363 lines
40 KiB
XML
363 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584834" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710750" ID-ISSN="1997-3500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584834" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1619623649741" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2021" docId="F52B87F65E216158FC9FDD0EFE5B1B59" docLanguage="en" docName="myrmecNews.31_133-179_printable.pdf" docOrigin="Myrmecological News 31" docSource="http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d" docTitle="Formica constricta KARAVAJEV 1926" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="158" masterDocId="0912FF8E5E366141FFC9DA41FF91193E" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="133" pageId="23" pageNumber="156" updateTime="1643400318318" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Myrmecological News</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2021-04-28</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>31</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>133</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>179</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1997-3500</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5582216</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0E55C0D7-531A-48D7-A078-148B96BD461D</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584834" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710750" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E216158FC9FDD0EFE5B1B59" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F52B87F65E216158FC9FDD0EFE5B1B59" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[854,1328,1871,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[815,1437,977,2023]" box="[854,1328,1871,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<treatmentCitation box="[854,1328,1871,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="KARAVAJEV, 1926" authorityName="KARAVAJEV" authorityYear="1926" box="[854,1328,1871,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1328,1871,1895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1104,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">Formica constricta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[1111,1328,1872,1894]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">KARAVAJEV, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="156" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[815,1437,977,2023]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<treatmentCitation box="[816,1334,1905,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="KARAVAJEV, 1926" authorityName="KARAVAJEV" authorityYear="1926" box="[816,1334,1905,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="rufa" variety="constricta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,1137,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">Formica rufa var. constricta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[1144,1334,1905,1927]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">KARAVAJEV, 1926</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
[
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1348,1398,1905,1926]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">type</typeStatus>
|
||
investigation]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="23" pageNumber="156" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[815,1437,977,2023]" lastBlockId="24.[151,773,945,2023]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="23" pageNumber="156">
|
||
Investigated were
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1066,1305,1969,1991]" pageId="23" pageNumber="156" type="worker" typeStatus="syntype">two syntype workers</specimenCount>
|
||
on one pin labelled „ Akmolin. ob. Kokchetav. g. bl. Borovoye. Bej-Bijenko”, “3269. coll Karavaiev”, “Form. (Form.)
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Karavaiev" authorityName="Karavaiev" authorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="rufa" variety="constricta">rufa v. constricta Karavaiev</taxonomicName>
|
||
typ” (Karavajev’s handwriting), “
|
||
<typeStatus box="[162,265,1009,1030]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Syntypus</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[270,412,1009,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">Formica rufa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Karaw." authorityName="Karaw." box="[417,609,1009,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">constricta Karaw.</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (label of Radchenko) and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[285,523,1041,1063]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="worker" typeStatus="syntype">three syntype workers</specimenCount>
|
||
on another pin labelled “3269. coll Karavaiev”, “
|
||
<typeStatus box="[409,511,1073,1094]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Syntypus</typeStatus>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[516,657,1073,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">Formica rufa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Karaw." authorityName="Karaw." class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">constricta Karaw.</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (label of Radchenko); depository SIZ
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[666,718,1105,1127]" country="Ukraine" name="Kyiv" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Kiev</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The type locality Borovoye is situated in the geographic zone (see below) where hybrids between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[525,726,1169,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[525,726,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,362,1201,1222]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,362,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do regularly occur. The status of the types was tested using the same 16 characters as in the analysis in the previous section. If run as wild-cards in a three-class LDA and comparing
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[534,668,1297,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[534,668,1297,1318]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(class 1), hybrids and backcrosses
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[429,563,1329,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[429,563,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[594,703,1329,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[594,703,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(class 2) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[224,358,1361,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,358,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(class 3), the type series is allocated to these classes with p = 0.0152, p = 0.8019, and p = 0.1829, respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[296,372,1424,1447]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[151,187,625,647]" captionTargetBox="[157,781,174,617]" captionTargetId="graphics-742@24.[201,763,176,582]" captionText="Fig.25: Position of the type samples of Formica major NY- LANDER, 1849 (MA) and Formica constricta KARAVAJEV,1929 (CO) in a linear discriminant analysis considering 58 nest samples of Formica polyctena (black squares), 27 nest samples of Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots), and 75 nest samples of F. aquilonia (black rhombs). The type samples were run aswild-cards.Sixteen phenotypiccharacters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582257/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Fig.25</figureCitation>
|
||
). These investigations considered 75 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount box="[362,500,1456,1479]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="worker">345 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[538,674,1457,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[538,674,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 27 nest samples and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[304,445,1489,1511]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="worker">148 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[484,624,1489,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[484,624,1489,1510]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[658,771,1489,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,771,1489,1510]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrids or backcrosses, and 57 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="worker">217 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[268,400,1552,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[268,400,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Under this setting, the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NYLANDER" authorityYear="1849" box="[178,345,1585,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[178,345,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was allocated in a wild-card run to the three classes with p = 0.0021, p = 0.5244, and p = 0.4735, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582257/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" startId="24.[151,187,625,647]" targetBox="[157,781,174,617]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Fig.25: Position of the type samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NYLANDER" authorityYear="1849" box="[566,726,625,646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,726,625,646]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
NY-
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[151,292,657,678]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">LANDER, 1849</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MA) and
|
||
<treatmentCitation box="[397,772,657,678]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="KARAVAJEV, 1929" authorityName="KARAVAJEV" authorityYear="1929" box="[397,772,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[397,593,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica constricta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[597,772,657,678]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">KARAVAJEV, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(CO) in a linear discriminant analysis considering 58 nest samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[260,450,721,742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[260,450,721,742]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black squares), 27 nest samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[175,365,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[175,365,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[389,490,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[389,490,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or backcrosses (white dots), and 75 nest samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[389,511,785,806]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[389,511,785,806]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black rhombs). The type samples were run as wild-cards. Sixteen phenotypic characters were considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582261" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582261/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" startId="24.[816,850,625,647]" targetBox="[792,1427,173,610]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[816,1437,625,743]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Fig.26: Principal component analysis of gynes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black squares, n = 33),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[1100,1287,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1100,1287,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[1311,1411,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1311,1411,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or backcrosses (white dots, n = 18), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[1170,1287,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1170,1287,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F.aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black rhombs, n = 29). Twenty-four phenotypic characters were considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[151,773,945,2023]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
All material examined. The full set of numeric phenotypical data was recorded in 27 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount box="[151,283,1745,1767]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="worker">148 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
and 18 gynes.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E216158FC9FDD0EFE5B1B59:785D603B5E2E6159FE71DC90FE691FD9" box="[440,504,1745,1767]" country="Finland" municipality="For" name="These" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">These</location>
|
||
originated from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[685,771,1745,1767]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(13),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[208,339,1777,1799]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(one),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[414,516,1777,1799]" name="Mongolia" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(one), and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[641,714,1777,1799]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(12).
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[151,188,1809,1830]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">For</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
details, see SI1, SI2, and SI3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[151,773,945,2023]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Geographic range. The geographic range where hybrids
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[236,436,1873,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[236,436,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[460,566,1873,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[460,566,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known to occur corresponds to the transition zone between temperate and boreal climate and ranges from
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[544,622,1937,1958]" degrees="19.8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="5555" value="19.8">19.8° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[635,715,1937,1959]" country="Finland" name="Aland" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Aaland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Isles /
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[170,258,1969,1991]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
) to
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[300,374,1969,1990]" degrees="107" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="55555" value="107.0">107° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(Baikal Region and Bogdkhan NP /
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,255,2001,2023]" name="Mongolia" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). With increasing continentality, this zone moves
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[816,1437,816,2022]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
south:
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E216158FC9FDD0EFE5B1B59:785D603B5E2E6159FCB2D970FC1C1A78" box="[891,909,817,838]" country="Finland" county="Central Siberia" latitude="53.2" longLatPrecision="33739" longitude="104.0" municipality="West Siberia" name="It" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">It</location>
|
||
extends in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1032,1118,817,839]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
between 59.8 and
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1319,1405,816,838]" degrees="63.3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="5555" value="63.3">63.3° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[816,954,849,871]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">West Siberia</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(about
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1033,1093,848,870]" degrees="62" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="55555" value="62.0">62° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) between 53.1 and
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1302,1386,848,870]" degrees="60.4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="5555" value="60.4">60.4° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, and in
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[842,1003,881,903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Central Siberia</collectingCounty>
|
||
(about
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1079,1150,881,902]" degrees="104" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="55555" value="104.0">104° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) between 47.8 and
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1350,1433,880,902]" degrees="53.2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" precision="5555" value="53.2">53.2° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. Hybrid occurrence and introgression should also occur in the Alps somewhere in the submontane or montane zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[816,1437,816,2022]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Diagnosis of worker (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1194,1281,976,998]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="12.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,288,1992]" captionTargetId="graphics-52@12.[151,1437,281,2018]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Tab.2: Workers of species and hybrids similar to Formica rufa and Formica aquilonia; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E3A614DFF5EDAF0FDB11839" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
|
||
, key). The hybrids are intermediate in all characters in which the parental species show notable differences (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1282,1346,1040,1062]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="12.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,288,1992]" captionTargetId="graphics-52@12.[151,1437,281,2018]" captionText="Tab.2: Workers of species and hybrids similar to Formica rufa and Formica aquilonia; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E3A614DFF5EDAF0FDB11839" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" tableUuid="29FD66685E3A614DFF5EDAF0FDB11839">Tab.2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[816,1437,816,2022]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Diagnosis of gyne (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1154,1242,1072,1094]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="16.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,256,2005]" captionTargetId="graphics-28@16.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Tab.6: Gynes of species and hybrids with sparse pilosity; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
|
||
). Except for
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, all examined gynes are from a single supercolony near Tvärminne /
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1108,1196,1137,1159]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
in which the genetic structure was thoroughly investigated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KULMUNI" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="KULMUNI" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" pagination="7371 - 7376" part="107" refId="ref45938" refString="KULMUNI, J., SEIFERT, B. & PAMILO, P. 2010: Segregation distortion causes large-scale differences between male and female genomes in hybrid ants. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 7371 - 7376." title="Segregation distortion causes large-scale differences between male and female genomes in hybrid ants" type="journal article" year="2010">KULMUNI & al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KULMUNI & PAMILO" box="[940,1237,1201,1223]" firstAuthor="KULMUNI" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" pagination="12805 - 12810" part="111" refId="ref45988" refString="KULMUNI, J. & PAMILO, P. 2014: Introgression in hybrid ants is favored in females but selected against in males. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111: 12805 - 12810." title="Introgression in hybrid ants is favored in females but selected against in males" type="journal article" year="2014">KULMUNI & PAMILO (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The data in
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="16.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,256,2005]" captionTargetId="graphics-28@16.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionText="Tab.6: Gynes of species and hybrids with sparse pilosity; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" tableUuid="29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
are thus biased to a local situation and probably not representative for the Palaearctic hybrid population. Yet, the intermediate position of the hybrids becomes obvious in characters showing the most obvious differences of the parental species: SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1058,1091,1361,1382]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, SL / Smax, FodG, and GuHL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="24.[816,1437,816,2022]" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">
|
||
Taxonomic comments and clustering results. The earliest indications of this hybridization came from a West Siberian sample (SaNo 156, Yekaterinburg-1998-U23) combining a clear
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
phenotype with a mtDNA of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[1218,1436,1521,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1218,1436,1521,1542]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GOROPASHNAYA" box="[825,1129,1553,1575]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="GOROPASHNAYA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" pagination="198 - 206" part="32" refId="ref45751" refString="GOROPASHNAYA, A. V., FEDOROV, V. B. & PAMILO, P. 2004: Recent speciation in the Formica rufa group ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): inference from mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 198 - 206." title="Recent speciation in the Formica rufa group ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): inference from mitochondrial DNA phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2004">GOROPASHNAYA & al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and observation of viable laboratory crosses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SORVARI" box="[1026,1181,1585,1607]" firstAuthor="SORVARI" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 7" part="17" refId="ref47331" refString="SORVARI, J. 2006: Two distinct morphs in the wood ant Formica polyctena in Finland: a result of hybridization? - Entomologica Fennica 17: 1 - 7." title="Two distinct morphs in the wood ant Formica polyctena in Finland: a result of hybridization?" type="journal article" year="2006">SORVARI 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the time since then, hybridization of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[1001,1135,1617,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1001,1135,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[1193,1329,1617,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1193,1329,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been confirmed and thoroughly investigated by morphometric analyses and investigation of nuDNA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KULMUNI" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="KULMUNI" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" pagination="7371 - 7376" part="107" refId="ref45938" refString="KULMUNI, J., SEIFERT, B. & PAMILO, P. 2010: Segregation distortion causes large-scale differences between male and female genomes in hybrid ants. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 7371 - 7376." title="Segregation distortion causes large-scale differences between male and female genomes in hybrid ants" type="journal article" year="2010">KULMUNI & al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BERESFORD" box="[881,1122,1713,1735]" etAl="& al." firstAuthor="BERESFORD" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" pagination="4013 - 4026" part="26" refId="ref44707" refString="BERESFORD, J., ELIAS, M., PLUCKROSE, L., SUNDSTROM, L., BUTLIN, R. K., PAMILO, P. & KULMUNI, J. 2017: Widespread hybridization within mound-building wood ants in Southern Finland results in cytonuclear mismatches and potential for sex-specific hybrid breakdown. - Molecular Ecology 26: 4013 - 4026." title="Widespread hybridization within mound-building wood ants in Southern Finland results in cytonuclear mismatches and potential for sex-specific hybrid breakdown" type="journal article" year="2017">BERESFORD & al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A nuDNA study of the latter authors in 17 sites within an area of
|
||
<quantity box="[1227,1326,1744,1768]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" unit="km" value="3000.0">3000 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity box="[1325,1364,1744,1768]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" unit="in" value="2.0">² in</quantity>
|
||
South
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[816,903,1777,1799]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
revealed extremely frequent hybridization and introgression between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[1063,1193,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1063,1193,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[1244,1376,1809,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1244,1376,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This investigation showed that nest populations with a hybrid history but having developed their nuclear DNA close to the situation in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[1028,1159,1905,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1028,1159,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parent preferentially had the mtDNA of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[979,1115,1937,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[979,1115,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas a majority of those with a nuDNA approaching
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" box="[1110,1241,1969,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1110,1241,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had the mtDNA of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="YARROW" authorityYear="1955" box="[816,948,2001,2022]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,948,2001,2022]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="157">F. aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,772,177,615]" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Hybrids in the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[355,519,177,199]" country="Russia" name="Irkutsk" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">Irkutsk Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Central Siberia) seem to form an own self-sustaining population – at least they are no result of a very recent hybridization because
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FOERSTER" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polyctena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">Formica polyctena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not confirmed so far to occur there and because its presence is unlikely for climatic reasons (mean January temperature -21°C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="25.[151,772,177,615]" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Results of clustering worker samples are commented above (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[229,315,401,423]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[816,852,625,647]" captionTargetBox="[847,1414,173,604]" captionTargetId="graphics-932@23.[887,1409,177,564]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig.24: Position of the type samples of Formica major NY- LANDER, 1849 (MA) and Formica constricta KARAVAJEV, 1929 (CO) in a principal component analysis considering 58 nest samples of Formica polyctena (black squares) and 27 nest samples of Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots). The F. polyctena sample deeply placed within the hybrid cluster is aberrant and cannot be a hybrid for zoogeographical reasons. Seven phenotypic characters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582255" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582255/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[326,356,400,422]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[151,187,625,647]" captionTargetBox="[157,781,174,617]" captionTargetId="graphics-742@24.[201,763,176,582]" captionText="Fig.25: Position of the type samples of Formica major NY- LANDER, 1849 (MA) and Formica constricta KARAVAJEV,1929 (CO) in a linear discriminant analysis considering 58 nest samples of Formica polyctena (black squares), 27 nest samples of Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots), and 75 nest samples of F. aquilonia (black rhombs). The type samples were run aswild-cards.Sixteen phenotypiccharacters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582257/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">25</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to introgression, it is not possible to demonstrate three separate clusters. A PCA of the gynes, considering all 24 characters presented in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[687,767,465,487]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="16.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,256,2005]" captionTargetId="graphics-28@16.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionText="Tab.6: Gynes of species and hybrids with sparse pilosity; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9" pageId="25" pageNumber="158" tableUuid="29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
, provided a rather good separation of the three entities (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[160,235,529,551]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[816,850,625,647]" captionTargetBox="[792,1427,173,610]" captionTargetId="graphics-1174@24.[872,1421,177,570]" captionText="Fig.26:Principal componentanalysisof gynes ofFormicapolyctena (black squares, n = 33), Formicaaquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (whitedots, n =18),andF.aquilonia (black rhombs, n = 29). Twenty-four phenotypic characters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582261" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582261/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="158">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, there are no backcrosses in the gyne hybrid cluster in which 94% of specimens came from a single, isolated supercolony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |