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<document id="7FB7475C350836A06854D4525A83250C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385386" ID-ZooBank="2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1733917054948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moghaddam, Masumeh &amp; Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2024" docId="981B8798FFFE392B92DA97C335CDD882" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5542.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5542 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Sphaerolecanium prunastri" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="101" masterDocId="6422FFE0FF9D394F924D97543531DD43" masterDocTitle="The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1734100605626" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="09BEEF3FE17D3805D2EEA729E2998336" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="CAB5766377922831DB804F7AD2815D36">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7F65546C604D46BCD5C57C6E0E64C645">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="344DA1F58BE386CB668E57A6B049D487">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9BB6F6C87E263E22D1C0E54844B8F4A9">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4050D073D070DA053769464805905C90" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9914-0094</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4909C7BDF79F1F479AE5FD3039AB79A5">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. &amp; Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X &amp; Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4F2D83D832DEA0F9761C1D9513D72197" type="email">gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="16A3DC4BAADC63C816B44C067A98B184">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EE3C159B5730A947981125FDEA809CD3">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFFE392C92DA97C3362ADDF2" box="[151,795,151,178]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFFE392C92DA97C3362ADDF2" blockId="99.[151,795,151,214]" box="[151,795,151,178]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<heading id="4B4581E2FFFE392C92DA97C3362ADDF2" bold="true" box="[151,795,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFFE392C92DA97C3362ADDF2" ID-CoL="4YQLX" authority="(Boyer de Fonscolombe)" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[151,795,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C92DA97C3362ADDF2" bold="true" box="[151,795,151,178]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C92DA97C334D5DDF2" bold="true" box="[151,484,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Sphaerolecanium prunastri</emphasis>
(Boyer de Fonscolombe)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFFE392C92DA97EF37A3DD96" box="[151,658,187,214]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="description">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFFE392C92DA97EF37A3DD96" blockId="99.[151,795,151,214]" box="[151,658,187,214]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
(
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFFE392C92D297EF35C3DD96" box="[159,242,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[151,1425,590,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-110@99.[151,1436,581,1878]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Adult female of Sphaerolecanium prunastri Šulc." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385542" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385542/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFFE392C92B397EF346BDD96" box="[254,346,187,213]" captionStart="PLATE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,234,1629,1653]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-22@8.[189,1398,181,1606]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="PLATE 3. Coccidae continued: A, Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret); B, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché); C, Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret); D, Rhizopulvinaria turkestanica (Archangelskaya); E-1 and E-2, Saissetia miranda (Cockerell &amp; Parrott); F, Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe); G, Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385396/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Plate 3F</figureCitation>
, distribution map
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFFE392C906B97EF37BADD96" box="[550,651,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 93" captionStartId="183.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[217,1381,216,1768]" captionTargetId="figure-17@183.[206,1381,181,1797]" captionTargetPageId="183" captionText="FIGURE 93. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell; B, Pulvinaria vitis (Linnaeus); C, Rhizococcus asperulae Moghaddam; D, Rhizococcus avicennae Moghaddam; E, Rhizococcus borchsenii Danzig; F, Rhizococcus istresianus (Goux); G, Rhizococcus reynei (Schmutterer); H, Rhizococcus saxidesertus (Borchsenius); I, Rhizopulvinaria artemisiae (Signoret); J, Rhizopulvinaria turkestanica (Archangelskaya); K, Saissetia coffeae (Walker); L, Saissetia miranda (Cockerell &amp; Parrott); M, Saissetia oleae (Olivier); N, Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe); O, Stotzia ephedrae (Newstead)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385725/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 93N</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFFE392C92DA9654346ADC16" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFFE392C92DA9654346ADC16" blockId="99.[151,1437,256,343]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FFFE392C92DA9654346ADC16" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFFE392C92DA965437F4DC5B" author="Boyer de Fonscolombe, E. L. J. H." box="[151,709,256,280]" page="211" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1834">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFFE392C92DA965437F4DC5B" ID-CoL="WMNW" authority="Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 211" authorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" authorityPageNumber="211" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,709,256,280]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Coccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C92DA9654347BDC54" box="[151,330,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Coccus prunastri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFFE392C9318965437F4DC5B" author="Boyer de Fonscolombe, E. L. J. H." box="[341,709,256,280]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="201 - 218" refId="ref99015" refString="Boyer de Fonscolombe, E. L. J. H. (1834) Description des Kermes qu'on trouve aux environs d'Aix. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 3, 201 - 218." type="journal article" year="1834">Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1834: 211</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFFE392C909E96543183DC5B" ID-CoL="3SRVL" authority="(Boyer de Fonscolombe)" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" box="[723,1202,256,280]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Lecanium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C909E96543691DC54" box="[723,928,256,279]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Lecanium prunastri</emphasis>
(Boyer de Fonscolombe)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFFE392C968D965430A8DC5B" author="Signoret, V." box="[1216,1433,256,280]" page="423" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1873">
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFFE392C968D965430A8DC5B" author="Signoret, V." box="[1216,1433,256,280]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="395 - 448" refId="ref108651" refString="Signoret, V. (1873 a) Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homopteres - Coccides), 11 e partie. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, Serie 5, 3, 395 - 448." type="journal article" year="1873">Signoret 1873a: 423</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFFE392C928A964A379DDC75" ID-CoL="6H838" authority="(Boyer de Fonscolombe)" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" box="[199,684,286,310]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Eulecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C928A964A3494DC75" box="[199,421,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Eulecanium prunastri</emphasis>
(Boyer de Fonscolombe)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFFE392C90FB964A3642DC75" author="Fernald, M. E." box="[694,883,286,310]" page="193" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFFE392C90FB964A3642DC75" author="Fernald, M. E." box="[694,883,286,310]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref101196" refString="Fernald, M. E. (1903) A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, 88, 1 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8533" type="journal article" year="1903">Fernald 1903: 193</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFFE392C9130964A30A8DC75" ID-CoL="4YQLX" authority="(Boyer de Fonscolombe)" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[893,1433,286,310]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C9130964A31A3DC75" box="[893,1170,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Sphaerolecanium prunastri</emphasis>
(Boyer de Fonscolombe)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFFE392C928A966A3466DC16" author="Sulc, K." box="[199,343,317,343]" page="36" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFFE392C928A966A3466DC16" author="Sulc, K." box="[199,343,317,343]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref109174" refString="Sulc, K. (1908) Towards the better knowledge of the genus Lecanium. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 44, 36." type="journal volume" year="1908">Šulc 1908: 36</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFFE392C92DA96D735D1DCA6" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFFE392C92DA96D735D1DCA6" blockId="99.[151,1436,387,557]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C92DA96D734A7DCDE" bold="true" box="[151,406,387,413]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Field characteristics:</emphasis>
Live adult female almost circular, strongly convex, lateral sides nearly vertical, slightly widened toward lower surface, dark brown to almost black, shiny but very finely punctate (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFFE392C96F696F335E2DCA6" author="Kosztarab, M. P. &amp; Kozar, F." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref104040" refString="Kosztarab, M. P. &amp; Kozar, F. (1988) Scale Insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 456 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 009 - 4045 - 1" type="book" year="1988">Kosztarab &amp; Kozár 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFFE392B928A96BB36C5DE1E" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFFE392C928A96BB373ADF6E" blockId="99.[151,1436,387,557]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C928A96BB34ECDF4A" bold="true" box="[199,477,495,521]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Microscopic diagnosis:</emphasis>
Slide-mounted adult female body more-or-less broadly oval; stigmatic clefts not developed. Anal cleft quite short.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44CD6606FFFE392C92DA903A362ADACB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385542" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385542" box="[151,795,1902,1928]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385542/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" startId="99.[151,250,1902,1926]" targetBox="[151,1425,590,1874]" targetPageId="99" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFFE392C92DA903A362ADACB" blockId="99.[151,795,1902,1928]" box="[151,795,1902,1928]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C92DA903A3411DAC5" bold="true" box="[151,288,1902,1926]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
Adult female of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFFE392C9386903A362ADACB" authority="Sulc." authorityName="Sulc." box="[459,795,1902,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFFE392C9386903A37D1DAC5" box="[459,736,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Sphaerolecanium prunastri</emphasis>
Šulc.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A97C336D7DCCA" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A97C33410DDF3" box="[199,289,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Derm membranous on young female; older specimens develop area of crescentic sclerotization anterior to anal plates. Setae of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFF9392B93DB97EF34D8DD96" box="[406,489,187,213]" count="2" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="generic" typeStatus="types">2 types</specimenCount>
: (i) setose setae, scattered throughout; and (ii) much longer, flagellate setae, abundant along mid-dorsal ridge within band of preopercular pores. Preopercular pores of 2 sizes: (i) large, convex, with densely sclerotized rims, abundant within band of large setae along midline from anterior of anal plates to level of antennal bases; and (ii) similar but somewhat smaller pores, present just laterad of band of larger pores. Small discoidal pores very sparsely scattered over dorsum. Tubular ducts and duct tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate, each with 4 subapical and 1 apical seta. Anal ring bearing 8 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A96C73053DF5A" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A96C7342BDCEF" box="[199,282,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Margin</emphasis>
. Marginal setae bluntly spinose, some with split apices, present in a band 1‒3 setae wide; those on head longest; each side with 19‒29 setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. Stigmatic setae in Iranian specimens undifferentiated from marginal setae, but sometimes specimens from elsewhere with 3 slightly differentiated stigmatic setae (slightly shorter and broader than marginal setae) present in each stigmatic area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A957736C5DE1E" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A9577343EDF7F" box="[199,271,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Venter</emphasis>
. Derm membranous. Pregenital disc-pores each with 5 or 6 loculi, present around anogenital fold, less frequent across preceding abdominal segments; 1−3 pores also present laterad to each metacoxa. Spiracular disc-pores, each with 1, 3 or 5 loculi, present in broad bands between each spiracle and margin. Microducts numerous on submargin and medially on head and thorax, but absent medially on abdomen. Tubular ducts absent. Three pregenital segments each with a pair of long setae; also 1 long pair and 1 shorter pair of setae between antennal bases; other setae relatively long, scattered. Antennae each with 6 or 7 segments, exact number depending on whether pseudo-articulations present. Legs well developed, each without free articulation between tibia and tarsus or tibio-tarsal sclerosis; claw without denticle; claw digitules dissimilar; tarsal digitules longer than claw digitules but finer. Prothoracic legs with tibia surface undulant (in Iranian specimens).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFF9392B928A9432362DDE8A" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A9432362DDE8A" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A94323452DEC3" bold="true" box="[199,355,870,896]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B9326943337AFDEC3" box="[363,670,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B9326943337AFDEC3" box="[363,670,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Sphaerolecanium prunastri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from 34 countries in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B92D294DF34EFDEE6" author="Garcia Morales M. &amp; Denno B. D. &amp; Miller D. R. &amp; Miller G. L. &amp; Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B." box="[159,478,907,933]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
García Morales
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B931694DF34A1DEE6" box="[347,400,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFF9392B905894DF3774DEE6" box="[533,581,907,933]" name="Iran" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Iran</collectingCountry>
, it is found in Azarbaijan -e Sharghi, Chaharmahal &amp; Bakhtiari,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFF9392B977694DF30A9DEE6" box="[1339,1432,907,933]" country="Iran" name="Esfahan" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Esfahan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFF9392B92DA94FB35C5DE8A" box="[151,244,943,969]" country="Iran" name="Kerman" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Kerman</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFF9392B92B394FB3407DE8A" box="[254,310,943,969]" country="Iran" name="Yazd" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Yazd</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFF9392B932094FB348ADE8A" box="[365,443,943,969]" country="Iran" name="Zanjan" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Zanjan</collectingRegion>
provinces (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B907094FB3620DE8A" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[573,785,943,969]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFF9392B928A94873112D976" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A94873112D976" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A9487346ADEAE" bold="true" box="[199,347,979,1005]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Host-plants:</emphasis>
The species has been recorded on host-plants in nine genera belonging to five families:
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B976C948730A8DEAE" box="[1313,1433,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aizoaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aizoaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B92DA94A33439D952" box="[151,264,1015,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B935C94A33441D952" box="[273,368,1015,1041]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B933494A33739D952" box="[377,520,1015,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhamnaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rhamnaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B907794A336D3D952" authority="(Garcia Morales et al. 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Garcia Morales" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[570,994,1015,1041]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Rosaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B90FC94A336EAD952" author="Garcia Morales M. &amp; Denno B. D. &amp; Miller D. R. &amp; Miller G. L. &amp; Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B." box="[689,987,1015,1041]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
García Morales
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B912E94A336A3D952" box="[867,914,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFF9392B964A94A33106D952" box="[1031,1079,1015,1041]" name="Iran" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Iran</collectingCountry>
, it has been found on
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B976D94A33438D977" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Amygdalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B976D94A33438D977" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Amygdalus communis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B935A934F3444D977" box="[279,373,1051,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Amygdalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reutri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B935A934F3444D977" box="[279,373,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">A. reutri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B93CE934F3735D977" box="[387,516,1051,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Amygdalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparia">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B93CE934F3735D977" box="[387,516,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">A. scoparia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B9077934F3783D976" box="[570,690,1051,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B9077934F37BAD977" box="[570,651,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Prunus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B908D934F361CD976" box="[704,813,1051,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B9109934F3126D976" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[836,1047,1051,1077]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFF9392B928A936A3002D84E" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A936A35DBD93E" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A936A34E6D91B" bold="true" box="[199,471,1086,1112]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Economic importance:</emphasis>
There are reports of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B908A936B367DD91B" box="[711,844,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B908A936B367DD91B" box="[711,844,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S. prunastri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
causing damage to fruit trees, especially in the west of
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFF9392B92FB933735D6D93E" box="[182,231,1123,1149]" name="Iran" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A93D33002D84E" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A93D334A5D9E3" bold="true" box="[199,404,1158,1185]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
The following parasitoid wasps have been recorded attacking
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B960393D331F6D9E3" baseAuthorityName="Boyer de Fonscolombe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1102,1223,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunatri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B960393D331F6D9E3" box="[1102,1223,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S. prunatri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFF9392B96A793D3302AD9E2" box="[1258,1307,1159,1185]" name="Iran" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Iran</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B976B93D33483D986" authority="(Ratzeburg)" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Coccobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulicornis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B976B93D33414D986" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Coccobius annulicornis</emphasis>
(Ratzeburg)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B93A493FF37F3D986" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[489,706,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" genus="Coccophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lycimnia">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B93A493FF375AD986" box="[489,619,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C. lycimnia</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B909F93FF3640D986" box="[722,881,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B913793FF3139D986" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1876" box="[890,1032,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Aphelinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Aphelinidae</taxonomicName>
); and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B960193FF30A9D986" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" box="[1100,1432,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Blastothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brittanica">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B960193FF300FD986" box="[1100,1342,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Blastothrix brittanica</emphasis>
Girault
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B92DA939B3770D9AA" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1833" box="[151,577,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Cerapterocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B92DA939B3488D9AA" box="[151,441,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Cerapterocerus mirabilis</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B901E939B3133D9AA" authority="(Fonscolombe)" baseAuthorityName="Fonscolombe" box="[595,1026,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Metaphycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zebratus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B901E939B3676D9AA" box="[595,839,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Metaphycus zebratus</emphasis>
(Fonscolombe)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B9659939B3054D9AA" authority="Erdos" authorityName="Erdos" authorityYear="1956" box="[1044,1381,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Microterys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hortulanus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B9659939B3024D9AA" box="[1044,1301,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Microterys hortulanus</emphasis>
Erdos
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B92DA93A734E1D84E" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[151,464,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Zaomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lambinus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B92DA93A73456D84E" box="[151,359,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Zaomma lambinus</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B939293A7376DD84E" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[479,604,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B903F93A73667D84E" author="Davoodi, A. &amp; Talebi, A. A. &amp; Rajabi, G. R. &amp; Fathipour, Y. &amp; Moharramipour, S." box="[626,854,1267,1293]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref100432" refString="Davoodi, A., Talebi, A. A., Rajabi, G. R., Fathipour, Y. &amp; Moharramipour, S. (2004) [Report of Metaphycus claviger (Hym.: Encyrtidae) from Iran]. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 23 (2), Pe 129 - Pe 130. [in Persian]" type="journal volume" year="2004">
Davoodi
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B909693A7363CD84E" box="[731,781,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B912C93A7313DD84E" author="Ebrahimi, E." box="[865,1036,1267,1293]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="73 - 83" refId="ref100912" refString="Ebrahimi, E. (2014) Parasitoid and hyperparasitoid wasps of scale insects in Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 34 (1), 73 - 83." type="journal article" year="2014">Ebrahimi 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B965A93A73019D84E" author="Lotfalizadeh, H. &amp; Zargaran, M. R. &amp; Taghizadeh, M." box="[1047,1320,1267,1293]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="60 - 66" refId="ref104911" refString="Lotfalizadeh, H., Zargaran, M. R. &amp; Taghizadeh, M. (2014) Species diversity of Coccoidea parasitoids wasps (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) in the northern parts of East-Azarbaijan province, Iran. North-Western Journal of Zoology, 10 (1), 60 - 66." type="journal article" year="2014">
Lotfalizadeh
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B96E193A731ECD84E" box="[1196,1245,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFF9392B928A924235CDD882" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFF9392B928A924235CDD882" blockId="100.[151,1437,151,1473]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B928A92423463D873" bold="true" box="[199,338,1302,1328]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Comments:</emphasis>
The Iranian specimens of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFF9392B903092433633D873" box="[637,770,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Sphaerolecanium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prunastri">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFF9392B903092433633D873" box="[637,770,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S. prunastri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from described specimens in some literature sources (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFF9392B92D2926F3479D816" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[159,328,1339,1365]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref102646" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: an Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson 1994</bibRefCitation>
) as follows (character values in other literature sources given in parenthesis): (i) pregenital disc-pores each with 5 or 6 loculi (6 loculi only); (ii) spiracular disc-pores each with 1, 3 or 5 loculi (5 loculi); (iii) marginal setae of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFF9392B932D92D73484D8DE" box="[352,437,1411,1437]" count="3" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
: cylindrical with blunted at apex, some with divided apices, and some setose (all bluntly spinose).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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