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<document id="A4D7DB3E520E135648E80941BD8566D8" ID-DOI="10.6620/ZS.2018.57-38" ID-ISSN="1810-522X" ID-PMC="PMC6517763" ID-PubMed="31966278" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13316188" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1721916486208" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sulikowska-Drozd, Anna, Hirano, Takahiro, Wu, Shu-Ping &amp; Páll-Gergely, Barna" docDate="2018" docId="03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolStud.57.38.1-11.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Studies 57 (38)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CB122E4603BA284FA287D3847868CAF6.4:ZoolStud.2016-2018.journal_article" docStyleId="CB122E4603BA284FA287D3847868CAF6" docStyleName="ZoolStud.2016-2018.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Tauphaedusa tau" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FF871014C047FFB3FFD0FF8F4F1EFFEB" masterDocTitle="High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1723596986459" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="57B401A0F70951699299BABF52518F60">
<mods:title id="09E11855E69AF046A587F433D0ABF14A">High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C4ED4EF01C10603FB3C50159A95AAEBD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F82F6A4629705E64298ED0767071666C">Sulikowska-Drozd, Anna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A8005EE1782E37131B79EB5D93F69DD3">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz,</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="6C8EDA334ACD9A84E59FFFA72567333C">Hirano, Takahiro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6FF8652AC7FFC73B4053CCF848DCEA1B">Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980 - 0862, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="89F752667D08E390EC6C4D736FAB5AA3">Wu, Shu-Ping</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="39503365194A2F55AB7F84DA2E72967B">Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, No. 1, Ai-Guo West Road, Taipei, 10048 Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D71F78B2BB5C354AA2DC6D08263348B7">Páll-Gergely, Barna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B69CAE1A35B56E77CEA6B507E4EDEA18">Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó street 15, Budapest, H- 1022, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="5F4F7A44FB840808AB2931D49882DC11">Zoological Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="64C7F48C61AEF9B8EFF61DA31E9B0F74">
<mods:date id="3716BE919F0D0CD5A8C331239417792B">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="24FE9506C9FC31D79C7816308AA54F74">2018-08-02</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9ABC78DB477237A70A4ED72EA349109F">38</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="FC00ACD2940DDB4C1E788CBB90C6AE7E">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="26A065F8877B2720B704AA42AC4875A2" type="DOI">10.6620/ZS.2018.57-38</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D226913A213562886E43F431AB0CFF23" type="ISSN">1810-522X</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D5FE23D3AA0F07E55F036F7F339643F6" type="PMC">PMC6517763</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7529DA71C92ECC9DF43EE28D2E8C2DCE" type="Zenodo-Dep">13316188</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827056" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12827056" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE686CC045FFB1FBC2FF724A92F8F9" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" blockId="2.[1042,1260,253,310]" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0E06E16C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" bold="true" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" ID-CoL="7TBG5" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FBC2FF724BF2FEFD" bold="true" box="[1042,1260,253,278]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tauphaedusa tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB1FB85FE924A92F8F9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FB85FE924BB7FEDD" blockId="2.[1042,1260,253,310]" box="[1109,1193,285,310]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FB8CFE924BBFFEDD" box="[1116,1185,285,310]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FC5FFED64BD3FC79" blockId="2.[850,1452,345,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The F0 individuals placed in the culture released offspring repeatedly during the experiment (total 2,630 neonates). During a year, they produced between 101 and 237 neonates per pair of snails (mean 168.7, SD = 39.8,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FA80FE564A41FE19" box="[1360,1375,473,498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 11). During a week, pairs delivered 2.0-5.2 neonates (median 3.8,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC29FD964B16FDD9" box="[1017,1032,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 14). At the moment of release, the neonates had shells
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FB50FDB64A07FDB9" box="[1152,1305,569,594]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.875" valueMax="2.25" valueMin="1.5">1.5-2.25 mm</quantity>
high (mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC82FDD64CDCFD99" box="[850,962,601,626]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.90 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.18,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FBB0FDD64B71FD99" box="[1120,1135,601,626]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 30) with 2.0-2.5 whorls (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FC8AFDF64CAAFD79" box="[858,948,633,658]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). For the first group of juveniles, the period of shell growth lasted 78-99 days (
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB22FD164A1FFD59" box="[1266,1281,665,690]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 7). The first reproduction was recorded 132 days from birth. The second group of juveniles attained the ultimate shell size after 88 - 117 days (
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB08FD764BF9FCF9" box="[1240,1255,761,786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 11). The first reproduction was recorded 162 days from birth. Measured adult F0 individuals were on average
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC82FCD64CD4FC99" box="[850,970,857,882]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.412" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="14.12">14.12 mm</quantity>
high (SD = 0.57,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB74FCD64BADFC99" box="[1188,1203,857,882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 18) and consisted of 9.7 whorls (SD = 0.3,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FBA1FCF64B9EFC79" box="[1137,1152,889,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 18).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FC5FFC164BC7FB79" blockId="2.[850,1452,345,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
In the laboratory, virgin
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FB66FC164BE2FC59" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1206,1276,921,946]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB66FC164BE2FC59" box="[1206,1276,921,946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were capable of reproduction (100% out of 9 individuals). They started producing neonates eight month after birth and continued until the end of the experiment. During a year, between 2 and 60 neonates were released per virgin snail (mean 30.44, SD = 15.03,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC83FBD64C7CFB99" box="[851,866,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 9). During a week, between 1 and 6 offspring were delivered (median 2,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB5DFBF64B82FB79" box="[1165,1180,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 9).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FC5FFB164A92F8F9" blockId="2.[850,1452,345,1810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FC5FFB164B64FB59" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[911,1146,1177,1202]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC5FFB164B64FB59" box="[911,1146,1177,1202]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tauphaedusa tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F1 generation), kept under high humidity, contained 3 to
<specimenCount id="9D1112F3C045FFB1FAC2FB364A6AFB39" box="[1298,1396,1209,1234]" count="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="egg">11 eggs</specimenCount>
and embryos in the reproductive tract (mean 7.06, SD = 2.66,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC65FB764CDAFAF9" box="[949,964,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 17) (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FBF2FB764BB6FAF9" box="[1058,1192,1273,1298]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[202,1422,249,1900]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2. Tauphaedusa tau. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2D, E</figureCitation>
). The majority of the retained offspring (44%) were at the first stage of development (without shelled embryo). Embryos advanced in development (stage IV) were found in most snails (mean number 1.9, SD = 1.5,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FA9DFAF64A42FA79" box="[1357,1372,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 17). The embryos’ shell height varied from 1.2 to 2.2 (mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC76FA364B0FFA39" box="[934,1041,1465,1490]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.74" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.74">1.74 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.24,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB73FA364BACFA39" box="[1187,1202,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 33) and number of whorls from 1.5 to 2.75 (mean 2.2, SD = 0.38,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FA54FA564A8DFA19" box="[1412,1427,1497,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 33). No adult
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FC25FA764B29F9F9" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1013,1079,1529,1554]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC25FA764B29F9F9" box="[1013,1079,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
died during the exposure to 60 days of drought. In snails dissected immediately after the experiment, the mean number of eggs and embryos was 3.30 (SD = 2.07, range 0-9,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FC82F9F64C7FF979" box="[850,865,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 27). The majority of embryos (65%) were advanced in development (stage IV). The shell height of embryos varied from 1.0 to
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FAD1F9364A47F939" box="[1281,1369,1721,1746]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
(mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FC82F9564CA0F919" box="[850,958,1753,1778]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.70 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.20,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB9FF9564B40F919" box="[1103,1118,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 50) and number of whorls from 1.25 to 2.75 (mean 2.2, SD = 0.36,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FAE0F9764A21F8F9" box="[1328,1343,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 50).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="C05EEF9A6E48BAE024F4839D8C138AB3">High Fecundity, Rapid Development and Selfing Ability in Three Species of Viviparous Land Snails Phaedusinae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) from East Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="40D80AF3716A3C19285174E541813E88">Sulikowska-Drozd, Anna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C26D6FD555D19939C23881E79A247A1B">Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C9EF2C7174815EC9D61B06C039D3D9E6">Hirano, Takahiro</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7608AF0D5EBA21F997B4B5450A4113EE">Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980 - 0862, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C576FB0CE774F7556FB0FF272F95E0C4">Wu, Shu-Ping</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BE91292B6EA0917A68A197454FAD90AD">Department of Earth and Life Science, University of Taipei, No. 1, Ai-Guo West Road, Taipei, 10048 Taiwan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B81FC5C827D3DAD160E513ABD1585058">Páll-Gergely, Barna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F6AF068889FA38E90EB2DCE95131CA07">Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó street 15, Budapest, H- 1022, Hungary</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="197BDF59B00D4701A7D360D8849F4B19">Zoological Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="06E33642ACB97623467539B4F59D54C8">
<mods:date id="F340D0B770DBEE3BEE8B0737DED4A1E9">2018</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0E06E16C045FFB1FE96FEB24D71FEBD" bold="true" box="[326,623,317,342]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FE96FEB24D71FEBD" bold="true" box="[326,623,317,342]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tauphaedusa sheridani</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB1FE60FED24FF7F85A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FE60FED24D1AFE9D" blockId="2.[326,623,317,374]" box="[432,516,349,374]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FE68FED24EE4FE9D" box="[440,506,349,374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,170,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[165,1384,249,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-32@3.[165,1384,249,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Tauphaedusa sheridani. (A) adults (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) - eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316190/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FF3AFE174E84FCBA" blockId="2.[174,776,408,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The F0 individuals (
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FE00FE174EC1FE5A" box="[464,479,408,433]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 8) placed in the culture were on average
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FE53FE374EE2FE3A" box="[387,508,440,465]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.655" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="16.55">16.55 mm</quantity>
high (SD = 0.72) and consisted of 9.9 whorls (SD = 0.3). They released offspring repeatedly during the experiment (total 741 neonates). During a year, they produced 115 to 195 neonates per pair of snails (mean 164.5, SD = 34.4,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FEDCFDD74E05FD9A" box="[268,283,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 4). During a week, the pairs delivered 3.5-4.8 neonates on average (median 4.7,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD65FDF74DDAFD7A" box="[693,708,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 4). On delivery, the neonates had shells 2.00-
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FD4EFD174C18FD5A" box="[670,774,664,689]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.73" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.73">2.73 mm</quantity>
high (mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FE92FD374EBDFD3A" box="[322,419,696,721]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.15,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD92FD374D4FFD3A" box="[578,593,696,721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 31) with 2.5 whorls (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FEC3FD574E6AFD1A" box="[275,372,728,753]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[136,170,1926,1946]" captionTargetBox="[165,1384,249,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-32@3.[165,1384,249,1899]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Tauphaedusa sheridani. (A) adults (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) - eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm. © 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316190/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Time needed for shell growth ranged between 88 and 113 days (
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FDB9FD774D66FCFA" box="[617,632,760,785]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 10). The first reproduction of F1 generation was recorded 160 days after birth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FF3AFCD74C1FFB1A" blockId="2.[174,776,408,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The fecundity of the F1 generation was recorded for 18 snails kept in pairs. During a year, they produced between 109 and 226 neonates per pair of snails (mean 166, SD = 36.8,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD63FC374DDCFC3A" box="[691,706,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 9). During a week, an average of 3-6.5 neonates were delivered per pair of snails (median 5,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FDA7FC774D98FBFA" box="[631,646,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 9). Also, virgin
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FF2BFB974E93FBDA" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[251,397,1048,1073]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sheridani">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FF2BFB974E93FBDA" box="[251,397,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. sheridani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were capable of reproduction (100% out of 8 individuals). They started releasing neonates seven month after birth and continued until the end of the experiment. During a year, between 65 and 90 neonates were released per virgin snail (mean 77.4, SD = 9.1,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FDACFB374D95FB3A" box="[636,651,1208,1233]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 8) and during a week, between 1 and 6 (median 2,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD65FB574DDAFB1A" box="[693,708,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 8).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FF3AFB774E9FF99A" blockId="2.[174,776,408,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FF3AFB774D01FAFA" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[234,543,1272,1297]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sheridani">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FF3AFB774D01FAFA" box="[234,543,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tauphaedusa sheridani</emphasis>
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, kept under high humidity, contained 4 to
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and embryos in the reproductive tract (mean 6.8, SD = 1.37,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD7DFAB74DA2FABA" box="[685,700,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 15) (
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). The majority of the retained offspring (49%) were at the first stage of development (without shelled embryo). Embryos advanced in development (stage IV) were found in low numbers in every adult (range 1-4, mean 2.2, SD = 0.8,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD30FA574DF1FA1A" box="[736,751,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 15). The embryos’ stage IV shell height varied from
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FF7EF9974E68F9DA" box="[174,374,1560,1585]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.47" metricValueMin="1.48" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.975" valueMax="2.47" valueMin="1.48">1.48 to 2.47 mm</quantity>
(mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FE05F9974D5DF9DA" box="[469,579,1560,1585]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.02" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.02">2.02 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.25,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD0FF9974DF0F9DA" box="[735,750,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 33) and number of whorls from 1.5 to 3 (mean 2.25, SD = 0.5,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FEF5F9D74E2AF99A" box="[293,308,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 33).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FF3AF9F74FF7F85A" blockId="2.[174,776,408,1969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
No adult
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FEB5F9F74EE0F97A" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[357,510,1656,1681]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sheridani">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FEB5F9F74EE0F97A" box="[357,510,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">T. sheridani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
died during the 60- day exposure to drought. In snails dissected immediately after the experiment, the mean number of eggs and embryos was 5.4 (SD = 1.4, range 3-9,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FEE1F9774E5EF8FA" box="[305,320,1784,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 27). The majority of embryos (80%) were advanced in development (stage IV). The shell height of embryos varied from
<quantity id="4CEF749FC045FFB1FD8FF8B74C18F8BA" box="[607,774,1848,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="1.4">1.4 to 2.4 mm</quantity>
(mean
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, SD = 0.20,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FDD9F8D74D06F89A" box="[521,536,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 113) and number of whorls from 2.0 to 3.0 (mean 2.5, SD = 0.22,
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FD31F8F74DEEF87A" box="[737,752,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
= 113).
</paragraph>
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171
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<mods:identifier id="31CC3EBCAAF983504D3AD036191AAC7A" type="DOI">10.6620/ZS.2018.57-38</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="64D4864998C6EDC9740AF267E6EC2B19" type="ISSN">1810-522X</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9AF318F59E1445A92AC6087E99DA12D8" type="PMC">PMC6517763</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="66AE3FD4DD39EE58E9445142CBF31F89" type="PubMed">31966278</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="75413C74A7ACA44086CA2EBC78524B8C" type="Zenodo-Dep">13316188</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BE686CC045FFB6FCBAF8B74E23FA5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12827058" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12827058" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BE686CC045FFB6FCBAF8B74E23FA5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BE686CC045FFB6FCBAF8B74E23FA5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB1FCBAF8B74A8AF8BA" box="[874,1428,1848,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FCBAF8B74A8AF8BA" blockId="2.[874,1428,1848,1905]" box="[874,1428,1848,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0E06E16C045FFB1FCBAF8B74A8AF8BA" bold="true" box="[874,1428,1848,1874]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C045FFB1FCBAF8B74A8AF8BA" ID-CoL="7T892" baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[874,1428,1848,1874]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Stereophaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jacobiana" subGenus="Breviphaedusa">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FCBAF8B74A8AF8BA" bold="true" box="[874,1428,1848,1874]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FCBAF8B74B27F8B9" bold="true" box="[874,1081,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stereophaedusa</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FB9AF8B74A17F8BA" bold="true" box="[1098,1289,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Breviphaedusa</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9630568C045FFB1FAC9F8B74A8AF8BA" bold="true" box="[1305,1428,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">jacobiana</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30D8AF1C045FFB6FB85F8D74E23FA5D" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FB85F8D74BB7F89A" blockId="2.[874,1428,1848,1905]" box="[1109,1193,1880,1905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
(
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC045FFB1FB8CF8D74BBFF89A" box="[1116,1185,1880,1905]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[813,848,1897,1917]" captionTargetBox="[831,1395,249,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-460@5.[831,1395,249,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Stereophaedusa jacobiana. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilium; (D) dissected adult with eggs; (E-F) egg and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316196/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB6FC5FF81B4D5FFD1D" blockId="2.[911,1450,1940,1965]" lastBlockId="5.[136,738,253,1462]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Eight F0 individuals placed in the culture were
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FF1EFF724E55FEFD" box="[206,331,253,278]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.253" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="12.53">12.53 mm</quantity>
high (SD = 0.36) and consisted of 7.97 whorls (SD = 0.51) on average. Kept in pairs they released offspring repeatedly during the experiment (total 779 neonates). During a year, they produced from 97 to 159 neonates per pair of snails (median 143.5,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FE21FE124D1EFE5D" box="[497,512,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 4), while during a week, 3.5-5.5 neonates were delivered per pair of snails (median 4.0,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FE76FE524EABFE1D" box="[422,437,477,502]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 4). At the moment of release, the neonates had shells
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FDE2FE724DFEFDFD" box="[562,736,509,534]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.215" metricValueMax="2.57" metricValueMin="1.86" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.215" valueMax="2.57" valueMin="1.86">1.86-2.57 mm</quantity>
high (mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FEC8FD924E9AFDDD" box="[280,388,541,566]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.09" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.09">2.09 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.15,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FDCBFD924D34FDDD" box="[539,554,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 28) with 2.0- 2.5 whorls (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC042FFB6FEC4FDB24E6EFDBD" box="[276,368,573,598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[813,848,1897,1917]" captionTargetBox="[831,1395,249,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-460@5.[831,1395,249,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Stereophaedusa jacobiana. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilium; (D) dissected adult with eggs; (E-F) egg and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316196/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). Time needed for shell growth ranged between 88 and 115 days (
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FD93FDD24D4CFD9D" box="[579,594,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 10). The first reproduction was recorded 168 days after birth. The reproduction of virgin
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C042FFB6FDECFD124DFFFD5D" baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[572,737,669,694]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Stereophaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jacobiana">
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FDECFD124DFFFD5D" box="[572,737,669,694]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. jacobiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recorded in only one of 10 isolated snails. It delivered
<specimenCount id="9D1112F3C042FFB6FF2CFD524E97FD1D" box="[252,393,733,758]" count="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="juvenile">41 juveniles</specimenCount>
over 6 months.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E80CC574C045FFB1FB4CF8524AB5F804" box="[1180,1451,2013,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC045FFB1FB4CF8524AB5F804" blockId="2.[1180,1451,2013,2031]" box="[1180,1451,2013,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="DF6889F2C044FFB0FF58F8094E86F804" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316190" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13316190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316190/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[136,170,1926,1946]" targetBox="[165,1384,249,1899]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC044FFB0FF58F8094E29F85D" blockId="3.[136,1415,1926,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9630568C044FFB0FF58F8094FD8F871" bold="true" box="[136,198,1926,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C044FFB0FF02F8094EB1F871" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[210,431,1926,1946]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sheridani">
<emphasis id="B9630568C044FFB0FF02F8094EB1F871" box="[210,431,1926,1946]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tauphaedusa sheridani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) adults (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E)
<emphasis id="B9630568C044FFB0FC24F8094CE5F871" box="[1012,1019,1926,1946]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">-</emphasis>
eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC044FFB0FF58F8524E86F804" blockId="3.[136,1415,1926,2031]" box="[136,408,2013,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6889F2C043FFB7FF7EF8094AB5F804" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316192" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13316192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316192/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[174,208,1926,1946]" targetBox="[202,1422,249,1900]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC043FFB7FF7EF8094E3CF85D" blockId="4.[174,1451,1926,2031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9630568C043FFB7FF7EF8094FF2F871" bold="true" box="[174,236,1926,1946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C043FFB7FF2BF8094EBEF871" baseAuthorityName="O. Boettger" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[251,416,1926,1946]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Tauphaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tau">
<emphasis id="B9630568C043FFB7FF2BF8094EBEF871" box="[251,416,1926,1946]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tauphaedusa tau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilia; (D-E) eggs and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC043FFB7FB4CF8524AB5F804" blockId="4.[174,1451,1926,2031]" box="[1180,1451,2013,2031]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA8D97AC042FFB6FF15FD724E23FA5D" blockId="5.[136,738,253,1462]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C042FFB6FF15FD724D11FCFD" baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[197,527,765,790]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Stereophaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jacobiana">
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FF15FD724D11FCFD" box="[197,527,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stereophaedusa jacobiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F1 generation), kept under high humidity, contained 5 to
<specimenCount id="9D1112F3C042FFB6FD8FFC924DB0FCDD" box="[607,686,797,822]" count="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="egg">7 eggs</specimenCount>
and embryos in the reproductive tract (mean 6.2, SD = 0.84,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FF1CFCD24FC5FC9D" box="[204,219,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 5). Retained progeny had egg envelopes with visible crystals of calcium carbonate (
<figureCitation id="132CC5FFC042FFB6FD51FCF24F83FC5D" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[813,848,1897,1917]" captionTargetBox="[831,1395,249,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-460@5.[831,1395,249,1871]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3. Stereophaedusa jacobiana. (A) adult (F1 generation); (B) neonates; (C) clausilium; (D) dissected adult with eggs; (E-F) egg and embryos from dissected adults. Scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13316196" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13316196/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3D, E</figureCitation>
). The majority of the offspring (52%) were at the first stage of development (egg without shelled embryo). The stage I egg length varied from
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FD7DFC524E0AFBFD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0999999999999996" metricValueMax="2.53" metricValueMin="1.67" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.0999999999999996" valueMax="2.53" valueMin="1.67">1.67 to 2.53 mm</quantity>
(mean 2.08, SD = 0.28,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FD98FC724D49FBFD" box="[584,599,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 16). The stage IV embryos still had parts of egg envelope with calcium carbonate crystals. Their shell height varied from
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FECAFBD24EFFFB9D" box="[282,481,1117,1142]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.765" metricValueMax="1.96" metricValueMin="1.57" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.765" valueMax="1.96" valueMin="1.57">1.57 to 1.96 mm</quantity>
(mean
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FD91FBD24DB0FB9D" box="[577,686,1117,1142]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.84" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.84">1.84 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.12,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FF34FBF24FEDFB7D" box="[228,243,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 13) and number of whorls from 1.25 to 2.5. The exposure to 60 days of drought resulted in loss among adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C17A2F9C042FFB6FE61FB324D57FB3D" baseAuthorityName="Pilsbry" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[433,585,1213,1238]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Stereophaedusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="jacobiana">
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FE61FB324D57FB3D" box="[433,585,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. jacobiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3 dead out of 13), and among retained progeny (in 3 out of 10 surviving adults). In the remaining snails, the mean number of eggs and embryos was 2.3 (SD = 2.98, range 0-7,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FEDEFAB24E03FABD" box="[270,285,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 7). The majority of embryos (87%) were advanced in development and their shell height varied from
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FEBAFAF24D2EFA7D" box="[362,560,1405,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" metricValueMax="2.27" metricValueMin="1.57" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.92" valueMax="2.27" valueMin="1.57">1.57 to 2.27 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity id="4CEF749FC042FFB6FD90FAF24DB1FA7D" box="[576,687,1405,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.84" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.84">1.84 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.16,
<emphasis id="B9630568C042FFB6FF32FA124FEFFA5D" box="[226,241,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 14).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>