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<document id="A4D7DB3E520E135648E80941BD8566D8" ID-DOI="10.6620/ZS.2018.57-38" ID-ISSN="1810-522X" ID-PMC="PMC6517763" ID-PubMed="31966278" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13316188" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1721916486208" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sulikowska-Drozd, Anna, Hirano, Takahiro, Wu, Shu-Ping &amp; Páll-Gergely, Barna" docDate="2018" docId="03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolStud.57.38.1-11.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Studies 57 (38)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CB122E4603BA284FA287D3847868CAF6.4:ZoolStud.2016-2018.journal_article" docStyleId="CB122E4603BA284FA287D3847868CAF6" docStyleName="ZoolStud.2016-2018.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tauphaedusa tau" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FF871014C047FFB3FFD0FF8F4F1EFFEB" masterDocTitle="High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1723596986459" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="F615E46E8C4065AEF7F2F981D83378B9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="57B401A0F70951699299BABF52518F60">
<mods:title id="09E11855E69AF046A587F433D0ABF14A">High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C4ED4EF01C10603FB3C50159A95AAEBD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F82F6A4629705E64298ED0767071666C">Sulikowska-Drozd, Anna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A8005EE1782E37131B79EB5D93F69DD3">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz,</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="653614477F03ECFF99765B8B578B0D73" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6C8EDA334ACD9A84E59FFFA72567333C">Hirano, Takahiro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6FF8652AC7FFC73B4053CCF848DCEA1B">Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980 - 0862, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="89F752667D08E390EC6C4D736FAB5AA3">Wu, Shu-Ping</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="39503365194A2F55AB7F84DA2E72967B">Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, No. 1, Ai-Guo West Road, Taipei, 10048 Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="0D9CDB1386E7E090DF093ED9A08AF4BC" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D71F78B2BB5C354AA2DC6D08263348B7">Páll-Gergely, Barna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B69CAE1A35B56E77CEA6B507E4EDEA18">Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó street 15, Budapest, H- 1022, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5F4F7A44FB840808AB2931D49882DC11">Zoological Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="64C7F48C61AEF9B8EFF61DA31E9B0F74">
<mods:date id="3716BE919F0D0CD5A8C331239417792B">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9ABC78DB477237A70A4ED72EA349109F">38</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="26A065F8877B2720B704AA42AC4875A2" type="DOI">10.6620/ZS.2018.57-38</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827056" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12827056" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" blockId="2.[1042,1260,253,310]" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0E06E16C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" bold="true" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" ID-CoL="7TBG5" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" bold="true" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tauphaedusa tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB1FB85FE924A92F8F9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FB85FE924BB7FEDD" blockId="2.[1042,1260,253,310]" box="[1109,1193,285,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FB8CFE924BBFFEDD" box="[1116,1185,285,310]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FC5FFED64BD3FC79" blockId="2.[850,1452,345,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The F0 individuals placed in the culture released offspring repeatedly during the experiment (total 2,630 neonates). During a year, they produced between 101 and 237 neonates per pair of snails (mean 168.7, SD = 39.8,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FA80FE564A41FE19" box="[1360,1375,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 11). During a week, pairs delivered 2.0-5.2 neonates (median 3.8,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC29FD964B16FDD9" box="[1017,1032,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 14). At the moment of release, the neonates had shells
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FB50FDB64A07FDB9" box="[1152,1305,569,594]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.875" valueMax="2.25" valueMin="1.5">1.5-2.25 mm</quantity>
high (mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC82FDD64CDCFD99" box="[850,962,601,626]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.90 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.18,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FBB0FDD64B71FD99" box="[1120,1135,601,626]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 30) with 2.0-2.5 whorls (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FC8AFDF64CAAFD79" box="[858,948,633,658]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). For the first group of juveniles, the period of shell growth lasted 78-99 days (
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB22FD164A1FFD59" box="[1266,1281,665,690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 7). The first reproduction was recorded 132 days from birth. The second group of juveniles attained the ultimate shell size after 88 - 117 days (
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB08FD764BF9FCF9" box="[1240,1255,761,786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 11). The first reproduction was recorded 162 days from birth. Measured adult F0 individuals were on average
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC82FCD64CD4FC99" box="[850,970,857,882]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.412" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="14.12">14.12 mm</quantity>
high (SD = 0.57,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB74FCD64BADFC99" box="[1188,1203,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 18) and consisted of 9.7 whorls (SD = 0.3,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FBA1FCF64B9EFC79" box="[1137,1152,889,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 18).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FC5FFC164BC7FB79" blockId="2.[850,1452,345,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
In the laboratory, virgin
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FB66FC164BE2FC59" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1206,1276,921,946]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB66FC164BE2FC59" box="[1206,1276,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were capable of reproduction (100% out of 9 individuals). They started producing neonates eight month after birth and continued until the end of the experiment. During a year, between 2 and 60 neonates were released per virgin snail (mean 30.44, SD = 15.03,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC83FBD64C7CFB99" box="[851,866,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 9). During a week, between 1 and 6 offspring were delivered (median 2,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB5DFBF64B82FB79" box="[1165,1180,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 9).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FC5FFB164A92F8F9" blockId="2.[850,1452,345,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FC5FFB164B64FB59" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[911,1146,1177,1202]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC5FFB164B64FB59" box="[911,1146,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tauphaedusa tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F1 generation), kept under high humidity, contained 3 to
<specimenCount id="9D1112F3C045FFB1FAC2FB364A6AFB39" box="[1298,1396,1209,1234]" count="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="egg">11 eggs</specimenCount>
and embryos in the reproductive tract (mean 7.06, SD = 2.66,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC65FB764CDAFAF9" box="[949,964,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 17) (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FBF2FB764BB6FAF9" box="[1058,1192,1273,1298]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2D, E</figureCitation>
). The majority of the retained offspring (44%) were at the first stage of development (without shelled embryo). Embryos advanced in development (stage IV) were found in most snails (mean number 1.9, SD = 1.5,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FA9DFAF64A42FA79" box="[1357,1372,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 17). The embryos shell height varied from 1.2 to 2.2 (mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC76FA364B0FFA39" box="[934,1041,1465,1490]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.74" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.74">1.74 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.24,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB73FA364BACFA39" box="[1187,1202,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 33) and number of whorls from 1.5 to 2.75 (mean 2.2, SD = 0.38,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FA54FA564A8DFA19" box="[1412,1427,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 33). No adult
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FC25FA764B29F9F9" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1013,1079,1529,1554]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC25FA764B29F9F9" box="[1013,1079,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
died during the exposure to 60 days of drought. In snails dissected immediately after the experiment, the mean number of eggs and embryos was 3.30 (SD = 2.07, range 0-9,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC82F9F64C7FF979" box="[850,865,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 27). The majority of embryos (65%) were advanced in development (stage IV). The shell height of embryos varied from 1.0 to
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FAD1F9364A47F939" box="[1281,1369,1721,1746]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
(mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC82F9564CA0F919" box="[850,958,1753,1778]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.70 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.20,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB9FF9564B40F919" box="[1103,1118,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 50) and number of whorls from 1.25 to 2.75 (mean 2.2, SD = 0.36,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FAE0F9764A21F8F9" box="[1328,1343,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 50).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>