220 lines
26 KiB
XML
220 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="F412388A8105C926DC82370E3760F96E" ID-CLB-Dataset="63549" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6611160" ID-GBIF-Dataset="113e1a39-7927-463a-9063-26056ff4828d" ID-ISBN="978-84-941892-3-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6611160" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1654190635749" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2016" docId="3C3D87A68769B1331E0157EFF72AF335" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_6_Heteromyidae_0170.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Dipodomys nitratoides Merriam 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="231" masterDocId="C004FFDE874FB1151B595612FF94FFFD" masterDocTitle="Heteromyidae" masterLastPageNumber="233" masterPageNumber="170" pageNumber="231" updateTime="1699338804383" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="94F0B3A634FFB09F8E91C121704E65CA">
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<mods:title id="C4FF39589688D472707D591EA112E657">Heteromyidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CA96D2873172DE28C04038C3AF7C9374">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A3B6DD4AA28D0EC996C19E7BC878AA9C">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="57955E631CDFBDA63A9400F8F99FE3D0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="452359366B0AA5D86873025DCE7841FA">2016</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="D1285064F3E757D89B9E013072080409" type="pubDate">2016-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="B36079B98927FF021E06B23EBCBD052C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="8D7F765A9B738DD7DEF8C5D8DBE81A25">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="F15D4649DDFBB001D00771C9D7CDC76C">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3C3D87A68769B1331E0157EFF72AF335" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6608122" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195730798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6608122" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3C3D87A68769B1331E0157EFF72AF335" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C3D87A68769B1331E0157EFF72AF335" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E0157EFFA04FDD6" box="[1368,1424,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0157EFFA04FDD6" blockId="38.[1365,2545,509,677]" box="[1368,1424,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331E0157EFFA04FDD6" box="[1368,1424,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<figureCitation id="2CAF2A358769B1331E0157EFFA04FDD6" box="[1368,1424,509,555]" captionStart="Plate 11: Heteromyidae" captionStartId="28.[107,137,3285,3310]" captionTargetBox="[13,2733,16,3643]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="45. Dark Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops megacephalus), 46. Pallid Kangaroo Mouse (Microdipodops pallidus), 47. Desert Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys deserti), 48. Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), 49. Nelson’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nelsoni), 50. Texas Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys elator), 51. Plateau Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ornatus), 52. Phillips’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys phillipsu), 53. San Quintin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys gravipes), 54. Merriam’s. 9 Kangaroo Rat. Dipodomys merriami (null), 55. Ord’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordu), 56. Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys compactus), 57. California Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys californicus), 58. Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys venustus), 59. Agile Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys agilis), 60. Dulzura Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys simulans), 61. Giant Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ingens), 62. Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys microps), 63. San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys nitratoides), 64. Stephens’s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys stephenst), 65. Heermann' ’ s Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys heermanni), 66. Panamint Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys panamintinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611358" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611358/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">63.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331EFB57EFF85FFDD6" box="[1442,1995,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331EFB57EFF85FFDD6" blockId="38.[1365,2545,509,677]" box="[1442,1995,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331EFB57EFF85FFDD6" box="[1442,1995,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331EFB57EFF85FFDD6" box="[1442,1995,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B133134957EFF60DFDD6" box="[2064,2457,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B133134957EFF60DFDD6" blockId="38.[1365,2545,509,677]" box="[2064,2457,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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||
<heading id="EF6381DC8769B133134957EFF60DFDD6" box="[2064,2457,509,555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133134957EFF60DFDD6" ID-CoL="36PMZ" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2064,2457,509,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitratoides">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B133134957EFF60DFDD6" box="[2064,2457,509,555]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Dipodomys nitratoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E0E542EF8B5FD5C" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0E542EF665FDAC" blockId="38.[1365,2545,509,677]" box="[1367,2545,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331E0E542EF665FDAC" box="[1367,2545,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E0E542EFA36FDAC" bold="true" box="[1367,1442,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331EF5542EF948FDAC" box="[1452,1756,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Rat-kangourou du San Joaquin</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331DA8542EF8D8FDAC" bold="true" box="[1777,1868,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331C0C542EF7C0FDAC" box="[1877,2132,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">San-Joaquin-Kangururatte</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331330542EF750FDAC" bold="true" box="[2153,2244,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331397542EF665FDAC" box="[2254,2545,572,593]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Rata canguro de San Joaquin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0F5476F8B5FD5C" blockId="38.[1365,2545,509,677]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<heading id="EF6381DC8769B1331E0F5476F8B5FD5C" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E0F5476F9D9FD84" bold="true" box="[1366,1613,612,633]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331D0E5476F754FD84" box="[1623,2240,612,633]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">San Joaquin Valley Kangaroo Rat; Fresno Kangaroo Rat (exilis)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B13313975476FA5BFD5C" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Short-nosed Kangaroo Rat (brevinasus)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="3A97469E8769B1331E80549EF8B5FD5C" box="[1497,1825,652,673]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Tipton Kangaroo Rat (nitratoides)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331CE354C4F790FCEB" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331CE354C4F790FCEB" blockId="38.[1978,2573,726,1144]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331CE354C4F7C1FD12" bold="true" box="[1978,2133,726,751]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133133A54C4F86BFCEB" ID-CoL="36PMZ" authority="Merriam, 1894" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitratoides">Dipodomys nitratoides Merriam, 1894</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B133134D54EFF74BFCC0" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B133134D54EFF74BFCC0" blockId="38.[1978,2573,726,1144]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<materialsCitation id="04FC3CED8769B133134D54EFF74BFCC0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3802894337" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Tipton, San Joaquin Valley, Tulare Co., California, USA.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331CE25556F7C9FB85" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331CE25556F7C9FB85" blockId="38.[1978,2573,726,1144]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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Based on molecular sequence analyses,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331CE25579F7FFFC71" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[1979,2155,875,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitratoides">D. nitratoides</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13312C25579F599FC71" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[2459,2573,875,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merriami">merriami</taxonomicName>
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species group along with
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13312035580F591FC4E" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1890" box="[2394,2565,914,947]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merriami">D. merriami</taxonomicName>
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, which it closely resembles. The two species occupy the San Joaquin Valley and Mojave deserts (respectively) on either side of the Tehachapi Mountains. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E0E5292F96BFA70" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="distribution">
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<caption id="E0EB66388769B1331E0E5292F96BFA70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6611326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6611326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6611326/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" targetBox="[1364,1954,730,1145]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0E5292F973FB5C" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" box="[1367,1767,1152,1185]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E0E5292F973FB5C" bold="true" box="[1367,1767,1152,1185]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0E52B8FA56FB0D" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331E0E52B8FA56FB0D" authority="Merriam, 1894" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nitratoides" subSpecies="nitratoides">D.n.nitratoidesMerriam,1894—SWUSA(flooroftheSanJoaquinValley,SCCali-fornia).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0E52E7F690FAC3" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331E0E52E7F690FAC3" authority="Grinnell, 1920" authorityName="Grinnell" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nitratoides" subSpecies="brevinasus">D.n.brevinasusGrinnell,1920—SWUSA(W&EedgesoftheSanJoaquinValley,Pano-cheValley,CarrizoPlain,andupperCuyamaValley,SCCalifornia).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E01535AF96BFA70" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331E01535AF92FFA98" authority="Merriam, 1894" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[1368,1723,1352,1381]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nitratoides" subSpecies="exilis">D. n. exilis Merriam, 1894</taxonomicName>
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— SW USA (a limited distribution on the floor of the N San Joaquin Valley, SC
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331D06537EF966FA70" box="[1631,1778,1388,1421]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E015384F9D8F935" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E015384F9D8F935" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E015384F9C7FA4E" bold="true" box="[1368,1619,1430,1459]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 74-112 mm, tail mean 141 mm (males) and 137 mm (females), ear mean 12 mm, hindfoot mean 35 mm; weight 40-53 g. Male San Joaquin Kangaroo Rats are slightly larger than females. Tail is ¢.142% of head-body length. This is one of the smallest kangaroo rats, with four toes on hindfeet. Upper parts are fulvous or clay colored;tail is bicolored, with dull brownish-black crest and tuft. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FN = 104. The San Joaquin Valley Kangaroo Rat is generally smaller, with shorter and thinner rostrum, than Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat (D. merniama).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E0150DFF667F671" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E0150DFF667F671" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
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<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E0150DFFA53F913" bold="true" box="[1368,1479,1741,1774]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Arid, alkali-sink plains, sparsely vegetated with grass and, in places, saltbush (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331E3D50EBFA5FF8EB" box="[1380,1483,1785,1814]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Atriplex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Atriplex</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331EB850EBF954F8EB" box="[1505,1728,1785,1814]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and either Mormon tea (
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<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133130450EBF75DF8EB" box="[2141,2249,1785,1814]" class="Gnetopsida" family="Ephedraceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ephedrales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ephedra</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13313B850EBF60EF8EB" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" box="[2273,2458,1785,1814]" class="Gnetopsida" family="Ephedraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ephedrales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ephedraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the Panoche Valley) or more xerophylic shrubs (San Joaquin Valley). Populations of San Joaquin Kangaroo Rats historically occurred at elevations of 50-800 m. It is likely that river and marsh systems of the San Joaquin Valley floor formed filter-barriers between the three subspecies. Today, much of the critical alkali-sink habitat has disappeared due to agricultural and petroleum development. Dominant shrubs in this habitat include several amaranth family species such as iodine bush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133138851F3F6CFF7FF" box="[2257,2395,2017,2050]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Allenrolfea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Allenrolfea</taxonomicName>
|
||
occidentalis), common glasswort (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331D245E1FF895F7D7" box="[1661,1793,2061,2090]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Salicornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salicornia</taxonomicName>
|
||
subterminalis), and shrubby seablite (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13312445E1FF6E9F7D7" box="[2333,2429,2061,2090]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Suaeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Suaeda</taxonomicName>
|
||
fruticosa). Burrows of San Joaquin Kangaroo Rats are usually located at the base of a low bush and runways often run through grass from burrow to neighboring clumps of vegetation. Burrow openings, even when in use, may show no evidence of activity for long periods of time. Other rodents co-occurring with the San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat include the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331EAD5EDFF814F713" authority="Ground Squirrel" authorityName="Ground Squirrel" box="[1524,1920,2253,2286]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Geraniaceae" genus="California" kingdom="Plantae" order="Geraniales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">California Ground Squirrel</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Otospermophilus beecheyi), Nelson’s Antelope Squirrel (Ammospermophilus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331DBA5EEBF8D5F6EB" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1907" box="[1763,1857,2297,2326]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nelsoni">nelsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Botta’s Pocket Gopher (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13313F35EEBF6A0F6EB" authorityName="Wied-Neuwied" authorityYear="1839" box="[2218,2356,2297,2326]" class="Mammalia" family="Geomyidae" genus="Thomomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thomomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
bottae), the San Joaquin Pocket Mouse (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331DF15F0EF844F6C0" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1889" box="[1704,2000,2332,2365]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">Perognathus inornatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Giant Kangaroo Rat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B13312105F0EF65CF6C0" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1904" box="[2377,2504,2332,2365]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Perodipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">D. ingens</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Southern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys torridus), the North American Deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), and the Western Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E035F80F809F5FF" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E035F80F809F5FF" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E035F80F9FDF64E" bold="true" box="[1370,1641,2450,2483]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet of the San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat contains seeds of forbs, grasses, and shrubs, including saltbush (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331CC75FA8F791F626" box="[1950,2053,2490,2523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Atriplex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Atriplex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B133134E5FA8F768F626" box="[2071,2300,2490,2523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Amaranthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Green vegetation (in the spring) and insects are also eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E035C1FF644F5AC" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E035C1FF644F5AC" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E035C1FFA74F5D7" bold="true" box="[1370,1504,2573,2602]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of the San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat primarily occurs in December—August, with a peak in April. Averagelittersize is two young (range 1-3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E005C45F718F55D" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E005C45F718F55D" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E005C45F9D0F585" bold="true" box="[1369,1604,2647,2680]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Although experiments indicate that San Joaquin Kangaroo Rats are excellent swimmers, they are notably averse to getting wet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E035CB4F8C8F470" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E035CB4F8C8F470" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E035CB4F78DF53A" bold="true" box="[1370,2073,2726,2759]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Male and female San Joaquin Kangaroo Rats defend non-overlapping home ranges of ¢.0-05 ha. Reported densities are 5-20 ind/ha, but populations periodically increase to high levels and decline rapidly due to long-term drought, excessive precipitation, flooding, or other factors. Sometimes these fluctuations lead to local extirpations, and habitat fragmentation has prevented recolonization in many cases.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E025D80F76BF3AC" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E025D80F76BF3AC" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E025D80F929F44E" bold="true" box="[1371,1725,2962,2995]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Populations of San Joaquin Kangaroo Rats have been fragmented and extirpated by agricultural development, urbanization, invasion of exotic grasses, and rodenticides. The US Fish and Wildlife Service list subspecies exilis and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73944D338769B1331CA85A1AF7E7F3D4" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1894" box="[2033,2163,3080,3113]" class="Mammalia" family="Heteromyidae" genus="Dipodomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitratoides">nitratoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
as endangered; most occurrences in protected areas are of the unlisted subspecies, brevinasus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FC8E653B8769B1331E055A72F72AF335" pageId="38" pageNumber="231" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="B42B36B08769B1331E055A72F72AF335" blockId="38.[1362,2575,1152,3272]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<emphasis id="86E0EAA28769B1331E055A72FA61F384" bold="true" box="[1372,1525,3168,3193]" pageId="38" pageNumber="231">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alexander & Riddle (2005), Best (1991, 1993a, 1999¢), Chesemore & Rhodehamel (1992), Eisenberg (1963, 1993), Hall (1981), Ingles (1954), Johnson & Clifton (1992), Jones (1993), Linzey & NatureServe (Hammerson & Williams) (2008), Patton & Rogers (1993), Williams et al. (1993).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |