507 lines
56 KiB
XML
507 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587859" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710744" ID-ISSN="1997-3500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587859" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1619623649741" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2021" docId="F52B87F65E256157FC9FDD6EFF751B59" docLanguage="en" docName="myrmecNews.31_133-179_printable.pdf" docOrigin="Myrmecological News 31" docSource="http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d" docTitle="Formica rufa subsp. emeryi STITZ 1939" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="155" masterDocId="0912FF8E5E366141FFC9DA41FF91193E" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="133" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" updateTime="1643400318318" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Myrmecological News</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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<mods:start>133</mods:start>
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<mods:end>179</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1997-3500</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587859" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587859" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E256157FC9FDD6EFF751B59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F52B87F65E256157FC9FDD6EFF751B59" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<subSubSection box="[854,1278,1839,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="19.[816,1438,176,2023]" box="[854,1278,1839,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<treatmentCitation box="[854,1278,1839,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<taxonomicName authority="STITZ, 1939" authorityName="STITZ" authorityYear="1939" box="[854,1278,1839,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="rufa" subSpecies="emeryi">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1278,1839,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1126,1839,1862]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica rufa emeryi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation box="[1132,1278,1840,1862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">STITZ, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="19.[816,1438,176,2023]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[816,1241,1873,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
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<emphasis box="[816,970,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica rufa</emphasis>
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ab.
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<emphasis box="[1020,1101,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">emeryi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation box="[1109,1241,1873,1894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<collectionCode box="[1109,1171,1873,1894]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">STITZ</collectionCode>
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, 1939
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[description and zoogeography]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[816,1438,176,2023]" lastBlockId="20.[151,772,177,2023]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
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<collectionCode box="[854,916,1937,1958]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">STITZ</collectionCode>
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(1939) made the first available use of
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<taxonomicName authority="subsp. rufa" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="rufa" subSpecies="rufa">
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<emphasis box="[1358,1436,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis box="[895,944,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">rufa</emphasis>
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ab.
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<emphasis box="[994,1074,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">emeryi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation box="[1082,1253,1969,1991]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">KRAUSSE, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This taxon was described from near Eberswalde /
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<collectingCountry box="[1187,1289,2001,2022]" name="Germany" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Germany</collectingCountry>
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as specimens found within the nests of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[425,498,177,198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
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<emphasis box="[425,498,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F.rufa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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showing a colouration as in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" box="[180,384,209,230]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
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<emphasis box="[180,384,209,230]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but with missing setae on eyes and hind tibia. Considering the species spectrum occurring in the vicinity of Eberswalde, these statements make a synonymy with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[325,399,305,326]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
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<emphasis box="[325,399,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. rufa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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most likely.
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<typeStatus box="[535,599,305,326]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Types</typeStatus>
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are unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="153" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,772,177,2023]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">
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All material examined. Numeric phenotypical data were recorded in 61 nest samples with
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<specimenCount box="[636,771,369,391]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" type="worker">331 workers</specimenCount>
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and 29 gynes; for details, see SI1, SI2, and SI3. The total number of mounted samples stored in SMN Görlitz and investigated either subjectively or by partial or complete numeric recording of the phenotypical characters used here was 103. These included
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<specimenCount box="[482,617,528,551]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" type="worker">547 workers</specimenCount>
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and 98 gynes and originated from
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<collectingCountry box="[369,449,561,583]" name="Austria" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Austria</collectingCountry>
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(two samples),
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<collectingCountry box="[611,701,561,583]" name="Belgium" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Belgium</collectingCountry>
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(four),
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<collectingCountry box="[151,245,593,615]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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(six),
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<collectingCountry box="[311,392,593,615]" name="Croatia" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Croatia</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[467,553,593,615]" name="Finland" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Finland</collectingCountry>
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(five),
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<collectingCountry box="[626,702,593,614]" name="France" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">France</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[151,253,625,646]" name="Germany" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(61),
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<collectingCountry box="[317,393,625,646]" name="Greece" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Greece</collectingCountry>
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(three),
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<collectingCountry box="[489,539,625,647]" name="Italy" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Italy</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[617,703,625,646]" name="Norway" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Norway</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[151,229,657,679]" name="Poland" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Poland</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[308,383,657,679]" name="Russia" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[462,557,657,679]" name="Slovenia" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[636,700,657,679]" name="Spain" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Spain</collectingCountry>
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(five),
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<collectingCountry box="[151,234,688,710]" name="Sweden" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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(four), and
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<collectingCountry box="[354,482,688,710]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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(four). Character recording in ethanol-stored material according to the former investigation protocol of
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<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[348,510,753,775]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 27" part="65" refId="ref46529" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1991: The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany. - Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz 65: 1 - 27." title="The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany" type="journal article" year="1991">SEIFERT (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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had been done until the year
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||
<quantity box="[207,291,785,807]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.06222" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="in" value="1993.0">1993 in</quantity>
|
||
further 196 nest samples with about 1600 workers, largely from
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<collectingCountry box="[390,492,817,838]" name="Germany" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Germany</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[546,623,817,839]" name="Russia" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="153" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,772,177,2023]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">
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Geographic range. From
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<collectingCountry box="[544,610,849,871]" name="Georgia" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Iberia</collectingCountry>
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east to Baikal region; probably a little more widely distributed than
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<taxonomicName box="[151,354,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
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<emphasis box="[151,354,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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due to the larger potency for long-range single-queen flight dispersal and socially parasitic colony foundation (
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<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[282,427,977,998]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 27" part="65" refId="ref46529" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1991: The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany. - Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz 65: 1 - 27." title="The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany" type="journal article" year="1991">SEIFERT 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" bookContentInfo="408 pp." box="[435,491,977,999]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" refId="ref46930" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2018: The ants of Central and North Europe. - Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer, 408 pp." title="The ants of Central and North Europe" type="book" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Europe between
|
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<geoCoordinate degrees="40.5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" precision="5555" value="40.5">40.5° N</geoCoordinate>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[186,253,1009,1031]" name="Spain" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Spain</collectingCountry>
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),
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<geoCoordinate box="[274,361,1008,1030]" degrees="63.5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" precision="5555" value="63.5">63.5° N</geoCoordinate>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[377,467,1009,1031]" name="Sweden" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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), and
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<geoCoordinate box="[537,625,1009,1031]" degrees="64.8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" precision="5555" value="64.8">64.8° N</geoCoordinate>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[641,734,1009,1031]" name="Finland" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Finland</collectingCountry>
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). A morphologically aberrant population exists in
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<collectingCountry box="[651,771,1041,1063]" name="Turkey" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
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and Caucasus (here rare). The altitudinal distribution in European mountains is not well known. According to credible reports, it ascends in the Southern Alps (
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<geoCoordinate box="[699,764,1136,1158]" degrees="46" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" precision="55555" value="46.0">46° N</geoCoordinate>
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) to
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<quantity box="[179,259,1168,1190]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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and in
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<collectingCountry box="[340,461,1169,1191]" name="Turkey" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[475,541,1169,1190]" degrees="40" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" precision="55555" value="40.0">40° N</geoCoordinate>
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) to
|
||
<quantity box="[581,661,1169,1190]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="1900.0">1900 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="153" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,772,177,2023]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">
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Diagnosis of worker (
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<tableCitation box="[512,598,1201,1223]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="11.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,282,1993]" captionTargetId="graphics-49@11.[151,1436,275,2018]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Tab.1: Workers of species and hybrids close to Formica rufa; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750 µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E3D614AFF5EDAF0FEEE1839" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
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, key). Large; mean and maximum
|
||
<collectionCode box="[394,424,1233,1254]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">CS</collectionCode>
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||
over all social
|
||
<typeStatus box="[598,659,1233,1254]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">types</typeStatus>
|
||
1891 and
|
||
<quantity box="[151,248,1265,1286]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.274" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="2274.0">2274µm</quantity>
|
||
: Scape rather long and slender, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[634,663,1265,1286]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[663,701,1274,1288]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.939, SL / Smax 10.10. Setae on eyes short, EyeHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[652,690,1306,1320]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[697,764,1297,1318]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="22.0">22µm</quantity>
|
||
. Setae on posterior margin of head usually missing and, if present, rather short, nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[472,510,1370,1384]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.81, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[657,695,1370,1384]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[704,771,1361,1382]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 µm</quantity>
|
||
(a population in the montane region of Blanský Les, S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,250,1425,1447]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Bohemia</collectingCountry>
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||
– labelled “
|
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<emphasis box="[388,474,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">nespori</emphasis>
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” in the collection of SMN Görlitz – has above-average values of nCH and OccHL but does not form a cluster sufficiently separate from
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica rufa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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when all characters are considered). Gular, pronotal, mesopleural and propodeal setae always present and rather long, nGu
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||
<subScript attach="left" box="[331,369,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
6.3, GuHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[490,528,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[534,617,1585,1606]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="188.0">188 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nPn
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[672,710,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
20.2, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[238,276,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[284,353,1617,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="81.0">81 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nMes
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[425,463,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
15.4, nPr
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[571,609,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
12.9; setae on metapleuron few or absent and of medium length, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[734,771,1658,1672]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
1.9, MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[276,314,1690,1704]" fontSize="6" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[323,406,1681,1702]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="144.0">144 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Pigmentation: Head with genae and its ventral surfaces always light reddish, dorsal head caudad from about transverse level of eye centers, the area between frontal carinae and surface along the frontal carina usually blackish brown; mesosoma light reddish, often with a medium-sized dark brown patch on dorsal pronotum. Specimens with nearly all surfaces of head, the mesosoma, and frontal face of first gaster tergite reddish, reminiscent of the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[491,713,1937,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,713,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, may occur, most frequently in large workers of the most hairy phenotypes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1437,177,1223]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Diagnosis of gyne (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1147,1233,177,199]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="16.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,256,2005]" captionTargetId="graphics-28@16.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Tab.6: Gynes of species and hybrids with sparse pilosity; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1258,1338,177,199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[151,186,689,711]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,170,662]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1: Formica rufa, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582222" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582222/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Medium-sized,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[931,961,209,230]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<quantity box="[968,1063,209,230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1399999999999997" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="2140.0">2140 µm</quantity>
|
||
; scape rather long and slender, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[835,865,241,262]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
0.868, SL / Smax 9.13. Setae on eyes short, EyeHL
|
||
<quantity box="[816,886,272,294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="25.0">25µm</quantity>
|
||
; setae on posterior margin of head always missing; gula without or with single setae of up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1271,1352,305,326]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="280.0">280 µm</quantity>
|
||
length; pronotum without or single short setae of up to
|
||
<quantity box="[1368,1436,337,358]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 µm</quantity>
|
||
length; meso- and metapleuron and frontal face of first gaster tergite without setae, if single setae are present these may have
|
||
<quantity box="[982,1120,433,454]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" metricValueMax="2.44" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="222.0" valueMax="244.0" valueMin="200.0">200 - 244µm</quantity>
|
||
length; ventral surface of first gaster sternite usually with numerous long setae, nSt 18.8, StHL
|
||
<quantity box="[877,958,496,518]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="350.0">350µm</quantity>
|
||
. Pubescence distance and distance of foveolae on paramedian dorsum of first gaster tergite rather high, sqPDG 9.00, FodG
|
||
<quantity box="[1016,1085,560,582]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" unit="mm" value="57.0">57µm</quantity>
|
||
. Large parts of median and paramedian scutellum perfectly smooth and brilliantly shiny. Dorsum of gaster viewed at lower magnification always shiny. Pigmentation of head similar to worker; mesonotum, scutellum, and metanotum blackish brown; gaster black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1437,177,1223]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Taxonomic comments and clustering results. The nomenclatoric separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1290,1436,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1436,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[864,1072,785,806]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[864,1072,785,806]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is maintained here for pragmatic reasons but this decision is problematic according to the data presented in the next paragraph. This pragmatism follows a functional argument: In their pure expression,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[816,894,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,894,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[952,1092,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[952,1092,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent most different mor- phologies,
|
||
<typeStatus box="[935,995,945,966]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of ecological adaptation, dispersal, and reproduction strategies, which call for a different naming. Several hundred papers have been published so far using the name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[927,1062,1041,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[927,1062,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Giving up the name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1301,1437,1041,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1301,1437,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would mean a loss of information and would complicate communication about biological issues.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1437,177,1223]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">A broad study considering 432 nest samples with 6100 worker ants and eight NUMOBAT characters and integrating intranidal phenotype composition as well as</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582245" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582245/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" startId="20.[816,856,1777,1799]" targetBox="[833,1413,1284,1760]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[816,1436,1777,2023]" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">
|
||
Fig. 21: Data of 49 samples from of E Saxony / Germany with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[816,950,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,950,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(white rhombs),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1114,1303,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1114,1303,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1326,1370,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1326,1370,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black squares), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[965,1094,1841,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[965,1094,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(white dots). The first canonical vector of a three-class LDA, separating the parental species and considering 12 morphological characters, is plotted against the percentage of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[961,1088,1937,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[961,1088,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="153">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alleles determined by BAPS clustering (with K = 5) of 19 microsatellite markers (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Ecology" pageId="20" pageNumber="153" pagination="1219 - 1237" part="24" refId="ref47195" refString="SEIFERT, B., KULMUNI, J. & PAMILO, P. 2010: Independent hybrid populations of Formica polyctena × rufa wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abound under conditions of forest fragmentation. - Evolutionary Ecology 24: 1219 - 1237." title="Independent hybrid populations of Formica polyctena × rufa wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abound under conditions of forest fragmentation" type="journal article" year="2010">SEIFERT & al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, changed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582249/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" startId="21.[816,851,625,647]" targetBox="[154,783,180,964]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[816,1437,625,871]" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Fig.23: Linear discriminant analysis of 169 samples of workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[844,984,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[844,984,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(white rhombs),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1163,1361,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1361,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1391,1436,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1391,1436,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and backcrosses (black squares), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1190,1314,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1190,1314,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(white dots) considering 12 morphological characters. The missing gaps between the clusters indicate introgression and prevent a clear discrimination of hybrids from parental species. Note that the frequency of hybrids in the analysis is about fivefold larger than expected for random sampling all over Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582253" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582253/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" startId="21.[151,185,980,1002]" targetBox="[154,783,180,964]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Fig.22: Classification by the exploratory data analyses NC-Ward (dendrogram shown), NC-part.hclust and NC-part.kmeans and final species hypothesis formed by a controlling linear discriminant function (for details, see Material and Methods). Shown are 169 samples of workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[526,663,1097,1119]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,663,1097,1119]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red bars),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,346,1127,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,346,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[373,418,1127,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[373,418,1127,1148]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and backcrosses (green bars), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,277,1156,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,277,1156,1178]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black bars). White bars indicate outliers in NC- part.clust. The mean error of three analyses is 3.7% for K = 2 (presence of hybrids ignored) but 13.2% for K = 3 (presence of hybrids accepted), with 19% of the hybrid samples classified as either parental species. Accordingly, a hypothesis forma- tion based on NC-clustering alone, neglecting any accessory information, would suggest two sufficiently separable species. Twelve phenotypic characters were considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,773,1457,2023]" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">
|
||
topographic, ecological, and biological information (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT, B." journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 27" part="65" refId="ref46529" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1991: The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany. - Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz 65: 1 - 27." title="The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[151,203,1489,1510]" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">SEIFERT</collectionCode>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) provided evidence for frequent hybridization of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[181,335,1521,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[181,335,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[394,609,1521,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[394,609,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The adaptive advantage of the hybrid for conditions of fragmented forest systems hypothesized by the same author was made credible through mathematic modelling by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HOFENER" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="HOFENER" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="359 - 373" part="43" refId="ref45840" refString="HOFENER, C., SEIFERT, B. & KRUGER, T. 1996: A genetic model for disruptive selection on colony social organization, reproduction, and ecotype distribution in wood ants inhabiting different woodland habitats. - Insectes Sociaux 43: 359 - 373." title="A genetic model for disruptive selection on colony social organization, reproduction, and ecotype distribution in wood ants inhabiting different woodland habitats" type="journal article" year="1996">HÖFENER & al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The presence of the supposed hybrid cluster in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,305,1681,1702]" name="Germany" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">East Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
was later convincingly confirmed by a study integrating NUMOBAT characters and nuclear DNA data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[159,366,1745,1767]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="1219 - 1237" part="24" refId="ref47195" refString="SEIFERT, B., KULMUNI, J. & PAMILO, P. 2010: Independent hybrid populations of Formica polyctena × rufa wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abound under conditions of forest fragmentation. - Evolutionary Ecology 24: 1219 - 1237." title="Independent hybrid populations of Formica polyctena × rufa wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abound under conditions of forest fragmentation" type="journal article" year="2010">SEIFERT & al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a high agreement of classifications provided by morphometrics and nuDNA (Fig. 21). Data on microsatellite DNA of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GYLLENSTRAND" box="[473,772,1809,1831]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="GYLLENSTRAND" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="139 - 145" part="51" refId="ref45802" refString="GYLLENSTRAND, N., SEPPA, P. & PAMILO, P. 2004: Genetic differentiation in sympatric wood ants Formica rufa and F. polyctena. - Insectes Sociaux 51: 139 - 145." title="Genetic differentiation in sympatric wood ants Formica rufa and F. polyctena" type="journal article" year="2004">GYLLENSTRAND & al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[198,417,1841,1863]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Ecology" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="1219 - 1237" part="24" refId="ref47195" refString="SEIFERT, B., KULMUNI, J. & PAMILO, P. 2010: Independent hybrid populations of Formica polyctena × rufa wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abound under conditions of forest fragmentation. - Evolutionary Ecology 24: 1219 - 1237." title="Independent hybrid populations of Formica polyctena × rufa wood ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) abound under conditions of forest fragmentation" type="journal article" year="2010">SEIFERT & al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that backcrossing of the hybrid and introgression occur mainly with the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parent. This biased gene flow towards
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[635,771,1905,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,771,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also to be expected on the basis of differential queen acceptance and mating behaviour of the species (GÖSS-
|
||
<collectionCode box="[151,211,2001,2022]" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">WALD</collectionCode>
|
||
1942,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[284,433,2001,2023]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="1 - 27" part="65" refId="ref46529" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1991: The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany. - Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz 65: 1 - 27." title="The phenotypes of the Formica rufa complex in East Germany" type="journal article" year="1991">SEIFERT 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[816,1439,945,2023]" lastBlockId="22.[151,772,177,615]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">
|
||
Hybrid frequencies of up to 28% for particular regions sum up to 6 - 8% over the whole European range and cause a dilemma in taxonomic decision making. A blind NC-clustering study of morphological data, ignoring any other source of information and the possibility of hybrid occurrence, provided misleading results (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1294,1373,1105,1127]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[151,185,980,1002]" captionTargetBox="[154,783,180,964]" captionTargetId="graphics-512@21.[316,739,270,962]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig.22:Classification bythe exploratorydata analysesNC-Ward (dendrogram shown), NC-part.hclust and NC-part.kmeans and final species hypothesis formed by a controlling linear discriminant function (for details, see Material and Methods). Shown are 169 samples of workers of Formica rufa (red bars), Formica polyctena × rufa and backcrosses (green bars), and F. polyctena (black bars). White bars indicate outliers in NC- part.clust. The mean error of three analyses is 3.7% for K = 2 (presence of hybrids ignored) but 13.2% for K = 3 (presence of hybrids accepted), with 19% of the hybrid samples classified as either parental species. Accordingly, a hypothesis forma- tion based on NC-clustering alone, neglecting any accessory information, would suggest two sufficiently separable species. Twelve phenotypic characters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582253/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
). The figure considers 169 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1242,1377,1137,1159]" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" type="worker">960 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
from entire Europe and the characters
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1192,1225,1169,1190]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, CL / CW
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[1336,1374,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[816,845,1201,1222]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[846,884,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[948,986,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[1077,1115,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nGu
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1175,1213,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, GuHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1295,1333,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nPn
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1391,1429,1210,1224]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[903,941,1242,1256]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nMes
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1014,1052,1242,1256]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1124,1162,1242,1256]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1253,1291,1242,1256]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
, and nPr
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1391,1429,1242,1256]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
. Assuming K = 2 (two species and no hybrids present), the disagreement of the exploratory data analyses with the controlling LDA was 4.1% in NC-Ward, 5.9% in NCpart.hclust, and 1.2% in NC-part.kmeans. This means an average error rate of 3.7% and suggests acceptance of heterospecificity of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[992,1138,1425,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1138,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1188,1395,1425,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1188,1395,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
following the <4% threshold recommended for NC-clustering by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[846,1025,1489,1511]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Soil Organisms" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" pagination="15 - 94" part="92" refId="ref47079" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2020 a: A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Soil Organisms 92: 15 - 94." title="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">SEIFERT (2020a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.Explicitly, NC-clustering confirms the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,952,1521,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,952,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster and a collective cluster formed by
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the hybrids. This clustering is largely explained by the high similarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1077,1149,1585,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1149,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F.rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the hybrids in nGu
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1398,1436,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
and GuHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[932,970,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">1750</subScript>
|
||
and a strong dissimilarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1300,1436,1617,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1300,1436,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
regarding these characters. Assuming K = 3 (two parental species and a hybrid cluster), the disagreement is 13.6% in NC-Ward, 15.4% in NC-part.hclust, and 10.6% in NC-part. kmeans. Out of 53 hybrid samples and as mean of the three methods, 16.4% were allocated to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1228,1301,1777,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1228,1301,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 2.5% to the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,988,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[856,988,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="154">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster. These data show that the different algorithms of NC clustering cannot clearly expose hybrid samples and are likely to suggest a stronger divergence of the parental clusters than really given. A clear demonstration of hybrids with gaps to the parental clusters may be achieved in a vectorial space, either by running a PCA of RAV-corrected data or checking suspicious samples as wild-cards in an LDA. Yet, this proves only true when no or very few backcrosses are in the material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[618,766,209,230]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" pagination="1 - 8" part="58" refId="ref46488" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1984: Nachweis einer im Freiland aufgetretenen Bastardierung von Leptothorax nigriceps MAYR und Leptothorax unifasciatus (LATR.) mittels einer multiplen Diskriminanzanalyse. - Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Gorlitz 58: 1 - 8." title="Nachweis einer im Freiland aufgetretenen Bastardierung von Leptothorax nigriceps MAYR und Leptothorax unifasciatus (LATR.) mittels einer multiplen Diskriminanzanalyse" type="journal article" year="1984">SEIFERT 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[151,208,241,262]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Insectes Sociaux" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" pagination="45 - 52" part="46" refId="ref46594" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1999: Interspecific hybridisations in natural popu- lations of ants by example of a regional fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Insectes Sociaux 46: 45 - 52." title="Interspecific hybridisations in natural popu- lations of ants by example of a regional fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[221,281,241,263]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" pagination="201 - 207" part="8" refId="ref46449" refString="SCHULTZ, R., RADCHENKO, A. & SEIFERT, B. 2006: A critical checklist of the ants of Kyrgyzstan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Myrmecological News 8: 201 - 207." title="A critical checklist of the ants of Kyrgyzstan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KULMUNI" box="[294,528,241,263]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="KULMUNI" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" pagination="7371 - 7376" part="107" refId="ref45938" refString="KULMUNI, J., SEIFERT, B. & PAMILO, P. 2010: Segregation distortion causes large-scale differences between male and female genomes in hybrid ants. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 7371 - 7376." title="Segregation distortion causes large-scale differences between male and female genomes in hybrid ants" type="journal article" year="2010">KULMUNI & al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BAGHERIAN YAZDI" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="BAGHERIAN YAZDI" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" pagination="121 - 131" part="17" refId="ref44637" refString="BAGHERIAN YAZDI, A., MUNCH, W. & SEIFERT, B. 2012: A first demonstration of interspecific hybridization in Myrmica ants by geometric morphometrics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Myrmecological News 17: 121 - 131." title="A first demonstration of interspecific hybridization in Myrmica ants by geometric morphometrics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2012">BAGHERIAN YAZDI & al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[251,414,273,294]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Entomology" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" pagination="291 - 300" part="69" refId="ref46955" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2019 a: Lasius nigroemarginatus FOREL, 1874 is a F 1 Hybrid between L. emarginatus (OLIVIER, 1792) and L. platythorax SEIFERT, 1991 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Contributions to Entomology 69: 291 - 300." title="Lasius nigroemarginatus FOREL, 1874 is a F 1 Hybrid between L. emarginatus (OLIVIER, 1792) and L. platythorax SEIFERT, 1991 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">SEIFERT 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). In the present case, the LDA of the 169 samples (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[374,449,305,327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="21.[816,851,625,647]" captionTargetBox="[154,783,180,964]" captionTargetId="graphics-512@21.[316,739,270,962]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Fig.23: Lineardiscriminant analysis of 169 samples of workers of Formica rufa (white rhombs), Formica polyctena × rufa and backcrosses (black squares), and F.polyctena (white dots) considering 12 morphological characters. The missing gaps between the clusters indicate introgression and preventa clear discrimination of hybrids from parental species. Note that the frequency of hybrids in the analysis is aboutfivefold largerthan expected for random sampling all over Europe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582249/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="155">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
) does not show obvious gaps separating the hybrid from the parental clusters, which may be explained by numerous backcrosses. The reader should be aware that the frequency of hybrids in this data set is about fivefold larger than the average figure expected for random sampling all over the European range. For hybridization with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZETTERSTEDT" authorityYear="1838" box="[354,543,497,518]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[354,543,497,518]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="155">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see section “Hybrids
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[151,420,529,550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubrisxrufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,345,529,550]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="155">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
×
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,420,529,550]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="155">rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (p. 174).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="155" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,772,177,615]" pageId="22" pageNumber="155">
|
||
Biology. See the condensed information in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" bookContentInfo="408 pp." firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer" pageId="22" pageNumber="155" refId="ref46930" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2018: The ants of Central and North Europe. - Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer, 408 pp." title="The ants of Central and North Europe" type="book" year="2018">SEIFERT (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |