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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587859" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710745" ID-ISSN="1997-3500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587859" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1619623649741" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2021" docId="F52B87F65E256152FF5EDB7FFC4E1859" docLanguage="en" docName="myrmecNews.31_133-179_printable.pdf" docOrigin="Myrmecological News 31" docSource="http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d" docTitle="Formica rufa LINNAEUS 1761" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="152" masterDocId="0912FF8E5E366141FFC9DA41FF91193E" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="133" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" updateTime="1643400318318" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection box="[151,596,318,346]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" type="nomenclature">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,596,318,346]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" reason="0">
<taxonomicName authority="LINNAEUS, 1761" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[151,596,318,346]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,596,318,346]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,355,318,346]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica rufa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="LINNAEUS" bookContentInfo="578 pp." box="[363,596,319,346]" firstAuthor="LINNAEUS" journalOrPublisher="L. Salvii, Stockholmiae" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" refId="ref46105" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761: Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior. - L. Salvii, Stockholmiae [= Stockholm], 48 + 578 pp." title="Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior" type="book" year="1761">LINNAEUS, 1761</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="19.[151,772,369,2023]" box="[151,477,369,391]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
<treatmentCitation box="[151,477,369,391]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
<taxonomicName authority="LINNAEUS, 1761" authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[151,477,369,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[151,299,369,390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica rufa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="LINNAEUS" bookContentInfo="578 pp." box="[304,477,369,391]" firstAuthor="LINNAEUS" journalOrPublisher="L. Salvii, Stockholmiae" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" refId="ref46105" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761: Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior. - L. Salvii, Stockholmiae [= Stockholm], 48 + 578 pp." title="Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior" type="book" year="1761">LINNAEUS, 1761</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,772,369,2023]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
[original description;
<treatmentCitation pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW, I. H. H." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="313 - 318" part="9" refId="ref47697" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1954: Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS, 1758. - Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 9: 313 - 318." title="Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS" type="journal article" year="1954">YARROW (1954</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW, I. H. H." box="[280,336,401,423]" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 48" part="12" refId="ref47744" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1955: The British ants allied to Formica rufa L. - Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 12: 1 - 48." title="The British ants allied to Formica rufa L" type="journal article" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</treatmentCitation>
, photo of
<typeStatus box="[449,498,401,422]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">type</typeStatus>
specimen]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="152" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,772,369,2023]" lastBlockId="19.[816,1438,176,2023]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
Each of the two first descriptions of this ant(
<bibRefCitation author="LINNAEUS" bookContentInfo="824 pp." firstAuthor="LINNAEUS" journalOrPublisher="Holmiae" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" refId="ref46052" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - L. Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], 824 pp." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - L. Salvii" type="book" year="1758">LINNAEUS 1758</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="LINNAEUS" bookContentInfo="578 pp." box="[223,276,465,487]" firstAuthor="LINNAEUS" journalOrPublisher="L. Salvii, Stockholmiae" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" refId="ref46105" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761: Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior. - L. Salvii, Stockholmiae [= Stockholm], 48 + 578 pp." title="Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior" type="book" year="1761">1761</bibRefCitation>
) are contradictory within themselves. The morphological description of the worker states in 1758: “Thorace compresso toto ferrugineo, capite abdominique nigris.” In 1761, the same statements are repeated and a supplementation is added: “Corpus fuscum. Thorax ferrugineus, compressus, squama intergerina ferruginea, acuminata.” This agrees with the condition in
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="herculeanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Camponotus herculeanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis box="[317,582,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="SEIFERT" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[317,579,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligniperda">Camponotus ligniperda</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which both occur in
<collectingCountry box="[178,266,721,743]" name="Sweden" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Sweden</collectingCountry>
. In contradiction to the morphological description, LINNAEUS stated “habitat in Europae acervis-acerosis sylvaticis” (
<bibRefCitation author="LINNAEUS" bookContentInfo="824 pp." box="[270,438,785,807]" firstAuthor="LINNAEUS" journalOrPublisher="Holmiae" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" refId="ref46052" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1758: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - L. Salvii, Holmiae [= Stockholm], 824 pp." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. - L. Salvii" type="book" year="1758">LINNAEUS 1758</bibRefCitation>
) and “Piss Myror. SueciStackMyra...Habitat ubique in sylvis, acervos e foliolis acerosis exstruens.” (
<bibRefCitation author="LINNAEUS" bookContentInfo="578 pp." box="[283,454,849,871]" firstAuthor="LINNAEUS" journalOrPublisher="L. Salvii, Stockholmiae" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" refId="ref46105" refString="LINNAEUS, C. 1761: Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior. - L. Salvii, Stockholmiae [= Stockholm], 48 + 578 pp." title="Fauna suecica sistens animalia Sueciae regni: Mammalia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes. Editio altera, auctior" type="book" year="1761">LINNAEUS 1761</bibRefCitation>
). It is obvious from these data that Linnaeus in both publications more likely intended to give the name
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[332,405,913,934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[332,405,913,934]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F.rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to those most abundant (“Habitat ubique in sylvis”), needle-thatch building (“Stack-Myra... acervos e foliolis acerosis exstruens.”) and acid squirting (“Piss Myror”) woodland ants. The description of the gyne presented in 1761 reads as follows: “Corpus nigricans. Caput subtus ferrugineum. Thorax ferrugineus dorso fusco. Abdomen segmentis quatuor, primo antice ferrugineo.” This description does not tell much but “Caput subtus ferrugineum” speaks against the two Swedish
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis box="[632,771,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Camponotus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and is in agreement with the situation in ants of the
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[151,224,1233,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[151,224,1233,1254]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. According to
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW" box="[449,620,1233,1255]" firstAuthor="YARROW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="313 - 318" part="9" refId="ref47697" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1954: Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS, 1758. - Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 9: 313 - 318." title="Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS" type="journal article" year="1954">YARROW (1954)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[628,702,1233,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[628,702,1233,1254]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group specimens were represented in the collection of the Linnaean Society London by a single worker bearing the label “rufa ex descr.”, two unlabelled winged females, and three unlabelled males.
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW" box="[355,526,1360,1382]" firstAuthor="YARROW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="313 - 318" part="9" refId="ref47697" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1954: Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS, 1758. - Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 9: 313 - 318." title="Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS" type="journal article" year="1954">YARROW (1954)</bibRefCitation>
published a
<typeStatus box="[670,771,1361,1383]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">lectotype</typeStatus>
fixation in the better preserved of the two winged
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[697,771,1393,1414]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[697,771,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group gynes but he made no statements on its characters. The reasons why he did not fix a
<typeStatus box="[489,589,1457,1479]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">lectotype</typeStatus>
in the only specimen labelled “rufa ex descr.” were not explained. I could not investigate the
<typeStatus box="[305,405,1521,1543]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">lectotype</typeStatus>
.As
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW" box="[443,604,1521,1543]" firstAuthor="YARROW" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 48" part="12" refId="ref47744" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1955: The British ants allied to Formica rufa L. - Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 12: 1 - 48." title="The British ants allied to Formica rufa L" type="journal article" year="1955">YARROW (1955)</bibRefCitation>
showed a rather good knowledge on the separation of the gynes of
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[691,764,1553,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[691,764,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[151,374,1585,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
<emphasis box="[151,374,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis box="[391,608,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZETTERSTEDT" authorityYear="1838" box="[391,603,1585,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">Formica lugubris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it appears most probable that he had a specimen at hand which indeed belonged to
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[512,585,1649,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[512,585,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as it is characterized here. Yet, as
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW" box="[340,509,1681,1703]" firstAuthor="YARROW" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="1 - 48" part="12" refId="ref47744" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1955: The British ants allied to Formica rufa L. - Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 12: 1 - 48." title="The British ants allied to Formica rufa L" type="journal article" year="1955">YARROW (1955)</bibRefCitation>
did not separate
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[697,771,1681,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[697,771,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName box="[196,398,1713,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
<emphasis box="[196,398,1713,1734]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, I inspected the picture of the
<typeStatus pageId="19" pageNumber="152">lectotype</typeStatus>
(specimen number 2870) presented on the homepage of the Linnaean Society (http://linnean-online.org/16186/; retrieved on
<date box="[292,473,1809,1831]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" value="2020-10-31">31 October 2020</date>
). It shows a brilliantly shiny first gaster tergite, a shiny scutellum, and a massive, thickset body. This overall impression corresponds to the gyne morph of monogynous
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[415,493,1905,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[415,493,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and likely precludes the specimen representing
<taxonomicName box="[403,535,1937,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
<emphasis box="[403,535,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. polyctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In order to unambiguously dissolve the confusion with Linnaeus descriptions,
<bibRefCitation author="YARROW" box="[151,319,2001,2023]" firstAuthor="YARROW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" pagination="313 - 318" part="9" refId="ref47697" refString="YARROW, I. H. H. 1954: Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS, 1758. - Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 9: 313 - 318." title="Application for re-examination and re-phrasing of the decision taken by the International Commission regarding the name of the type species of Formica LINNAEUS" type="journal article" year="1954">YARROW (1954)</bibRefCitation>
argued that “The Commission should use their plenary power to place
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1127,1201,177,198]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[1127,1201,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 1758 on the list of permanently rejected names and to place instead
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1362,1436,209,230]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
<emphasis box="[1362,1436,209,230]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="152">F. rufa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., 1761 on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology”. This proposal was accepted by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature in an opinion published
<date box="[816,987,337,359]" pageId="19" pageNumber="152" value="1956-10-02">2 October 1956</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>