299 lines
32 KiB
XML
299 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b7b840f6-7082-49dc-bee7-d528a40eb478" ID-PMC="PMC3234410" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-149-69" ID-PubMed="22207795" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-149-69" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 149" ModsDocTitle="Generic placement of the Neotropical species of “ Phragmatobia” (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes" checkinTime="1451249584836" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian & Freina, Josef J. De" docDate="2011" docId="49FA43EB052BD4571AEF340887A875A7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 149: 69-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 149" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382" docTitle="Andesobia Schmidt & De Freina, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="3138FFC6FFCF307AFF9EFFDEFFE5745E" masterDocTitle="Generic placement of the Neotropical species of " Phragmatobia " (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1668152818396" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Generic placement of the Neotropical species of " Phragmatobia " (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Freina, Josef J. De</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>149</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>69</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-149-69</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032337" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BA7ACA8C-9856-4B81-AE99-A344DCED0CBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/49FA43EB052BD4571AEF340887A875A7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="70" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Phragmatobia" authority="Schmidt & De Freina" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia Schmidt & De Freina</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="70">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–35–">-35-</normalizedToken>
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101218
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="70" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Oberthür">Oberthuer</normalizedToken>
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, 1881
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="70" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
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The name is feminine in gender, formed by combining the words Andes and -obia from the generic name
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="71" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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is related to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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, but is distinguished by the following combination of characters: eyes reduced and ellipsoid, 1.4-1.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as high as wide, gena with broader unscaled area laterally; posterior antennal rami 1.2-1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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and anterior rami 1.1-1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than segment length (longest anterior and posterior rami 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as segment in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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); 2nd labial segment short and stout, 1.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than apical segment; thoracic collar concolourous with dorsal thoracic vestiture (contrastingly paler ochre in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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); thoracic vestiture sparse and shaggy, compared to dense and pilose vestiture in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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;femur and tibia very stout, 3.0-3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide compared to 4.5-5.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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; metatibia of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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with one pair of spurs, two pairs in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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; medial line of forewing absent in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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, present in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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; postmedial line never double in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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, often double in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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; hindwing discal spot small and sharpor absent in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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, diffuse and more elongate in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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is endemic to the Puna grasslands of the high Andes of Peru and Bolivia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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Male. Head - vestiture dark brown to black, shaggy appearance, setae long; antenna weakly bipectinate, ciliate ventrally; longest posterior rami 1.3-2.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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segment length, longest anterior rami 1.1-1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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segment length; rami longest over middle third of antenna, decreasing in length toward base and apex; eye elliptical, 1.4-1.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as high as wide; labial palps short, not extending beyond vestiture of frons; 2nd labial segment short and stout, 1.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than apical segment; haustellum reduced and poorly sclerotized, presumably non-functional. Thorax - vestiture of vertex and ventrum of thorax black brown; tegulae and patagia black brown; legs black brown, dorsum of femur ochre or dull pinkish red, co-varying with hindwing and abdomen ground colour; apex of prothoracic tibia with two subequal, blunt, triangular projections; two meso- and metathoracic tibial spurs, posterior spur slightly longer than anterior, length of spurs approximately equal to tibial width at apex; metepisternum with rounded ridge along anterior margin, metepisternal microtymbals absent. Forewing - relatively small for an arctiine, forewing length 8-13 mm, elongate with apex less rounded than in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paracles</taxonomicName>
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and Spilosoma, length:width ratio averaging 2.2; ground colour ochre yellow, whitish to pinkish red or brownish grey; markings varying from obsoloete (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
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) to well defined, grey-brown transverse bands; when present, darker pattern consisting of dark-brown basal area, sub-basal band, discal spot, postmedial band and marginal band; bands occasionally confluent along anal margin; ventrally with bands obsolete except for marginal band, and with a brighter yellowish or reddish ground colour. Hindwing - ground colour slightly richer yellowish or reddish than forewing, with dark-brown to grey-brown marginal band, varying from nearly obsolete (reduced to intermittent diffuse spots extending from apex halfway to anal angle), to broad and diffuse over distal third of wing; brownish, crescentic discal spot small but usually well defined, sometimes absent; ventrally with dark markings less saturated. Abdomen - Segments A1-A3 entirely brownish black, remaining segments ochre or reddish subdorsally, with brownish-black dorsal line, widest in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia flavata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavata">Andesobia flavata</taxonomicName>
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; ventrally, varying from entirely brownish black (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia sanguinea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Andesobia sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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) to black with narrow ochre border on distal margin of
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="72" start="start">sternites</pageBreakToken>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia flavata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavata">Andesobia flavata</taxonomicName>
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) or entirely ochre (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
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); coremata highly reduced to paired patches of sparse, deciduous setae. Genitalia - highly simplified overall with massive, triangular dorsoventrally flattened uncus characteristic of subtribe; uncus as long as width of base, broadly joined to wide, band-like tegumen; dorsal margin of tegumen caudally recurved; valve simple and digitate, lacking processes or claspers, 1-1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as uncus-tegumen complex; vinculum semicircular, saccus v-shaped, similar in length to uncus; juxta evenly convex and hemispherical, dorsal margin slightly narrowed; aedeagus relatively large and stout, 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as width of genital capsule, curving dorsad 25-30°, proximal end approximately ⅓ narrower than apex; coecum 1/10 length of aedeagus, directed slightly ventrad; vesica directed dorso-distad, globose, finely spiculate, with small basal and poorly differentiated apical diverticulum. Female (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia sanguinea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Andesobia sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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only; female of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia boliviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviana">Andesobia boliviana</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia flavata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavata">Andesobia flavata</taxonomicName>
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unknown). Head - antennae 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as that of male, finely biserrate; proboscis atrophied; vestiture of closely appressed, ochre scales, lacking long, shaggy black scales present in males. Thorax - vestiture similar to that of head, notably lacking
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘shaggy’">'shaggy'</normalizedToken>
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appearance of males; legs reduced, 2/3 as long as those of male. Forewing and hindwing - micropterous and highly reduced, forewing 1.5-2.5 mm long, fully scaled and concoulours with dull tan colour of thorax, but without any discernible wing pattern.Abdomen - light ochre gray with fine, short velvety hairs, tergites well sclerotized, black, giving dorsum of abdomen appearance of a broad, black medial band; ventrally with narrower, lighter grayish-black medial band; integument broad and membranous laterally, allowing for distension caused by ova. Genitalia (based on
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
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) - ostium and lamella antevaginalis membranous and poorly defined; lamella postvaginalis consisting of a broad, shallow sclerotized pouch; ductus bursae lightly sclerotized, dorsoventrally flattened, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide; corpus bursae pear shaped, and relatively small, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as longh as ductus bursae; diameter of distal, globose chamber 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of ductus bursae; signum lacking; ductus seminalis wide and rugose, bulla seminalis large, diameter 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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that of corpus bursae; posterior apophysis equal in length to papillae anales, anterior apophysis 0.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as papillae anales; each paired dorsal pheromone gland consisting of two tree-like subdivisions, each subdivision with 3-5 smaller diverticula.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Figures 1-4. Adult habitus of male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
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species 1
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
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2
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia boliviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviana">Andesobia boliviana</taxonomicName>
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2b
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia boliviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviana">Andesobia boliviana</taxonomicName>
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(holotype of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Estigmene" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Estigmene boliviana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boliviana">Estigmene boliviana</taxonomicName>
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Gaede) 3a,b
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia sanguinea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Andesobia sanguinea</taxonomicName>
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4a,b,c,d
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia thursbyi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thursbyi">Patagobia thursbyi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Figures 5-6. Adult habitus of female 5
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
|
||
6
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia sanguinea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguinea">Andesobia sanguinea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Structurally,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite homogeneous, the main species-level differences occuring in the length and shape of the male valve and the vesica. The highly simplified, digitate male valve and massive uncus-tegumen compex is shared with several other Neotropical genera including
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paracles</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Caribarctia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caribarctia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Caribarctia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ferguson and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Leichosila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leichosila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leichosila</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schmidt. The mtDNA barcode sequence (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
|
||
) does not provide any additional resolution of relationships within this group, with minimum pairwise distances (uncorrected) between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paracles</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Leichosila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leichosila" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leichosila</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Caribarctia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Caribarctia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Caribarctia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phaos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaos" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phaos</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranged from 6-8%. Sequences for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Several Andean species are superficially similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and require comment.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles herbuloti" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herbuloti">Paracles herbuloti</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Toulgoët">Toulgoet</normalizedToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles minuta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">Paracles minuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Becker & Miller, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles diminuta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diminuta">Paracles diminuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
Becker & Miller are small species with a simple or highly reduced
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="73" start="start">forewing</pageBreakToken>
|
||
pattern. Females of all three are unknown, but the structurally similar and probably congeneric
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Chilesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chilesia anguloi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anguloi">Chilesia anguloi</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ruiz,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Chilesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chilesia rudis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudis">Chilesia rudis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Butler) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Chilesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chilesia watsoni" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="watsoni">Chilesia watsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ruiz have micropterous females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ruiz, VH" journalOrPublisher="Gayana (Zoologia)" pageId="11" pageNumber="80" pagination="117 - 181" title="Revision sistematica de la familia Arctiidae en Chile (Lepidoptera)." volume="53" year="1989">Ruiz 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vargas, HA" journalOrPublisher="Gayana" pageId="12" pageNumber="81" pagination="122 - 125" title="Descripcion de la hembra y de las estructuras genitales de Chilesia anguloi Ruiz (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)." volume="67" year="2003">Vargas and Parra 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite these similarities to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the broader, more rounded wings, shorter, rounder saccus, greatly elongated tegumen, very short valva, and small vesica are consistent with those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paracles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paracles" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paracles</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, and not with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Patagobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Patagobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Patagobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="73" type="biology and distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="73">Biology and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Data on the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based primarily on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia jelskii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jelskii">Andesobia jelskii</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is discussed in more detail under the species account below.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is adapted to cold-temperate alpine habitats, males flying during sunny periods and the females being micropterous. Mating and oviposition occurs inside the female cocoon. The female-biased sex ratio of the broods reared during this study may indicate that females are capable of parthenogensis, as in some other cold-adapted flightless
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Lepidoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lepidoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suomalainen, E" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="81" url="doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.002025" year="1962">Suomalainen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults emerge during the middle of the four-month wet season in the otherwise xeric grassland habitat.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Andesobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andesobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Andesobia</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to the Puna grasslands of the high Andes, occuring from central Peru south to the Lake Titicaca region of southern Peru/Bolivia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |