448 lines
43 KiB
XML
448 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587870" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192711007" ID-ISSN="1997-3500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587870" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1619623649741" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2021" docId="F52B87F65E116169FC9FDAF1FAA41DB8" docLanguage="en" docName="myrmecNews.31_133-179_printable.pdf" docOrigin="Myrmecological News 31" docSource="http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d" docTitle="Formica delinghaensi CHANG & HE 2002" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="0912FF8E5E366141FFC9DA41FF91193E" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="133" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" updateTime="1643410080396" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Myrmecological News</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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<mods:start>133</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1997-3500</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587870" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192711007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E116169FC9FDAF1FAA41DB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F52B87F65E116169FC9FDAF1FAA41DB8" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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<subSubSection box="[854,1393,176,199]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" box="[854,1393,176,199]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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<treatmentCitation box="[854,1393,176,199]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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<taxonomicName authority="CHANG & HE, 2002" authorityName="CHANG & HE" authorityYear="2002" box="[854,1393,176,199]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delinghaensi">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1393,176,199]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[854,1152,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica delinghaensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="CHANG & HE" box="[1158,1393,176,198]" firstAuthor="CHANG" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Research" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" pagination="49 - 60" part="23" refId="ref44982" refString="CHANG, Y. D. & HE, D. H. 2002: Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from Northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). - Zoological Research 23: 49 - 60. (in Chinese)" title="Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from Northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)" type="journal article" year="2002">CHANG & HE, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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<treatmentCitation box="[816,1273,209,230]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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<taxonomicName authority="CHANG & HE, 2002" authorityName="CHANG & HE" authorityYear="2002" box="[816,1273,209,230]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delinghaensis">
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<emphasis box="[816,1066,209,230]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica delinghaensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="CHANG & HE" box="[1071,1273,209,230]" firstAuthor="CHANG" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Research" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" pagination="49 - 60" part="23" refId="ref44982" refString="CHANG, Y. D. & HE, D. H. 2002: Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from Northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). - Zoological Research 23: 49 - 60. (in Chinese)" title="Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from Northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)" type="journal article" year="2002">CHANG & HE, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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[zoogeography and description]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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This taxon was described from Delingha,
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<collectingRegion country="China" name="Qinghai" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Qinghai Province</collectingRegion>
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/
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<collectingCountry box="[939,1004,305,327]" name="China" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[1018,1116,305,326]" degrees="37.32" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="555" value="37.32">37.32° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[1127,1223,305,326]" degrees="97.22" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="555" value="97.22">
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97.22°
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<bibRefCitation box="[1204,1289,304,326]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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E,
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<quantity box="[1234,1313,304,326]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="2750.0">2750 m</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</geoCoordinate>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="CHANG & HE" firstAuthor="CHANG" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Research" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" pagination="49 - 60" part="23" refId="ref44982" refString="CHANG, Y. D. & HE, D. H. 2002: Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from Northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). - Zoological Research 23: 49 - 60. (in Chinese)" title="Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from Northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)" type="journal article" year="2002">CHANG & HE (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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separated
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<taxonomicName authorityName="CHANG & HE" authorityYear="2002" box="[1037,1211,337,358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delinghaensis">
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<emphasis box="[1037,1211,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. delinghaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wu" authorityYear="1990" box="[1272,1436,337,358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wongi">
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<emphasis box="[1272,1436,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica wongi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by a brighter colour and a shorter scape (SL / CL 0.89 - 1.00). This scape length ratio is just the typical situation in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[847,1042,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis box="[847,1042,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(SL / CL in
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<specimenCount box="[1187,1341,433,455]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="generic">70 specimens</specimenCount>
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0.944 ± 0.027). Furthermore, only a single
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<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[1212,1364,465,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
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<emphasis box="[1212,1364,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica rufa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group species was discovered in E
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<collectingRegion box="[1137,1198,497,519]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Tibet</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1211,1303,497,519]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[1365,1436,497,518]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Gansu</collectingRegion>
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during seven collecting trips performed by A. Gebauer, D. Wrase, M. Schülke, I. Kabak, B. Seifert,
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<collectionCode box="[1313,1334,561,582]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">R</collectionCode>
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. Schultz,
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<collectionCode box="[816,834,593,614]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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. Assing, and A. Pütz in the years 1990 - 2012, and this species was
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<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[949,1063,625,646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis box="[949,1063,625,646]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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All material examined. Numeric phenotypical data were recorded in 29 samples with
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<specimenCount box="[1263,1386,688,710]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="worker">70 workers</specimenCount>
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and seven gynes from
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<collectingCountry box="[1009,1078,720,742]" name="China" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E116169FC9FDAF1FAA41DB8:785D603B5E116166FBF4D890FBF31BD8" box="[1085,1122,721,742]" country="China" name="For" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">For</location>
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details, see SI1, SI2, and SI3.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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Geographical range.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1160,1346,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
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<emphasis box="[1160,1346,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica sinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is found in the
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<collectingCounty box="[882,968,784,806]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Chinese</collectingCounty>
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provinces
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<collectingRegion box="[1082,1350,784,806]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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, Chong- ging, and, as a seemingly disjunct population, in the province
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<collectingRegion box="[865,918,849,871]" country="China" name="Jilin" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Jilin</collectingRegion>
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.
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<collectingMunicipality box="[925,999,849,871]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Eleven</collectingMunicipality>
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samples from
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E116169FC9FDAF1FAA41DB8:785D603B5E116166FB49D910FB761A59" box="[1152,1255,849,871]" county="Chinese" latitude="38.0" municipality="Eleven" name="Quinghai" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" stateProvince="Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan">Quinghai</location>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1303,1376,849,870]" country="China" name="Gansu" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Gansu</collectingRegion>
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, from latitudes of 33 -
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<geoCoordinate box="[991,1056,881,902]" degrees="38" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="55555" value="38.0">38° N</geoCoordinate>
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, were found at elevations of 2480 ± 276 [2080, 2862] m and 11 samples from
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<collectingRegion box="[1281,1372,913,935]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
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, from latitudes between 28 -
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<geoCoordinate box="[1066,1131,945,966]" degrees="32" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="55555" value="32.0">32° N</geoCoordinate>
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, at elevations of 3334 ± 542 [2700, 4130] m.
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1004,1053,977,999]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">This</collectingMunicipality>
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indication of high-altitude distribution may be partially misleading as the entomologists were not much motivated to sample in anthropogenically affected landscapes at lower elevations. A much lower alti- tudinal limit is indicated by the findings from
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E116169FC9FDAF1FAA41DB8:785D603B5E116166FAEFDE10FA0D1D59" box="[1318,1436,1105,1127]" latitude="43.7" longLatPrecision="6855" longitude="126.3" municipality="This" name="Chongging" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" stateProvince="Sichuan">Chongging</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[825,921,1137,1159]" degrees="29.53" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="555" value="29.53">29.53° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[930,1038,1137,1159]" degrees="106.52" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="555" value="106.52">
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106.52°
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<bibRefCitation box="[1019,1102,1137,1159]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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E,
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<quantity box="[1047,1126,1137,1159]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="1500.0">
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<elevation box="[1047,1126,1137,1159]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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</geoCoordinate>
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), Chincheng Shan (
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<geoCoordinate box="[1334,1432,1137,1158]" degrees="30.90" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="555" value="30.9">30.90° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[816,926,1168,1190]" degrees="103.55" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="555" value="103.55">103.55° E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<quantity box="[936,1000,1168,1190]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="975.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[936,1000,1168,1190]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="975.0">975 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
), and Yongij (
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<geoCoordinate box="[1151,1236,1169,1190]" degrees="43.7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="5555" value="43.7">43.7° N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate box="[1246,1342,1169,1191]" degrees="126.3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" precision="5555" value="126.3">126.3° E</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[1353,1417,1168,1190]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="560.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[1353,1417,1168,1190]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="m" value="560.0">560m</elevation>
|
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</quantity>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
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||
Diagnosis of worker (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1203,1292,1200,1223]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="15.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,288,1993]" captionTargetId="graphics-48@15.[150,1436,281,2018]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Tab.5: Workers of the Formica truncorum species complex; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750 µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Tab. 5</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[1322,1425,1201,1223]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="10.[151,197,1442,1464]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,170,1418]" captionTargetId="figure-13@10.[151,1003,540,877]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs.14-20: (14-lugu) Formica lugubris, worker, normal morph, head; central vertex suggestedly shiny due to weaker transverse microsculpture. (15-lugu) Formica lugubris, worker, Hippie morph, head; central vertex suggestedly shiny due to weaker transverse microsculpture. (16-helv) Formica helvetica sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (17-helv) Formica helvetica sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral. (18-trun) Formica truncorum, worker, head. (19-trun) Formica truncorum, gyne, head. (20-sine) Formica sinensis, worker, lateral; note the contrast between weak pronotal and strong gular pilosity." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582239/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
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, key). Medium-sized, mean and maximum
|
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<collectionCode box="[1314,1344,1233,1254]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">CS</collectionCode>
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over all morphological and social phenotypes 1783 and
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<quantity box="[1336,1432,1265,1286]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.134" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="2134.0">2134 µm</quantity>
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. Head elongated CL / CW
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<subScript attach="left" box="[1095,1133,1306,1320]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
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1.113. Clypeal morphology as in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[878,1103,1329,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
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<emphasis box="[878,1103,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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. Scape very long and slender, SL /
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<collectionCode box="[870,899,1361,1382]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[899,937,1370,1384]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.997, SL / Smax
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1130,1168,1370,1384]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
11.18. Petiole scale very narrow, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[987,1016,1393,1414]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1017,1055,1402,1416]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.430. Eyes with no or only short microsetae, EyeHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1022,1060,1434,1448]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1065,1120,1425,1447]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="5.0">5µm</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal plane of scape always without setae, nSc
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1015,1053,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.0. Setae number on each place of the body smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1082,1229,1489,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1082,1229,1489,1510]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but setae length on underside of head and metapleuron comparable: nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1398,1436,1530,1544]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
8.2, nGu
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[915,954,1562,1576]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
26.1, nPn
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1072,1111,1562,1576]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
26.6, nMes
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1245,1284,1562,1576]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
24.2, nPr
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1397,1436,1562,1576]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
20.5, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[936,974,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
7.7, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1100,1138,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1145,1225,1585,1606]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="114.0">114 µm</quantity>
|
||
, GuHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1304,1342,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1349,1430,1585,1606]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="184.0">184µm</quantity>
|
||
, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[903,941,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[949,1018,1617,1638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 µm</quantity>
|
||
, MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1108,1146,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1153,1236,1617,1638]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal surface of head without the deep and broad microfoveolae characteristic for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[936,1085,1681,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,1085,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pigmentation as in the latter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="39.[816,1439,176,2023]" lastBlockId="40.[151,772,177,1223]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Diagnosis of gyne (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1162,1249,1713,1735]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="18.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[159,1322,261,1996]" captionTargetId="graphics-27@18.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Tab.8: Gynes of the Formica truncorum species complex; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Tab. 8</tableCitation>
|
||
). Rather large, mean
|
||
<collectionCode box="[883,913,1745,1766]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<quantity box="[919,1014,1745,1766]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1919999999999997" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="2192.0">2192 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Head capsule in dorsal view less trapezoidal than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[989,1214,1777,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[989,1214,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, clypeal shape as in that species. Scape length and slenderness largest in all species considered here, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1140,1170,1841,1862]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
0.921, SL / Smax 10.30. Petiole width as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1015,1160,1873,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1015,1160,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1241,1271,1873,1894]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
0.589. Setae on eyes fully absent, EyeHL 0 µm. Setae on dorsum of scape always absent, nSc 0.0. Setae on hind margin of head much less numerous and shorter than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" box="[1217,1370,1969,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1217,1370,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nCH 11.4, OccHL
|
||
<quantity box="[954,1036,2001,2023]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.63" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="163.0">163µm</quantity>
|
||
. Gular setae less numerous than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="FABRICIUS" authorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="173" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="39" pageNumber="172">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but of similar length, nGu 33.0, GuHL
|
||
<quantity box="[684,767,177,199]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="250.0">250µm</quantity>
|
||
. Setae on pronotum, metapleuron and petiole scale less numerous and shorter than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", PnHL" authorityName="PnHL" box="[454,679,241,262]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[454,602,241,262]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
, PnHL
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity box="[685,767,241,262]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.94" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="194.0">194 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nMet 22.3, MetHL
|
||
<quantity box="[359,441,273,295]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="215.0">215 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nPe 11.2. Cuticular surface of head very homogenous, without pits or foveolae. Dorsum of first gaster tergite weakly shiny, with dense transverse microripples and dilute pubescence (sqPDG
|
||
<quantity box="[626,722,369,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.014" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="10.14">10.14µm</quantity>
|
||
) but very homogenous microsculpture, microfoveolae often absent. Pigmentation as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,596,433,454]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,596,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="173" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="40.[151,772,177,1223]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Taxonomic comments and clustering results.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="WU" box="[275,393,497,519]" firstAuthor="WU" journalOrPublisher="Forest Research" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 8" part="3" refId="ref47662" refString="WU, J. 1990: Taxonomic studies on the genus Formica L. of China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). - Forest Research 3: 1 - 8. (in Chinese)" title="Taxonomic studies on the genus Formica L. of China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1990">WU (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separated his new taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wu" authorityYear="1990" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wongi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica wongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[285,473,529,550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[285,473,529,550]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of absence of setae from pronotum and from the first three gaster tergites and the “rather dull body”. As there are always setae on the first three gaster tergites even in the least hairy species of the Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[322,471,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[322,471,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, it appeared unclear if WU’ s material really belonged to this species group. The investigation of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[326,468,721,743]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">five syntypes</specimenCount>
|
||
had the following results:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="40.[151,772,177,1223]" lastBlockId="40.[816,1439,177,1159]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Very small body size for a species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[434,466,785,806]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
= 1214, 1251, 1326, 1490,
|
||
<quantity box="[151,244,817,839]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.563" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="1563.0">1563µm</quantity>
|
||
) – this suggests a colony shortly after foundation. Ablation of pilosity on many areas of surface is confirmed by presence of numerous basal pits of setae. Anterior face of first tergite with numerous standing setae; most setae on exposed dorsal surfaces of first three tergites torn off, the few remaining are pasted flat to surface; in shel- tered surface dints numerous and long setae are present. Large parts of cuticular surface are polluted (“rather dull body”) and setae ablations are possibly due to attempts of mechanical cleaning prior preparation. Standard setae numbers and lengths were estimated in the three largest workers by scrutinizing the cuticular surface at magnifi- cations of 360 × for basal pits of setae and measuring the length of both standing setae and those glued flat to the surface. The sample means of the three largest workers are:
|
||
<collectionCode box="[865,895,241,262]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<quantity box="[900,996,241,263]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="1460.0">1460 µm</quantity>
|
||
, CL / CW
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1100,1138,250,264]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
1.119, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1264,1293,241,262]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1294,1332,250,264]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
1.067, SL / Smax
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[897,935,282,296]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
11.67, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1089,1118,273,294]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1119,1157,282,296]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.397, EyeHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1312,1350,282,296]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1358,1430,273,294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="7.3">7.3µm</quantity>
|
||
, nSc
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[857,896,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.0, nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1007,1046,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
5.1, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1183,1222,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1231,1336,305,327]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0559999999999998" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="105.6">105.6 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nGu
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1397,1436,314,328]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
31.1, GuHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[938,976,346,360]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
130.0µm, nPn
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1134,1172,346,360]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
5.4, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1305,1343,346,360]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
<quantity box="[1347,1435,337,359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.71" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="57.1">57.1 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nMes
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[876,914,378,392]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
22.5, nPr
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1017,1055,378,392]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
24.8, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1175,1213,378,392]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
11.4, and MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1398,1436,378,392]" fontSize="6" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">1750</subScript>
|
||
114.0 µm. All these data indicate a typical series of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="40.[816,1439,177,1159]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">
|
||
The separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1044,1230,465,486]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1044,1230,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was very clear in any exploratory and hypothesis-driven data analysis considering the 17 characters mentioned above (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1020,1096,561,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[151,186,1713,1735]" captionTargetBox="[155,770,1269,1697]" captionTargetId="graphics-929@40.[191,765,1271,1661]" captionText="Fig.35: Nest-sample means of the discriminant score and the first factor of principal component analysis of workers of For- mica truncorum (white dots) and of Formica sinensis (black rhombs) considering seven phenotypic characters. The posi- tions of the single type specimens of F. truncorum FABRICIUS, 1804 (abbreviation TM), Formica truncicola NYLANDER,1846 (TA), and Formica yessensis WHEELER, 1913 (YE) and of the type series of Formica approximans WHEELER, 1933 (AP), F. sinensis WHEELER, 1913 (SI), and Formica wongi WU, 1990 (WO) are indicated by arrows." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582293/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Fig.35</figureCitation>
|
||
). The classification error in an LDA was 0% in 70 and 92 individual workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1323,1437,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1323,1437,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[863,1017,625,646]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[863,1013,625,646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">F. truncorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
respectively. Wild-card runs allocated all
|
||
<typeStatus box="[850,899,657,678]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1202,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1202,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="NYLANDER" authorityYear="1846" box="[1214,1430,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncicola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1214,1430,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica truncicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1933" box="[816,1067,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="approximans">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,1067,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica approximans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1130,1336,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yessensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1130,1336,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica yessensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. truncorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster and all
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1112,1161,721,742]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1319,1436,721,742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1319,1436,721,742]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wu" authorityYear="1990" box="[864,1034,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wongi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[864,1034,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica wongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1111,1226,753,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1111,1226,753,774]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">F. sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster. The classification errors in NC-Ward and NC-part.hclust were 0% and 1.6% in NC-part.kmeans.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="173" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="40.[816,1439,177,1159]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Biology. The data collected for this revision show the following aspects:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="WHEELER" authorityYear="1913" box="[1022,1212,881,902]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1212,881,902]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species present in large areas of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1275,1339,913,935]" name="China" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and thus without direct competitors in a rather broad niche space. It occurs in coniferous, mixed, and broad-leafed woodland of natural or anthropogenous origin – at higher elevations preferentially in woodland with low canopy closure or on clearings. Social
|
||
<typeStatus box="[996,1055,1073,1094]" pageId="40" pageNumber="173">types</typeStatus>
|
||
vary from monodomous colonies to true supercolonies with large mounds. Six observations of alates occurred between 26 June and 5 August.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |