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<document id="D250B0DB03CCCC35E97B3B3CE4F054CB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13391370" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13391370" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="karina" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1723061275311" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cuenca-Bescós, Gloria &amp; Canudo, José I." docDate="2003" docId="03B6B31976259374FCEBFE1CFED604B3" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.48.4.575-582.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:93F5927C23D90727DE855278A6F17B37.1:ActaPalaeontolPol.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="93F5927C23D90727DE855278A6F17B37" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Gobiconodontidae Chow and Rich 1984" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="577" masterDocId="FF8FCB6176249376FFC7FFAAFFF9014C" masterDocTitle="A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications" masterLastPageNumber="582" masterPageNumber="575" pageNumber="576" updateTime="1724879712704" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="65AC1BEC7A97135A6826EFE61AE15555">A new gobiconodontid mammal from the Early Cretaceous of Spain and its palaeogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="88AEA6526E5D36B0AE34669E310B63DC">Cuenca-Bescós, Gloria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="997567F1E2CAEB7F8FC915F17F0AD5BB">Canudo, José I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F391517EDFF1927338C649571F95861C">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B6B31976259374FCEBFE1CFED604B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13328438" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13328438" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6B31976259374FCEBFE1CFED604B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6B31976259374FCEBFE1CFED604B3" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
<subSubSection id="C305518476259377FCEBFE1CFB2100BA" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259377FCEBFE1CFA63009F" blockId="1.[812,1434,326,502]" box="[812,1434,438,467]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
<heading id="D0E8B56376259377FCEBFE1CFA63009F" box="[812,1434,438,467]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" reason="8">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76259377FC48FE1CFA63009F" authority="Chow and Rich, 1984" authorityName="Chow and Rich" authorityYear="1984" box="[911,1434,438,467]" class="Mammalia" family="Gobiconodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Gobiconodontidae
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FB44FE1CFA63009F" author="Chow, M. &amp; Rich, T. H. V." box="[1155,1434,438,467]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="226 - 231" refId="ref5195" refString="Chow, M. and Rich, T. H. V. 1984. A new triconodontan (Mammalia) from theJurassicofChina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3: 226 - 231." type="book chapter" year="1984">Chow and Rich, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259377FCEBFE4AFB2100BA" blockId="1.[812,1434,326,502]" box="[812,1240,480,502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
(= Gobiconodontinae
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FC38FE4AFB2800BA" author="Chow, M. &amp; Rich, T. H. V." box="[1023,1233,480,502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="226 - 231" refId="ref5195" refString="Chow, M. and Rich, T. H. V. 1984. A new triconodontan (Mammalia) from theJurassicofChina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3: 226 - 231." type="book chapter" year="1984">Chow and Rich, 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C305518476259374FCEBFDA4FED604B3" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259377FCEBFDA4FBE2028A" blockId="1.[812,1486,526,966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
The systematic position of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76259377FB93FDA4FAE6036A" authorityName="Chow and Rich" authorityYear="1984" box="[1108,1311,526,550]" class="Mammalia" family="Gobiconodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gobiconodontidae</taxonomicName>
has been a subject of discussion in several papers. Traditionally authors included it in the order
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76259377FBD8FDE4FAAB032A" authority="Osborn, 1888" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1888" box="[1055,1362,590,614]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">
Triconodonta
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FB7CFDE4FAAB032A" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1211,1362,590,614]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="186 - 265" refId="ref6200" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1888. On the structure and classification of the Mesozoic Mammalia. Journal of the National Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia 9: 186 - 265." type="journal article" year="1888">Osborn, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FAA5FDE4FC9F03CA" author="Trofimov, B. A." pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="209 - 212" refId="ref6716" refString="Trofimov, B. A. 1978. The first triconodonts (Mammalia, Triconodonta) from Mongolia [in Russian]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 251: 209 - 212." type="journal article" year="1978">Trofimov 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Jenkins and Crompton 1979;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FB09FDC4FA3003CA" author="Chow, M. &amp; Rich, T. H. V." box="[1230,1481,622,646]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="226 - 231" refId="ref5195" refString="Chow, M. and Rich, T. H. V. 1984. A new triconodontan (Mammalia) from theJurassicofChina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3: 226 - 231." type="book chapter" year="1984">Chow and Rich 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FCEBFD24FBBA03EA" author="Jenkins, F. A., Jr. &amp; Schaff, Ch." box="[812,1091,654,678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref5533" refString="Jenkins, F. A., Jr. and Schaff, Ch. 1988. The Early Cretaceous mammal Gobiconodon (Mammalia, Triconodonta) from the Cloverly Formation in Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1988">Jenkins and Schaff 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76259377FB96FD24FA5D03EA" author="Maschenko, E. N. &amp; Lopatin, A. V." box="[1105,1444,654,678]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" pagination="233 - 236" refId="ref6059" refString="Maschenko, E. N. and Lopatin, A. V. 1998. First record of an Early Cretaceous triconodont mammal in Siberia. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 68: 233 - 236." type="book chapter" year="1998">Maschenko and Lopatin 1998</bibRefCitation>
). A recent review of Kielan−Jaworowska et al. (in press) included
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76259377FCEBFD64FC0E03AA" authorityName="Chow and Rich" authorityYear="1984" box="[812,1015,718,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Gobiconodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gobiconodontidae</taxonomicName>
in the orderEutriconodonta. Some features of the
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76259377FCBFFD44FBBA024A" authorityName="Chow and Rich" authorityYear="1984" box="[888,1091,750,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Gobiconodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gobiconodontidae</taxonomicName>
dentition are apomorphies for this group, i.e., the raised position of the cingulum and the outline of the crown of the upper molars (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FB5AFC84FB26020A" box="[1181,1247,814,838]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). In gobiconodontids, the three main cusps of the lower molariforms are aligned mesio−distally, as in other eutriconodontans (Kielan−Jaworowska et al. in press), whereas in the uppers, the main cusps form an obtuse angle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259377FCEBFC72FB9002B9" blockId="1.[812,1129,984,1048]" box="[812,1129,984,1013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76259377FCEBFC72FBE102B9" authorityName="Chow and Rich" authorityYear="1984" box="[812,1048,984,1013]" class="Mammalia" family="Gobiconodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gobiconodontidae</taxonomicName>
indet.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259377FCEBFBA8FC750554" blockId="1.[812,1129,984,1048]" box="[812,908,1026,1048]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FCEBFBA8FC700554" box="[812,905,1026,1048]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionStartId-1="2.[812,845,1946,1965]" captionStartId-2="4.[102,135,883,902]" captionTargetBox-0="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetBox-1="[812,1485,1590,1917]" captionTargetBox-2="[102,775,231,842]" captionTargetId-0="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-577@2.[813,1485,1590,1917]" captionTargetId-2="figure-467@4.[102,776,231,842]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Gobiconodontidae indet. Stereo SEM micrographs of the occlusal view of the upper molariform M3 or M4, MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian). The mesial side is up." captionText-2="Fig. 4. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the distal cingulum and the enamel at the occlusal view of the broken cusp B of the upper molariform M3, 4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in occlusal view, mesial side is down (A), detail of distal cingular cuspule (B), dentine layers at the anterior broken part of the tooth and enamel cover detailed in D (C), a detail of the enamel ultrastructure showing the radial type of the enamel prisms (D)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391387" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391395" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13391387/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13391395/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259377FCEBFB9AFB4D0764" blockId="1.[812,1485,1072,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76259377FCEBFB9AFC49050B" box="[812,944,1072,1095]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Description</emphasis>
.—One left upper molariform, M3 or M4 (MPZ 2002/73) of small size. It has a robust cusp A, characterised by probably autapomorphic lateralbulges on each mesialand distal flanges of that cusp. It has a discontinuous cingulum raised at the lingual side. The tooth is
<quantity id="4CE7AFEA76259377FB32FB1AFAA4058B" box="[1269,1373,1200,1224]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="1.67">1.67 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CE7AFEA76259377FCEBFB7AFC6C05AB" box="[812,917,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="1" pageNumber="576" unit="mm" value="1.13">1.13 mm</quantity>
wide (
<tableCitation id="C69D37B476259377FC2DFB7AFBBC05A4" box="[1002,1093,1232,1256]" captionStart="Table1" captionStartId="3.[102,166,231,253]" captionText="Table1.Teeth measurements of gobiconodontids based on theliteratureand this study (L,anteroposterior length; Wm,mesial width; Wd,distal width; H, height; (es), estimated, the letters Mx and D at the beginning of the label indicate maxilla or dentary, otherwise it is an isolated tooth; Va, Vallipón, Artoles Formation, Maestrazgo Basin, Teruel, Spain. upper Barremian; Osh, Oshih, Mongolia. Rougier et al. 2001; Kh, Khoboor Beds, Khoboor, Gobi desert, Mongolia. Kielan−Jaworowska and Dashzeveg 1998. MCZ: Cloverly formation, Montana, USA. Jenkins and Schaff 1988." pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Table 1</tableCitation>
). It is almost complete, only the mesiolingual corner is broken, and a small portion of the anterolingual part of cusp B is missing. The tooth has two roots, the anterior one being broken. The posterior root is complete and compressed anteroposteriorly. In oclusal view the crown is “pillow−shaped”, more or less rectangular, and somewhat constricted in the middle. The mesial half is transversely narrower than the distal. The labial side is more indented than the lingual (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FBF8FA7AFB5704A4" box="[1087,1198,1488,1512]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionStartId-1="2.[812,845,1946,1965]" captionStartId-2="4.[102,135,883,902]" captionTargetBox-0="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetBox-1="[812,1485,1590,1917]" captionTargetBox-2="[102,775,231,842]" captionTargetId-0="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-577@2.[813,1485,1590,1917]" captionTargetId-2="figure-467@4.[102,776,231,842]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." captionText-1="Fig. 3. Gobiconodontidae indet. Stereo SEM micrographs of the occlusal view of the upper molariform M3 or M4, MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian). The mesial side is up." captionText-2="Fig. 4. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the distal cingulum and the enamel at the occlusal view of the broken cusp B of the upper molariform M3, 4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in occlusal view, mesial side is down (A), detail of distal cingular cuspule (B), dentine layers at the anterior broken part of the tooth and enamel cover detailed in D (C), a detail of the enamel ultrastructure showing the radial type of the enamel prisms (D)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391387" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391395" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13391387/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13391395/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
). The tooth crown is fanshaped in labial and lingual views. The central cusp A is the highest point of the crown (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FBA6F9BAFB5E0764" box="[1121,1191,1552,1576]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76259374FC95F998FF2E02F1" blockId="1.[812,1485,1072,2026]" lastBlockId="2.[102,775,901,1535]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">
The three main cusps: the anterior B, medial A, and posterior C form a wide obtuse angle. Cusp A is more lingual with respect to cusps B and C. On the distal side the distal cingulum has a broad wear facet that may have had a cuspule D (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FC6CF918FBFA0786" box="[939,1027,1714,1738]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
) with a lingual slope. Cusp A is the highest and the broadest with a small wear surface on its tip (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FA59F978FC8E0646" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,883,902]" captionTargetBox="[102,775,231,842]" captionTargetId="figure-467@4.[102,776,231,842]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the distal cingulum and the enamel at the occlusal view of the broken cusp B of the upper molariform M3, 4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in occlusal view, mesial side is down (A), detail of distal cingular cuspule (B), dentine layers at the anterior broken part of the tooth and enamel cover detailed in D (C), a detail of the enamel ultrastructure showing the radial type of the enamel prisms (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391395/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
), and it has two mesial and distal bulges aligned anteroposteriorly with its tip, which gives it a massive appearance (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FC65F898FBBB0606" box="[930,1090,1842,1866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Fig. 2A, B, D</figureCitation>
). Both protuberances are less visible but still noticeable in oclusal view, specially the distal one (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76259377FCA2F8D8FC5306C6" box="[869,938,1906,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[812,845,1946,1965]" captionTargetBox="[812,1485,1590,1917]" captionTargetId="graphics-577@2.[813,1485,1590,1917]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3. Gobiconodontidae indet. Stereo SEM micrographs of the occlusal view of the upper molariform M3 or M4, MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian). The mesial side is up." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391387" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391387/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="576">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Cusp B is heavily damaged. Cusp C is about a third lower than the height of the main cusp A and has a distolingual wear facet. The cusps are separated by shallow incisions visible in both lingual and labial views. The notches have V−shape and they are less than 25% as deep as the cusps.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF60528776269374FFA1FD4BFDE50204" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" startId="2.[102,135,737,756]" targetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76269374FFA1FD4BFDE50204" blockId="2.[102,1486,737,841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
Fig. 2.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F798C76269374FF63FD4BFEB203B8" authorityName="Chow and Rich" authorityYear="1984" box="[164,331,737,756]" class="Mammalia" family="Gobiconodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triconodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gobiconodontidae</taxonomicName>
indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FFAAFD57FF84025C" bold="true" box="[109,125,765,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
), occlusal (
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FF21FD57FF0C025C" bold="true" box="[230,245,765,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FEA3FD57FE8D025C" bold="true" box="[356,372,765,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
), labial (
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FE03FD57FE2D025C" bold="true" box="[452,468,765,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
), and anterior (
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FD98FD57FD97025C" bold="true" box="[607,622,765,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">E</emphasis>
) views. White line in
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FCF4FD57FCBA025C" bold="true" box="[819,835,765,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FD8FFCB3FDAE0260" bold="true" box="[584,599,793,812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In
<emphasis id="B96BDE1D76269374FF18FC9FFF170204" bold="true" box="[223,238,821,840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">E</emphasis>
the arrow shows the pulp cavity.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76269374FF4CFC6CFD230512" blockId="2.[102,775,901,1535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
The cingulum widens on the lingual side, where ithas two small cingular cusps. The proximal cingular cusp forms the mesiolingual corner of the base of cusp A, and the other is distal and at the bottom between cusps A and C, slightly higher and taller than the proximal (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76269374FE3FFBECFD670512" box="[504,670,1094,1118]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Figs. 2A, B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76269374FD6EFBECFD340512" box="[681,717,1094,1118]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,883,902]" captionTargetBox="[102,775,231,842]" captionTargetId="figure-467@4.[102,776,231,842]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the distal cingulum and the enamel at the occlusal view of the broken cusp B of the upper molariform M3, 4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in occlusal view, mesial side is down (A), detail of distal cingular cuspule (B), dentine layers at the anterior broken part of the tooth and enamel cover detailed in D (C), a detail of the enamel ultrastructure showing the radial type of the enamel prisms (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391395/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">4B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA0020F76269374FF4CFBCDFED604B3" blockId="2.[102,775,901,1535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">
A thin enamel layer, as observed in the broken part of cusp B (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76269374FF01FB2DFEBD05D3" box="[198,324,1159,1183]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,883,902]" captionTargetBox="[102,775,231,842]" captionTargetId="figure-467@4.[102,776,231,842]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the distal cingulum and the enamel at the occlusal view of the broken cusp B of the upper molariform M3, 4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in occlusal view, mesial side is down (A), detail of distal cingular cuspule (B), dentine layers at the anterior broken part of the tooth and enamel cover detailed in D (C), a detail of the enamel ultrastructure showing the radial type of the enamel prisms (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391395/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
), covers the crown. The effects of acid etching allowed us to study the internal structure of the enamel and dentine. The enamel is prismatic, with the prisms more or less perpendicular to the oclusal surface and the enamel−dentine junction arranged in a similar pattern described as the radial
<typeStatus id="54A4BCAD76269374FE8CFA8DFE820473" box="[331,379,1319,1343]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">type</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E7FFE76269374FE4EFA8DFD030473" author="Koenigswald, W. V. &amp; Clemens, W. A." box="[393,762,1319,1343]" pageId="2" pageNumber="577" pagination="195 - 218" refId="ref5797" refString="Koenigswald, W. V. and Clemens, W. A. 1992. Levels of complexity in the microstructureof mammalian enamel and their application in studies of systematics. Scanning Microscopy 6: 195 - 218." type="journal article" year="1992">Koenigswald and Clemens 1992</bibRefCitation>
). The enamel is thin compared with the massive dentine. The radial structure of the dentine can be seen in
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76269374FDB4FACDFD340433" box="[627,717,1383,1407]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[102,135,883,902]" captionTargetBox="[102,775,231,842]" captionTargetId="figure-467@4.[102,776,231,842]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the distal cingulum and the enamel at the occlusal view of the broken cusp B of the upper molariform M3, 4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in occlusal view, mesial side is down (A), detail of distal cingular cuspule (B), dentine layers at the anterior broken part of the tooth and enamel cover detailed in D (C), a detail of the enamel ultrastructure showing the radial type of the enamel prisms (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391395/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
. The pulp cavity is visible in the anterior part (
<figureCitation id="13241E8A76269374FD87FA2DFD6104D3" box="[576,664,1415,1439]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,737,756]" captionTargetBox="[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetId="figure-472@2.[169,1417,225,710]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Gobiconodontidae indet. SEM micrographs of the upper molariform M3 or M4 MPZ 2002/73 (Vallipón, Teruel, Spain, upper Barremian) in lingual (A), occlusal (B), posterior (C), labial (D), and anterior (E) views. White line in A shows the distal cingulum and the direction of tooth wear made possibly by cusp a of the corresponding lower molariform. In B, mesial is up, the arrows on the left show the lingual cingulum, the arrow at the bottom the distal cingulum. In E the arrow shows the pulp cavity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13391383" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13391383/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="577">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
), one can see the thickness of the dentine compared to the cavity, indicating that the molar belongs to an adult individual rather than to a juvenile.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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