<documentid="262384D6465C9A9D3D41C3A3B474C661"ID-CLB-Dataset="22182"ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1"ID-GBIF-Dataset="269cf599-428d-464d-8f21-994d69110c5c"ID-ISSN="1175-5326"ID-Zenodo-Dep="3825140"ID-ZooBank="B0C4A2F8-F2AB-4147-BB12-63720EEF2516"IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe"IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe"IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe"IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi"IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin"checkinTime="1589391149229"checkinUser="plazi"docAuthor="Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A."docDate="2020"docId="03D287B691C13B89FF7EFD54FE77FE4E"docLanguage="en"docName="zootaxa.4774.1.1.imf"docOrigin="Zootaxa 4774 (1)"docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph"docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1"docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph"docStyleVersion="4"docTitle="Lycopodina helios Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper 2020, sp. nov."docType="treatment"docUuid="91243F13-A9BC-4958-8DB8-EEAB28792C85"docUuidSource="ZooBank"docVersion="8"lastPageNumber="146"masterDocId="FFEBFFCE914E3B18FFE9FFBBFFF8FF9D"masterDocTitle="Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition"masterLastPageNumber="159"masterPageNumber="1"pageNumber="144"updateTime="1720375898568"updateUser="admin">
<mods:titleid="E8AB878BB4E6283C036ECAF9EAA6658E">Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition</mods:title>
<taxonomicNameid="4C7B4D2391C13B97FF7EFD54FE8BFC97"ID-CoL="86X37"authority="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020"authorityName="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper"authorityYear="2020"box="[151,371,751,778]"class="Demospongiae"family="Cladorhizidae"genus="Lycopodina"kingdom="Animalia"order="Poecilosclerida"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="helios"status="sp. nov.">
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FF7EFCA8FEFDFCB3"box="[151,261,787,814]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitationid="C6F9031B91C13B97FEF8FCA8FE8AFCB3"box="[273,370,787,814]"captionStart="TABLE 14"captionStartId="124.[151,239,487,513]"captionTargetBox="[162,2024,564,1671]"captionTargetPageId="124"captionText="TABLE 14. Comparative morphological and distributional data for all known species of Lycopodina."httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04662891323B64FF7EFE5CFB29FD9C"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"tableUuid="DF04662891323B64FF7EFE5CFB29FD9C">Table 14</tableCitation>
<specimenCodeid="DBDD9EDB91C13B97FDD3FCC2FD5DFC0E"box="[570,677,889,915]"collectionCode="G"country="Switzerland"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15706"name="Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"type="Herbarium">G337468</specimenCode>
<locationid="8EA4607B91C13B97FC2DFCC2FAC2FC0E"LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D287B691C13B89FF7EFD54FE77FE4E:8EA4607B91C13B97FC2DFCC2FAC2FC0E"box="[964,1338,889,915]"country="Australia"county="Station"latitude="-40.461197"longLatPrecision="1"longitude="149.36401"municipality="Tasman Sea"name="Flinders Central Marine Reserve"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"stateProvince="Tasmania">Flinders Central Marine Reserve</location>
<collectionCodeid="ED6AAE6591C13B97FF26FC26FF0CFC2A"box="[207,244,925,951]"country="Australia"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14575"name="University of New England"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"type="Herbarium">NE</collectionCode>
<collectionCodeid="ED6AAE6591C13B97FC79FC79FC49FC46"box="[912,945,962,987]"country="Italy"name="Collection of Leptospira Strains"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">
<specimenCodeid="DBDD9EDB91C13B97FAE2FC7AFAC3FC46"box="[1291,1339,961,987]"collectionCode="V"country="Canada"lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946"name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"type="Museum">V03</specimenCode>
: A delicate erect pedunculate sponge with a subspherical club-shaped body and a long slender stem (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FF32FB22FEB1FB2E"box="[219,329,1177,1203]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29</figureCitation>
: The remains of a very thin ectosomal membrane bearing the anisochelae can be seen covering the body of the sponge. This membrane is supported by the projecting subtylostyles (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FB90FAF6FB01FAFA"box="[1145,1273,1357,1383]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29 I</figureCitation>
: The axis of the stem is cored by dense longitudinally arranged subtylostyles (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FAE4FACAFA76FA16"box="[1293,1422,1393,1419]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29 J</figureCitation>
). The body has subtylostyles radiating in every direction, with the longer of these projecting through the membranous ectosome. Adjacent radiating subtylostyles often cluster together to form filaments covered in anisochelae (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FAB8FA02FF3DFA6A"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29 I</figureCitation>
Subtylostyles with long tapering points and narrowed or slightly subtylote bases, with the largest diameter of styles approximately at their centre. However, there is no clear size delineation of the megascleres, (508-(849)-
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FD4DF9F2FCE9F9FE"box="[676,785,1609,1635]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29</figureCitation>
: Palmate anisochelae with three smooth upper alae, the central one nearly fully detached, and the two lateral ones fused to the fimbria. The lower frontal alae has three terminal spines and the lower lateral alae each have two spines. Anisochelae length (15.5-(21.4)-25.5 μm x 4.5-(7.1)-9.4 μm (large alae width), 3.3-(5.2)-6.7 μm (small alae width) (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FEF6F962FE5FF96E"box="[287,423,1753,1779]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29 A</figureCitation>
). Sigmancistras were also found (12.2-(16.0)-18.5 x 1.0-(1.4)-2.3 μm, n=46) (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FB12F962FA78F96E"box="[1275,1408,1753,1779]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29 F</figureCitation>
: The 28S sequence of QM G337468 is provided in the Sponge Barcoding Database under accession number SBD#2306 and the molecular difference to other congenerics displayed in
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FB71F89AFB00F8A6"box="[1176,1272,1825,1851]"captionStart="FIGURE 3"captionStartId="21.[151,250,1733,1758]"captionTargetBox="[428,1156,182,1704]"captionTargetId="figure@21.[428,1159,181,1708]"captionTargetPageId="21"captionText="FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood phylogram of the DNA sequences of this study in comparison with other, published cornivorous sponges. Sequences from taxa of this study are in bold. Number at the branches are RAxML rapid bootstrap values. Numbers following the taxa are either QM registration numbers (QM G3xxxxx) or NCBI Genbank accession numbers. Scale bare are substitutions per site. Please note that the reconstruction does not represent a phylogeny as due to the variability of the 28SrRNA gene C-Region barcoding marker no unambiguous alignment is possible and clipping ambiguous sites would remove diagnostic characters for taxon distinction. The tree therefore indicates molecular differences rather than a robust phylogeny."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825146"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825146/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 3</figureCitation>
<bibRefCitationid="EFEA4B5191C13B97FBDDF836FB2DF835"author="Koltun"box="[1076,1237,1933,1960]"firstAuthor="Koltun"pageId="143"pageNumber="144"pagination="6 - 133"refId="ref74693"refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. 1 Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. & Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), 1964, pp. 6 - 133 + 443 - 448."type="journal article"year="1964">Koltun (1964)</bibRefCitation>
. This species also lacks the very large styles/ subtylostyles (
This species is also unique in having the ectosomal membrane containing the anisochelae supported by the subtylostyles (
<figureCitationid="13402A2591C13B97FB50F86EFAC1F872"box="[1209,1337,2005,2031]"captionStart="FIGURE 29"captionStartId="144.[151,250,1875,1900]"captionTargetBox="[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetId="figure@144.[356,1232,181,1850]"captionTargetPageId="144"captionText="FIGURE 29. Lycopodina helios sp. nov., holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk."figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3825202"httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3825202/files/figure.png"pageId="143"pageNumber="144">Figure 29 I</figureCitation>
<taxonomicNameid="4C7B4D2391DE3B88FECCF8EFFE27F8F1"authority="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020"authorityName="Ekins & Erpenbeck & Hooper"authorityYear="2020"box="[293,479,1876,1900]"class="Demospongiae"family="Cladorhizidae"genus="Lycopodina"kingdom="Animalia"order="Poecilosclerida"pageId="144"pageNumber="145"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="helios"status="sp. nov.">
holotype QM G337468. A. Anisochelae. B. Large subtylostyles 1. C. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 1 depicted in B. D. Smaller subtylostyles 2. E. Magnified ends of subtylostyle 2 depicted in D. F. Sigmancistra. G.SEM of the sponge body and stalk. H. Holotype QM G337468 after fixation. I. SEM image of the styles supporting the membranous ectosome containing the anisochelae. J. SEM image of the stalk showing the membranous anisochelae ectosome over the subtylostyle bundle forming the stalk.
<bibRefCitationid="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FB2EFF22FEF2FF4A"author="Dressler-Allame"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Dressler-Allame"pageId="145"pageNumber="146"pagination="190 - 206"refId="ref72833"refString="Dressler-Allame, M., Gocke, C., Kersken, D., Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae) of the deep Weddell Sea, with description of two new species. Deep-Sea Research II, 4121, 190 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.08.006"type="journal article"year="2017">
<bibRefCitationid="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FC98FF5AFB41FF66"author="Dressler-Allame"box="[881,1209,225,251]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Dressler-Allame"pageId="145"pageNumber="146"pagination="190 - 206"refId="ref72833"refString="Dressler-Allame, M., Gocke, C., Kersken, D., Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae) of the deep Weddell Sea, with description of two new species. Deep-Sea Research II, 4121, 190 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.08.006"type="journal article"year="2017">
<taxonomicNameid="4C7B4D2391DF3B89FE74FE91FCC2FEDE"authority="(Lopes & Hajdu, 2014)"baseAuthorityName="Lopes & Hajdu"baseAuthorityYear="2014"box="[413,826,297,323]"class="Demospongiae"family="Cladorhizidae"genus="Lycopodina"kingdom="Animalia"order="Poecilosclerida"pageId="145"pageNumber="146"phylum="Porifera"rank="species"species="communis">
<bibRefCitationid="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FDD2FE92FCCBFEDE"author="Lopes & Hajdu"box="[571,819,297,323]"firstAuthor="Lopes"pageId="145"pageNumber="146"pagination="329 - 356"refId="ref75363"refString="Lopes, D. A. & Hajdu, E. (2014) Carnivorous sponges from deep-sea coral mounds in the Campos Basin (SW Atlantic), with the description of six new species (Cladorhizidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae). Marine Biology Research, 10 (4), 329 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2013.797587"type="journal article"year="2014">Lopes & Hajdu, 2014</bibRefCitation>
, both sharing a similar gross morphology, the size and dentition of the anisochelae, and the size range of mycalostyles falling within the size range of the specimens described by
<bibRefCitationid="EFEA4B5191DF3B89FBA6FECAFA60FE16"author="Dressler-Allame"box="[1103,1432,369,395]"etAl="et al."firstAuthor="Dressler-Allame"pageId="145"pageNumber="146"pagination="190 - 206"refId="ref72833"refString="Dressler-Allame, M., Gocke, C., Kersken, D., Plotkin, A. & Janussen, D. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae) of the deep Weddell Sea, with description of two new species. Deep-Sea Research II, 4121, 190 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2016.08.006"type="journal article"year="2017">
