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<document id="3C4376F80B30A47F50790FDFD064DD74" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385386" ID-ZooBank="2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1733917054948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moghaddam, Masumeh &amp; Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2024" docId="981B8798FFBA396692DA914535EEDE7A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5542.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5542 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Anapulvinaria pistaciae" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="6422FFE0FF9D394F924D97543531DD43" masterDocTitle="The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1734100605626" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="ACB52FF09142CACDBB4B03F27FE64454">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5BEC15D85EBEBC3E5CCF6613A30CC61E">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F0DA05C82D6A9053C3A4913ADB81E866">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9B849BB0BCB41DA1E771FC8293F0521A">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0B1142778CCD88FF2476C7B4603C71C6" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9914-0094</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4E21EAB821723D012851757E095F3277">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. &amp; Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X &amp; Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3E48B267C0746A2A73D3A0A3F3B067F0" type="email">gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="100E4742A2F40EB999A464E0E356F039">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5F20CBCBFEE9A81145E4A1D54C86AA41">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFBA396892DA9145374ADB68" box="[151,635,1553,1580]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFBA396892DA9145374ADB68" blockId="39.[151,654,1553,1616]" box="[151,635,1553,1580]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<heading id="4B4581E2FFBA396892DA9145374ADB68" bold="true" box="[151,635,1553,1580]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFBA396892DA9145374ADB68" ID-CoL="DG6W" authority="(Bodenheimer)" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[151,635,1553,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Anapulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA396892DA9145374ADB68" bold="true" box="[151,635,1553,1580]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA396892DA91453488DB68" bold="true" box="[151,441,1553,1580]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anapulvinaria pistaciae</emphasis>
(Bodenheimer)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FFBA396892DA916137BFDB0C" box="[151,654,1589,1616]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFBA396892DA916137BFDB0C" blockId="39.[151,654,1553,1616]" box="[151,654,1589,1616]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
(
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFBA396892D2916135C3DB0C" box="[159,242,1589,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1632,1656]" captionTargetBox="[156,1427,315,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-79@40.[151,1435,309,1609]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 12. Adult female of Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385436" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385436/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFBA396892B39161346BDB0C" box="[254,346,1589,1615]" captionStart="PLATE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,242,1630,1656]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,196,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-24@6.[189,1398,196,1604]" captionText="PLATE 1. Asterolecaniidae: A, Asterodiaspis quercicola (Bouché); B, Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao); Cerococcidae: C, Antecerococcus longipilosus (Archangelskaya); Coccidae: D, Acantholecanium haloxyloni (Hall); E, Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov); F, Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer); G, Bodenheimera rachelae (Bodenheimer); H, Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14444715" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14444715/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Plate 1F</figureCitation>
, distribution map
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFFBA3968906B916137B7DB0C" box="[550,646,1589,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="178.[151,250,1565,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,151,1530]" captionTargetId="figure-24@178.[197,1391,234,1538]" captionTargetPageId="178" captionText="FIGURE 88. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Acanthococcus aceris Signoret; B, Acanthococus costatus Danzig; C, Acanthococcus isacanthus Danzig; D, Acantholecanium haloxyloni (Hall); E, Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov); F, Anapulvinaria pistaciae (Bodenheimer); G, Anophococcus abaii (Danzig); H, Anophococcus cingulatus (Kiritchenko); I, Anophococcus insignis (Newstead); J, Anophococcus kondarensis (Borchsenius); K, Anophococcus sanguinairensis (Goux); L, Antecerococcus longipilosus (Archangelskaya)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385707" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385707/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 88F</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFBA396892DA912E315CDA5E" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFBA396892DA912E3020DBD1" blockId="39.[151,1297,1658,1682]" box="[151,1297,1658,1682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FFBA396892DA912E3020DBD1" box="[151,1297,1658,1682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFBA396892DA912E3758DBD1" author="Bodenheimer, F. S." box="[151,617,1658,1682]" page="189" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1926">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFBA396892DA912E3758DBD1" ID-CoL="4QHDS" authority="Bodenheimer, 1926: 189" authorityName="Bodenheimer" authorityPageNumber="189" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,617,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Pulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA396892DA912E3454DBD2" box="[151,357,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Pulvinaria pistaciae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFBA39689321912E3758DBD1" author="Bodenheimer, F. S." box="[364,617,1658,1682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="189 - 192" refId="ref98140" refString="Bodenheimer, F. S. (1926) Second note on the Coccidae of Palestine. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 17, 189 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019222" type="journal article" year="1926">Bodenheimer, 1926: 189</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFBA3968903E912E313BDBD1" ID-CoL="DG6W" authority="(Bodenheimer)" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[627,1034,1658,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Anapulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA3968903E912E3657DBD2" box="[627,870,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Anapulvinaria pistaciae</emphasis>
(Bodenheimer)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFFBA39689659912E303CDBD1" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[1044,1293,1658,1682]" page="300" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFBA39689659912E303CDBD1" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[1044,1293,1658,1682]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="269 - 316" refId="ref98675" refString="Borchsenius, N. S. (1952 b) [New genera and species of soft scales of the family Coccidae (= Lecaniidae) of the USSR fauna and adjacent countries (Insecta, Homoptera, Coccoidea)]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk S, 12, 269 - 316. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1952">Borchsenius 1952b: 300</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFBA396892DA91EE315CDA5E" blockId="39.[151,1437,1722,2037]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA396892DA91EE34A4DB97" bold="true" box="[151,405,1722,1748]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Field characteristics:</emphasis>
Live adult female approximately circular, with a distinct, raised, short oval area showing transverse wrinkles. Colour light red-brown, but dark brown in the raised central area. Ovisac large (up to
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFFBA3968970B918B30ACDBBA" box="[1350,1437,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="4.9">4.9 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFFBA396892B290573464DA5E" box="[255,341,1795,1821]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
wide), elliptical, with a uniformly rough surface (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFBA396891C990573151DA5E" author="Bodenheimer, F. S." box="[900,1120,1795,1821]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="189 - 192" refId="ref98140" refString="Bodenheimer, F. S. (1926) Second note on the Coccidae of Palestine. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 17, 189 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300019222" type="journal article" year="1926">Bodenheimer 1926</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFBA3966928A90723436DC26" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFBA3968928A9072344ADAB6" blockId="39.[151,1437,1722,2037]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA3968928A907234EFDA03" bold="true" box="[199,478,1830,1856]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Microscopic diagnosis:</emphasis>
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFBA396893A690733774DA03" box="[491,581,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Dorsum</emphasis>
. Derm entirely membranous. Setae bluntly lanceolate to conical with a well-developed basal socket. Pores of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFBA39689001901F3790DA26" box="[588,673,1867,1893]" count="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic" typeStatus="types">2 types</specimenCount>
: (i) a microduct, and (ii) a minute simple pore, present throughout. Preopercular pores absent.Tubular ducts of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFBA39689038903B378ADACA" box="[629,699,1903,1929]" count="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="generic" typeStatus="type">1 type</specimenCount>
, each with a well-developed terminal gland, distributed throughout. Duct tubercles absent. Anal cleft fairly short. Anal plates together subquadrate, but with outer angles rounded and posterolateral margins convex; each plate with 3 apical or subapical setae, without any setae on inner margin. Anal ring bearing 8 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB53967928A97C3377EDC5E" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,285]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB53967928A97C3342BDDF3" box="[199,282,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Margin</emphasis>
. Marginal setae bluntly spinose, sometimes slightly curved; with about 47 setae on each side between anterior and posterior stigmatic areas. In other countries, stigmatic areas each with 0‒2 stigmatic setae, each short and bluntly spinose to conical, but in Iranian specimens, anterior stigmatic areas each with 3 stigmatic setae, posterior stigmatic areas without stigmatic setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44CD6606FFB5396792DA91343656DB3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385436" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385436" box="[151,871,1632,1656]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385436/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1632,1656]" targetBox="[156,1427,315,1605]" targetPageId="40" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB5396792DA91343656DB3B" blockId="40.[151,871,1632,1656]" box="[151,871,1632,1656]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB5396792DA91343411DB3B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1632,1656]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Adult female of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB53967938691343652DB3B" authority="(Bodenheimer)" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[459,867,1632,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Anapulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB5396793869134378EDB3B" box="[459,703,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Anapulvinaria pistaciae</emphasis>
(Bodenheimer)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB53966928A919F3436DC26" blockId="40.[151,1437,1739,2017]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB53967928A919F343EDBA7" box="[199,271,1739,1764]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Venter</emphasis>
.
<location id="156D6055FFB539679356919F346ADBA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:981B8798FFBA396692DA914535EEDE7A:156D6055FFB539679356919F346ADBA6" box="[283,347,1739,1765]" county="Tubular" municipality="Spiracular" name="Derm" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Derm</location>
entirely membranous.
<location id="156D6055FFB539679015919F37FBDBA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:981B8798FFBA396692DA914535EEDE7A:156D6055FFB539679015919F37FBDBA6" box="[600,714,1739,1765]" county="Tubular" municipality="Spiracular" name="Pregenital" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pregenital</location>
disc-pores mostly each with 8‒10 loculi (
<locationDeviation id="01BF2FACFFB5396796D9919F3023DBA6" box="[1172,1298,1739,1765]" location="Iranian" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFFB5396796D9919F318FDBA6" box="[1172,1214,1739,1765]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
Iranian
</locationDeviation>
specimens), present in dense group around anogenital fold and across preceding 2 segments, and sparse mediolaterally on more anterior abdominal segments.
<collectingMunicipality id="F069ACF4FFB5396793AA9047376BDA6E" box="[487,602,1811,1837]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Spiracular</collectingMunicipality>
disc-pores mostly each with 5 loculi, present in narrow band between each spiracle and margin.
<collectingCounty id="F96C4E02FFB5396793CC906334E8DA12" box="[385,473,1847,1873]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Tubular</collectingCounty>
ducts of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FFB53967900D906337A5DA12" box="[576,660,1847,1873]" count="3" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="generic" typeStatus="types">3 types</specimenCount>
: (i) a duct with short, stout outer ductule and short, filamentous inner ductule, present in dense submarginal band that is broadest on either side of anal cleft; (ii) a larger duct, with a stout outer ductule and equally stout inner ductule and a moderate-sized terminal gland, present medially on head, thorax and more anterior abdominal segments but absent from more posterior segments; and (iii) a duct rather similar to
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFB5396793479093340BDAA2" box="[266,314,1991,2017]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
(ii) but narrower, with inner ductule markedly narrower and with a well-developed terminal gland, present medially on most posterior abdominal segments, and mediolaterally amongst
<typeStatus id="CF09882CFFB43966961597C331A2DDF2" box="[1112,1171,151,177]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">types</typeStatus>
(i) and (ii). With 2 or 3 pairs of long and 1 or 2 pairs of short setae between antennal bases; also, 3 pregenital segments each with a pair of long setae; other shorter setae scattered over median areas of thorax and abdomen; and with 2 rows of submarginal setae. Legs well developed; each leg with a tibio-tarsal articulation and articulatory sclerosis; claws each without a denticle; claw digitules alike and broad; tarsal digitules slightly longer than claw digitules. Antennae each with 8 segments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB43966928A963A37CCDC92" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB43966928A963A37CCDC92" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966928A963A3452DCCB" bold="true" box="[199,355,366,392]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB439669327963B3749DCCB" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[362,632,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Anapulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB439669327963B3749DCCB" box="[362,632,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anapulvinaria pistaciae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from 16 Palaearctic countries including
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB4396696FC963B31EFDCCA" box="[1201,1246,367,393]" name="Iran" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB4396696A0963B3420DCEE" author="Garcia Morales M. &amp; Denno B. D. &amp; Miller D. R. &amp; Miller G. L. &amp; Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B." pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
García Morales
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396692DA96C735F9DCEE" box="[151,200,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
), where it is found in
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB43966904D96C737B6DCEE" box="[512,647,403,429]" country="Iran" name="Hormozgan" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Hormozgan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB4396690DC96C737DFDCEE" box="[657,750,403,429]" country="Iran" name="Kerman" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kerman</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB4396690B496C73655DCEE" box="[761,868,403,429]" country="Iran" name="Khorasan-e Shomali" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Khorasan</collectingRegion>
-e Jounobi,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB4396691A196C73166DCEE" box="[1004,1111,403,429]" country="Iran" name="Khorasan-e Shomali" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Khorasan</collectingRegion>
-e Razavi,
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB43966969996C73000DCEE" box="[1236,1329,403,429]" country="Iran" name="Semnan" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Semnan</collectingRegion>
, Sistan &amp; Balouchestan and
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFFB43966932E96E334AADC92" box="[355,411,439,465]" country="Iran" name="Yazd" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Yazd</collectingRegion>
provinces (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB43966905396E337C0DC92" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[542,753,439,465]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB43966928A968F344FDFC6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB43966928A968F344FDFC6" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966928A968F346ADCB6" bold="true" box="[199,347,475,501]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Host-plants:</emphasis>
The scale has been recorded mostly on hosts in the plant family
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB439669665968F31FCDCB6" box="[1064,1229,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB439669690968F305FDCB6" box="[1245,1390,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB439669690968F3008DCB7" box="[1245,1337,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pistacia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396692DA96AB3403DF5B" box="[151,306,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriaria">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396692DA96AB3403DF5B" box="[151,306,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Rhus coriaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but there are some records on
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396690DE96AB3619DF5A" box="[659,808,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juglandaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB43966911396AB300EDF5A" authority="(Garcia Morales et al. 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Garcia Morales" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[862,1343,511,537]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Tamaricaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB43966964B96AB3009DF5A" author="Garcia Morales M. &amp; Denno B. D. &amp; Miller D. R. &amp; Miller G. L. &amp; Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B." box="[1030,1336,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref101399" refString="Garcia Morales M., Denno B. D., Miller D. R., Miller G. L., Ben-Dov Y. &amp; Hardy N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 31 January 2024) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118" type="url" year="2016">
García Morales
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396696F196AB31DCDF5A" box="[1212,1261,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB43966972596AB30A9DF5A" box="[1384,1432,511,537]" name="Iran" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Iran</collectingCountry>
, it has been found on
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396693C695773773DF7E" box="[395,578,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="khinjuk">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396693C695773773DF7E" box="[395,578,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pistacia khinjuk</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB43966901F95773793DF7F" box="[594,674,547,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vera">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966901F95773793DF7F" box="[594,674,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. vera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB43966909195773648DF7F" box="[732,889,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriaria">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966909195773648DF7F" box="[732,889,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Rhus coriaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396691C495773104DF7E" box="[905,1077,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB439669604957731D5DF7F" box="[1097,1252,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB439669604957731D5DF7F" box="[1097,1252,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Juglans regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396696B9957730A1DF7E" box="[1268,1424,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juglandaceae</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396692DA95133459DF22" box="[151,360,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amygdalus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396692DA95133459DF22" box="[151,360,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Prunus amygdalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396693C3951337B8DF23" box="[398,649,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Amygdalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396693C3951337B8DF23" box="[398,649,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Amygdalus communis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (a new host record) (
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396691D09513313CDF22" box="[925,1037,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
); and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB439669616951331D5DF22" box="[1115,1252,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966961695133186DF23" box="[1115,1207,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Tamarix</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396696BA951330A5DF22" box="[1271,1428,583,609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tamaricaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB4396692D2953F3443DFC6" author="Moghaddam, M." box="[159,370,619,645]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref105801" refString="Moghaddam, M. (2013) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818" type="journal article" year="2013">Moghaddam 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB43966928A95DA37A8DF8E" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB43966928A95DA31FEDFEA" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,825]" box="[199,1231,654,681]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966928A95DA34E6DFEB" bold="true" box="[199,471,654,680]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Economic importance:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB43966939395DB37DADFEB" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[478,747,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Anapulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966939395DB37DADFEB" box="[478,747,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Anapulvinaria pistaciae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not of any economic importance in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB4396696D795DB31FADFEA" box="[1178,1227,655,681]" name="Iran" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB43966928A95E737A8DF8E" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,825]" box="[199,665,690,717]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966928A95E734A5DF8F" bold="true" box="[199,404,690,717]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
None recorded in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFFB43966902995E737A4DF8E" box="[612,661,691,717]" name="Iran" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FFB43966928A958235EEDE7A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="100D368EFFB43966928A958235EEDE7A" blockId="41.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB43966928A95823463DFB3" bold="true" box="[199,338,726,752]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Comments:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFFB43966931195833726DFB2" author="Hodgson, C. J." box="[348,535,727,753]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref102646" refString="Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The Scale Insect Family Coccidae: an Identification Manual to Genera. CAB International, Wallingford, 639 pp." type="book" year="1994">Hodgson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFFB4396690C295833626DFB3" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[655,791,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Anapulvinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pistaciae">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFFB4396690C295833626DFB3" box="[655,791,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A. pistaciae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having multilocular disc-pores each with ten loculi; however, Iranian specimens show intraspecific variation in this character, having pores each with six, eight or ten loculi.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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