 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591DF3B89FD95FF06FD2DFF4A" box="[636,725,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="4.0">4–9 µm</quantity>
|
||
) and style/subtylostyle (180–
|
||
<date id="FFC5106091DF3B89FBCDFF06FB4CFF4A" box="[1060,1204,189,215]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" value="1600-10-07" valueMax="1600-10-18" valueMin="1600-10-07">
|
||
1600 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B4591DF3B89FB94FF06FB4CFF4A" box="[1149,1204,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="7.0">7–18</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
µm) measurements. Possibly some or all of the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391DF3B89FDB6FF59FD1CFF66" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[607,740,225,251]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="callithrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FDB6FF59FD1CFF66" box="[607,740,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. callithrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FC98FF5AFB41FF66" author="Dressler-Allame" box="[881,1209,225,251]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dressler-Allame" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" pagination="190 - 206" refId="ref72833" refString="Dressler-Allame, M., Gocke, C., Kersken, D., Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae) of the deep Weddell Sea, with description of two new species. Deep-Sea Research II, 4121, 190 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.08.006" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Dressler-Allame
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FBD9FF59FB90FF66" box="[1072,1128,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
could belong to this new species. Molecular techniques may in the future confirm if they are conspecific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC436A091DF3B89FF2EFE92FE77FE4E" blockId="145.[151,1437,153,467]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
|
||
The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391DF3B89FE74FE91FCC2FEDE" authority="(Lopes & Hajdu, 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Lopes & Hajdu" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[413,826,297,323]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="communis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FE74FE91FDD5FEDE" box="[413,557,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. communis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FDD2FE92FCCBFEDE" author="Lopes & Hajdu" box="[571,819,297,323]" firstAuthor="Lopes" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" pagination="329 - 356" refId="ref75363" refString="Lopes, D. A. & Hajdu, E. (2014) Carnivorous sponges from deep-sea coral mounds in the Campos Basin (SW Atlantic), with the description of six new species (Cladorhizidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae). Marine Biology Research, 10 (4), 329 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2013.797587" type="journal article" year="2014">Lopes & Hajdu, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Campos Basin off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C763091DF3B89FB92FE92FB47FEDE" box="[1147,1215,297,323]" name="Brazil" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
is also very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D2391DF3B89FEEEFEF5FE74FEFA" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[263,396,333,359]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Lycopodina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="callithrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FEEEFEF5FE74FEFA" box="[263,396,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">L. callithrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both sharing a similar gross morphology, the size and dentition of the anisochelae, and the size range of mycalostyles falling within the size range of the specimens described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FBA6FECAFA60FE16" author="Dressler-Allame" box="[1103,1432,369,395]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Dressler-Allame" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" pagination="190 - 206" refId="ref72833" refString="Dressler-Allame, M., Gocke, C., Kersken, D., Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae) of the deep Weddell Sea, with description of two new species. Deep-Sea Research II, 4121, 190 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.08.006" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Dressler-Allame
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEAB291DF3B89FAE7FEC9FABDFE16" box="[1294,1349,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Molecular techniques may in the future confirm whether or not they might be conspecific, despite their very disjunct biogeographic ranges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |