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<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E8DD02C20CA0F7CC" blockId="34.[151,959,645,704]" box="[151,959,645,671]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<heading id="1B1581B0CC34FF97E8DD02C20CA0F7CC" bold="true" box="[151,959,645,671]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC34FF97E8DD02C20CA0F7CC" authority="Pena Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,959,645,671]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polarsterni">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E8DD02C20CA0F7CC" bold="true" box="[151,959,645,671]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E8DD02C20EACF7CC" bold="true" box="[151,435,645,671]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Staurotheca polarsterni</emphasis>
Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E8DD02E00E35F793" blockId="34.[151,959,645,704]" box="[151,298,679,704]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
(
<figureCitation id="D8D92A59CC34FF97E8D502E00FF2F793" box="[159,237,679,704]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[220,1388,206,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,195,1923]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 11. Staurotheca pachyclada (Jäderholm, 1904): A B, hydrothecae. Staurotheca polarsterni Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997: C E, hydrothecae. Staurotheca sp.: F I hydrothecae. (A from Stn 124; B from Stn 17; C E from Stn 19; F H from Stn 53; I from Stn 67). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828497/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
CE)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC34FF97E8DD02B70D65F677" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E8DD02B70D65F677" blockId="34.[151,1435,752,804]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="60F211F2CC34FF97E8DD02B70D65F677" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC34FF97E8DD02B70E98F655" box="[151,391,752,774]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polarsterni">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E8DD02B70E98F655" box="[151,391,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Staurotheca polarsterni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<treatmentCitation id="C14310CDCC34FF97E9EA02B60DFFF655" author="Pena" box="[416,736,752,774]" page="365" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97E9EA02B60DAFF655" author="Pena" box="[416,688,752,774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Svoboda, A. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1997 a) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of six new species. Journal of Natural History, 31, 329 - 381." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97EA6402B60D7DF655" box="[558,610,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997a
</bibRefCitation>
: 365
</treatmentCitation>
368, figs 9, 13D;
<treatmentCitation id="C14310CDCC34FF97EBD702B60A00F655" author="Pena" box="[925,1311,752,774]" page="2702" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97EBD702B60BFEF655" author="Pena" box="[925,1249,752,774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2003) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 37, 2653 - 2722. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930210155701" type="journal article" year="2003">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2003</bibRefCitation>
:
<date id="345C101CCC34FF97ECA102B70A00F655" box="[1259,1311,752,774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2702" valueMax="2703">2702</date>
</treatmentCitation>
2703;
<treatmentCitation id="C14310CDCC34FF97ED2002B60E93F677" author="Pena" page="460" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97ED2002B60E46F677" author="Pena" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464." type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 460
</treatmentCitation>
; 2014a: 1723, fig. 5fi.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC34FF97E8DD03160CB5F6DD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E8DD03160CB5F6DD" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E8DD03160E9AF639" bold="true" box="[151,389,849,874]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Material examined.</emphasis>
Stn 18, stem fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC34FF97EAE903160C1BF63A" box="[675,772,849,874]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
long, in bad condition, with female gonothecae (NIWA 117544); Stn 19, distal stem fragment
<quantity id="871A9B39CC34FF97EA0903310D8CF6DE" box="[579,659,886,910]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
long (MNCN 2.03/616).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC34FF97E88D03DE0CACF1A5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88D03DE0E3CF14E" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E88D03DE0E46F6E1" bold="true" box="[199,345,921,946]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Description.</emphasis>
Stem fragments up to
<quantity id="871A9B39CC34FF97EA1003DE0DA8F6E2" box="[602,695,921,946]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
long. Branching alternate in more or less one plane. Up to fourth order branches present. Branches distinctly curving upwards, sinuous, and with frequent perisarc constrictions followed by a distinct reduction in branch diameter, which is recovered later. Branch diameter usually smaller than that of stem.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88D046E0D1AF1FD" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Hydrothecae arranged in decussate verticils of three to six, resulting in six to 12 longitudinal rows of hydrothecae. Distal part of hydrotheca directed outward, distinctly protruding; adcauline wall almost completely adnate. In frontal view, hydrotheca usually gradually widening toward its base. Hydrotheca without mushroomshaped diaphragm (
<figureCitation id="D8D92A59CC34FF97E93904D20EDEF1FD" box="[371,449,1173,1198]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[220,1388,206,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[187,1399,195,1923]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 11. Staurotheca pachyclada (Jäderholm, 1904): A B, hydrothecae. Staurotheca polarsterni Peña Cantero, Svoboda &amp; Vervoort, 1997: C E, hydrothecae. Staurotheca sp.: F I hydrothecae. (A from Stn 124; B from Stn 17; C E from Stn 19; F H from Stn 53; I from Stn 67). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828497/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
CE).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88D04FE0CACF1A5" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E88D04FE0EF3F181" bold="true" box="[199,492,1209,1234]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E9B104FE0D7FF181" box="[507,608,1209,1234]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cnidome</emphasis>
: larger microbasic mastigophores [range 21.022.0 x 4.55.0, mean 21.5±0.4 x 4.8±0.3 (n=10); ratio, range 4.24.9, mean 4.5±0.3 (n=10)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="08F86557CC34FF97E88405460DA1F3BD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88405460A5BF06D" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E88405460E5DF049" bold="true" box="[206,322,1281,1306]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</emphasis>
There are some branches originating from within gonothecae. There is even one case in which one branch originates from within a gonotheca and another branch from the lateral wall of the same gonotheca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88D050D0EFCF346" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
It is difficult to distinguish this species from
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC34FF97EAB9050D0C88F031" box="[755,919,1353,1378]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pachyclada">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97EAB9050D0C88F031" box="[755,919,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. pachyclada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when only scarce, fragmentary material is available, which makes it impossible to know the colony structure, because hydrothecae may be similar in both species. However, they can be identified because
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC34FF97EAF705D50C4AF0F9" box="[701,853,1425,1450]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="polarsterni">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97EAF705D50C4AF0F9" box="[701,853,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. polarsterni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be characterized both by the uneven diameter of stems and branches, with frequent reductions and increases, contrary to what happens in
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC34FF97ECFA05F10A50F09D" box="[1200,1359,1461,1486]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pachyclada">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97ECFA05F10A50F09D" box="[1200,1359,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. pachyclada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where the diameter is more or less constant, and by the outline of stem and branches, which is distinctly sinuous, whereas it is straight in
<taxonomicName id="87E24D5FCC34FF97E97505B90EC3F345" box="[319,476,1533,1558]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Staurotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pachyclada">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E97505B90EC3F345" box="[319,476,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. pachyclada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88D06660C51F3D1" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E88D06660EE7F369" bold="true" box="[199,504,1569,1594]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Shelf and slope species, found at depths from
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(
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97EC8806650FC0F30D" author="Pena" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Svoboda, A. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1997 a) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of six new species. Journal of Natural History, 31, 329 - 381." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97ED2906650A83F369" box="[1379,1436,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
1997a
</bibRefCitation>
); present material between 429 and
<quantity id="871A9B39CC34FF97EA3E06020DA2F30E" box="[628,701,1605,1630]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="m" value="530.0">530 m</quantity>
, with gonothecae in February. Gonothecae previously reported in October, December and February (
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97EA51062D0C5EF3D1" author="Pena" box="[539,833,1641,1666]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Svoboda, A. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1997 a) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of six new species. Journal of Natural History, 31, 329 - 381." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97EAF0062D0DEDF3D1" box="[698,754,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
1997a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="405D36DCCC34FF97E88D06CA0DA1F3BD" blockId="34.[151,1437,849,1774]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<materialsCitation id="F08A3C81CC34FF97E88D06CA0DA1F3BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572325140" country="Iceland" location="Possession Islands" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" specimenCount="1">
Circum-Antarctic distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97EA6F06C90C51F3F5" author="Pena" box="[549,846,1677,1702]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Svoboda, A. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1997 a) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of six new species. Journal of Natural History, 31, 329 - 381." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97EA8F06C90DE1F3F5" box="[709,766,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
1997a
</bibRefCitation>
), known from the Davis Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97ECD506CA0A79F3F5" author="Stepanjants" box="[1183,1382,1677,1702]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls. 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), the Weddell Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97E97B06F50D4CF399" author="Pena" box="[305,595,1713,1738]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Svoboda, A. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1997 a) Species of Staurotheca Allman, 1888 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. ' Polarstern', with the description of six new species. Journal of Natural History, 31, 329 - 381." type="journal article" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="7296EACECC34FF97E98506F50D19F399" box="[463,518,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
1997a
</bibRefCitation>
) and off Deception
<collectingCountry id="38F5764CCC34FF97EB7B06F60C6AF399" box="[817,885,1713,1738]" name="Iceland" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="24734B2DCC34FF97EBCE06F50B40F399" author="Pena" box="[900,1119,1714,1738]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464." type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Present material is the first record from the Ross Sea, off
<location id="453D6007CC34FF97E9AD06920DA5F3BD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C84B87CACC34FF97E8DD02C20DA1F3BD:453D6007CC34FF97E9AD06920DA5F3BD" box="[487,698,1749,1774]" country="Iceland" name="Possession Islands" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Possession Islands</location>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>