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<document id="1FC0A08C2B9749A34A9D0BE910671E6C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385386" ID-ZooBank="2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1733917054948" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moghaddam, Masumeh &amp; Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2024" docId="981B8798FF1339DF92DA927F37A8DCEE" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5542.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5542 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="145" masterDocId="6422FFE0FF9D394F924D97543531DD43" masterDocTitle="The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families" masterLastPageNumber="202" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="143" updateTime="1734100605626" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="4ABDB73710813F074DB2A161A76353C5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="3CD5638FD18C12467677AAD8692F4A24">The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="622B031AEF7EBED1263C95A2FDAF0D53" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7AAD624C1A1886E90D8CFF459DA1C7B4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2C9E5E644F27162CC367973B15A40AFF">Moghaddam, Masumeh</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A5732E1E02E38A256E05FE45BCFA1F1F">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0F2C90C7415312C254D1776CF87394FB">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F8479BA87344ED989846DC3F905F2C21" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9914-0094</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="BC491094AD385297FBFAF87FDEA79A5F">Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. &amp; Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X &amp; Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="9032A0CB351606E8A701D7911E5C34EC" type="email">gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="55D9AD7BBAEFBBA8681338573EACB457">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C545F5774CCE36146F38B51BCEC4C906">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FF1339C192DA927F3713D806" box="[151,546,1323,1350]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1339C192DA927F3713D806" blockId="142.[151,656,1323,1386]" box="[151,546,1323,1350]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<heading id="4B4581E2FF1339C192DA927F3713D806" bold="true" box="[151,546,1323,1350]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF1339C192DA927F3713D806" ID-CoL="3R67B" authority="Balachowsky" authorityName="Balachowsky" box="[151,546,1323,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C192DA927F3713D806" bold="true" box="[151,546,1323,1350]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C192DA927F3447D805" bold="true" box="[151,374,1323,1350]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Kermes spatulatus</emphasis>
Balachowsky
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="58A86505FF1339C192DA921B37A1D82A" box="[151,656,1359,1386]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="description">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1339C192DA921B37A1D82A" blockId="142.[151,656,1323,1386]" box="[151,656,1359,1386]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
(
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFF1339C192D2921B35C3D82A" box="[159,242,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 67" captionStartId="143.[151,250,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[160,1431,190,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-17@143.[151,1436,181,1688]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="FIGURE 67. Adult female of Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky, from Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov (2014), page 66, fig. 34. © Magnolia Press, www.mapress.com/j/zt, reproduced with permission from the authors and the copyright holder." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385627/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFF1339C192B3921B346AD82A" box="[254,347,1359,1385]" captionStart="PLATE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,234,1610,1634]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,181,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-17@9.[189,1398,181,1586]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="PLATE 4. Eriococcidae: A, Anophococcus abaii (Danzig); B, Rhizococcus asperulae Moghaddam; C, Rhizococcus avicennae Moghaddam; D, Rhizococcus borchsenii (Danzig); Kermesidae: E, Kermes quercus (Linnaeus); F, Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky; G, Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer. Monophlebidae: H, Gueriniella serratulae (Fabricius)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385398" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385398/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Plate 4F</figureCitation>
, distribution map
<figureCitation id="88892A0BFF1339C1906B921B37B9D82A" box="[550,648,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 91" captionStartId="181.[151,250,1496,1520]" captionTargetBox="[207,1385,186,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-17@181.[199,1389,181,1472]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIGURE 91. Distribution maps of scale insect species in Iran covered in this work. A, Kermes quercus (Linnaeus); B, Kermes spatulatus Balachowsky; C, Neoacanthococcus pamiricus (Bazarov); D, Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola Borchsenius; E, Nidularia balachowskii Bodenheimer; F, Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus); G, Ortheziola marottai Kaydan &amp; Szita; H, Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Signoret); I, Palmaspis phoenicis (Ramachandra Rao); J, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché); K, Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius); L, Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385720/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Fig. 91B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF1339C192DA92C0315ADBE1" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1339C192DA92C037D0D889" blockId="142.[151,1436,1427,1482]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="30A211A0FF1339C192DA92C037D0D889" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF1339C192DA92C037ABD8E8" author="Balachowsky, A. S." box="[151,666,1427,1452]" page="186" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" year="1953">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF1339C192DA92C037ABD8E8" ID-CoL="3R67B" authority="Balachowsky, 1953: 184 - 186" authorityName="Balachowsky" authorityPageNumber="184 - 186" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,666,1427,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C192DA92C03466D8EF" box="[151,343,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Kermes spatulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF1339C1932C92C037ABD8E8" author="Balachowsky, A. S." box="[353,666,1427,1452]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" pagination="181 - 189" refId="ref97762" refString="Balachowsky, A. S. (1953) Sur les Kermes Boitard (Hom. Coccoidea) des chenes du bassin oriental de la Mediterranee. Revue de Pathologie vegetale et d'Entomologie agricole de France, 32, 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="1953">Balachowsky, 1953: 184−186</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF1339C190E592C0317AD8EF" ID-CoL="3R6B9" authority="(Balachowsky)" baseAuthorityName="Balachowsky" box="[680,1099,1428,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermococcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C190E592C03695D8EF" box="[680,932,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Kermococcus spatulatus</emphasis>
(Balachowsky)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF1339C1961492C03070D8E8" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[1113,1345,1427,1452]" page="36" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" year="1960">
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF1339C1961492C03070D8E8" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[1113,1345,1427,1452]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" refId="ref98874" refString="Borchsenius, N. S. (1960) [Fauna of USSR Homoptera, Kermococcidae, Asterolecaniidae, Lecanidodiaspididae, Aclerdidae]. Akademiia Nauk S, Zoologicheskii Institut (Series), Leningrad, 282 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="1960">Borchsenius 1960: 36</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF1339C1970292C034E3D889" ID-CoL="3R67B" authority="(Balachowsky)" baseAuthorityName="Balachowsky" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C1970292C0341ED889" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Kermes spatulatus</emphasis>
(Balachowsky)
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="9113109FFF1339C1939192E637ECD889" author="Pourjafari, K. &amp; Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M." box="[476,733,1458,1482]" page="75" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" year="2023">
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF1339C1939192E637ECD889" author="Pourjafari, K. &amp; Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M." box="[476,733,1458,1482]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" pagination="73 - 79" refId="ref107799" refString="Pourjafari, K., Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M. (2023) [The first record of Kermes spatulatus scale insect from Iran and study of morphological characteristics of adult insects and the first nymphal instars]. Phytopathology and Entomology, 91 (1), 73 - 79." type="journal article" year="2023">
Pourjafari
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C1900592E7374AD889" box="[584,635,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">et al.</emphasis>
2023: 75
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1339C192DA92AC315ADBE1" blockId="142.[151,1437,1528,2022]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C192DA92AC346DDB50" bold="true" box="[151,348,1528,1555]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Field characters</emphasis>
(measurements from
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF1339C1901792AC36B7DB50" author="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y." box="[602,902,1528,1555]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref108918" refString="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y. (2014) A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3781 (1), 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3781.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov 2014</bibRefCitation>
): Pre-reproductive adult female oval to round, 2.0–4.0 mm long,
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFF1339C1932B914934DCDB74" box="[358,493,1565,1591]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="2.4" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="1.4">1.4–3.4 mm</quantity>
wide and
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFF1339C1902F914837D8DB74" box="[610,745,1564,1591]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="1.95" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.4">1.4–2.5 mm</quantity>
high; dorsum and venter dark grey to black, with 13–15 dark spots on dorsum in 8 longitudinal rows from anal opening to anterior apex. Post-reproductive female spherical and sclerotized, 5.2–6.0 mm long,
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFF1339C193A291303746DB3C" box="[495,631,1636,1663]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="5.25" valueMax="5.6" valueMin="4.9">4.9–5.6 mm</quantity>
wide and 3.0–5.0 mm high; black, sometimes with medial longitudinal groove and each half of body with 4 transverse grooves. Venter with 2 brood chambers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF1339DF928A91F837EEDD96" lastPageId="144" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1339C1928A91F83642DA14" blockId="142.[151,1437,1528,2022]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C1928A91F834E9DB85" bold="true" box="[199,472,1708,1734]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Microscopic diagnosis:</emphasis>
Slide-mounted adult female oval to circular, 2.5–4.0 mm long and 2.0–
<quantity id="D74A9B6BFF1339C1974F91F93069DB84" box="[1282,1368,1709,1735]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
wide. Antennae each with 5 or 6 segments. Labium with 3 segments, apical segment with 4 pairs of setae. Legs well developed, each with 4 or 5 segments, tibia and tarsus occasionally fused; tarsal and claw digitules knobbed apically; claw digitules shorter than tarsal digitules. Spiracles well developed, anterior spiracle much smaller than posterior spiracle. Anal ring dorsal, open anteriorly, without setae or pores.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1339C1928A90353433DAA5" blockId="142.[151,1437,1528,2022]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1339C1928A90353410DA39" box="[199,289,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Dorsum</emphasis>
with reticulated, somewhat oval areas, forming about 8 longitudinal rows. Margin with a single row of short and spinose marginal setae; also with a second, submarginal row of slender setae, each surrounded by a group of 3‒7 disc-pores, each with 6 loculi. Microtubular ducts scattered throughout. Bilocular pores numerous, scattered.
</paragraph>
<caption id="44CD6606FF1239C092DA91E431AADBAF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14385627" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14385627" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14385627/files/figure.png" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" startId="143.[151,250,1712,1736]" targetBox="[160,1431,190,1679]" targetPageId="143" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1239C092DA91E431AADBAF" blockId="143.[151,1436,1712,1772]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1239C092DA91E43411DB8B" bold="true" box="[151,288,1712,1736]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">FIGURE 67.</emphasis>
Adult female of
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF1239C0938691E53626DB8B" authority="Balachowsky" authorityName="Balachowsky" box="[459,791,1712,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1239C0938691E537B7DB8B" box="[459,646,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Kermes spatulatus</emphasis>
Balachowsky
</taxonomicName>
, from
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF1239C0911591E4315CDB8B" author="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y." box="[856,1133,1712,1736]" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref108918" refString="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y. (2014) A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3781 (1), 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3781.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Spodek &amp; Ben-Dov (2014)</bibRefCitation>
, page 66, fig. 34. © Magnolia Press, www.mapress.com/j/zt, reproduced with permission from the authors and the copyright holder.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="100D368EFF1239DF928A906B37EEDD96" blockId="143.[151,1437,1854,2025]" lastBlockId="144.[151,1436,150,429]" lastPageId="144" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF1239C0928A906B343EDA1B" box="[199,271,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">Venter</emphasis>
with a group of 7–10 spinose setae mesad to each meso- and metacoxa; each abdominal segment with 6–8 setae in a transverse row; and with a group of 35–50 setae posterior to vulva. Tubular ducts of
<specimenCount id="06B4FD07FF1239C0969090373000DA3E" box="[1245,1329,1891,1917]" count="2" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" type="generic" typeStatus="types">2 types</specimenCount>
: (i) larger ducts forming a complete submarginal band 15–20 ducts wide; and (ii) smaller ducts on median areas of abdominal segments. Each spiracle surrounded by about 50 quinquelocular and about 5 trilocular (not illustrated) pores; also with 12–14 quinquelocular pores across each abdominal segment, and 50–100 posterior to vulva. Multilocular pores, each with 9 or 10 loculi, forming a group of 20–25 pores mesad to each spiracle; also with 3 or 4 clusters of 15–30 pores on each of abdominal segments
<collectionCode id="76A3AE4BFF0D39DF90DD97EF3792DD96" box="[656,675,187,213]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">II</collectionCode>
–VII.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF0D39DF928A978A315BDC5E" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF0D39DF928A978A315BDC5E" blockId="144.[151,1436,150,429]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF928A978A3452DDBB" bold="true" box="[199,355,222,248]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF0D39DF9320978B3771DDBA" box="[365,576,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF9320978B3771DDBA" box="[365,576,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Kermes spatulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF0D39DF9171978B364BDDBA" box="[828,890,223,249]" name="Israel" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Israel</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF0D39DF91FA978B36D5DDBA" box="[951,996,223,249]" name="Iran" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Iran</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF0D39DF91BB978B31E9DDBA" author="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y." box="[1014,1240,223,249]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref108918" refString="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y. (2014) A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3781 (1), 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3781.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Spodek
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF961B978B31BADDBA" box="[1110,1163,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF0D39DF96AB978B35E5DC5E" author="Pourjafari, K. &amp; Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M." pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="73 - 79" refId="ref107799" refString="Pourjafari, K., Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M. (2023) [The first record of Kermes spatulatus scale insect from Iran and study of morphological characteristics of adult insects and the first nymphal instars]. Phytopathology and Entomology, 91 (1), 73 - 79." type="journal article" year="2023">
Pourjafari
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF972C978B30A4DDBA" box="[1377,1429,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
); in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF0D39DF934996573405DC5E" box="[260,308,259,285]" name="Iran" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Iran</collectingCountry>
, it has been recorded from
<collectingRegion id="D276F86CFF0D39DF90299657366ADC5E" box="[612,859,259,285]" country="Iran" name="Kermanshah" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Kermanshah province</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF0D39DF91249657316FDC5E" author="Pourjafari, K. &amp; Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M." box="[873,1118,259,285]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="73 - 79" refId="ref107799" refString="Pourjafari, K., Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M. (2023) [The first record of Kermes spatulatus scale insect from Iran and study of morphological characteristics of adult insects and the first nymphal instars]. Phytopathology and Entomology, 91 (1), 73 - 79." type="journal article" year="2023">
Pourjafari
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF91AF96573122DC5E" box="[994,1043,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF0D39DF928A967334ECDC26" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF0D39DF928A967334ECDC26" blockId="144.[151,1436,150,429]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF928A9673346ADC02" bold="true" box="[199,347,295,321]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Host-plants:</emphasis>
The species is oligophagous on
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF908996733680DC02" box="[708,945,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF0D39DF908996733613DC02" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[708,802,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
ithaburensis
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF0D39DF91AA96733174DC02" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[999,1093,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quercus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF91AA96733174DC02" box="[999,1093,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF0D39DF96CA967331C2DC02" baseAuthorityName="Miller &amp; Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1159,1267,295,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF0D39DF9745967335E2DC26" author="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y." pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="1 - 99" refId="ref108918" refString="Spodek, M. &amp; Ben-Dov, Y. (2014) A taxonomic revision of the Kermesidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Israel, with a description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3781 (1), 1 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3781.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Spodek
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF9728967330A4DC02" box="[1381,1429,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="74234B7FFF0D39DF9293961F34E0DC26" author="Pourjafari, K. &amp; Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M." box="[222,465,331,357]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" pagination="73 - 79" refId="ref107799" refString="Pourjafari, K., Vahedi, H. A. &amp; Darbemamieh, M. (2023) [The first record of Kermes spatulatus scale insect from Iran and study of morphological characteristics of adult insects and the first nymphal instars]. Phytopathology and Entomology, 91 (1), 73 - 79." type="journal article" year="2023">
Pourjafari
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF9318961F34B7DC26" box="[341,390,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="58A86505FF0D39DF928A963A37A8DCEE" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="100D368EFF0D39DF928A963A316BDCCA" blockId="144.[151,1436,150,429]" box="[199,1114,366,393]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF928A963A34E6DCCB" bold="true" box="[199,471,366,392]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Economic importance:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D7B24D0DFF0D39DF9393963B379CDCCA" box="[478,685,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Kermesidae" genus="Kermes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spatulatus">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF9393963B379CDCCA" box="[478,685,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Kermes spatulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of no economic importance in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF0D39DF9668963B3167DCCA" box="[1061,1110,367,393]" name="Iran" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="100D368EFF0D39DF928A96C737A8DCEE" blockId="144.[151,1436,150,429]" box="[199,665,402,429]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
<emphasis id="22C6EA9CFF0D39DF928A96C734A5DCEF" bold="true" box="[199,404,402,429]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Natural enemies:</emphasis>
None recorded in
<collectingCountry id="68A5761EFF0D39DF902996C737A4DCEE" box="[612,661,403,429]" name="Iran" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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