666 lines
90 KiB
XML
666 lines
90 KiB
XML
<document id="6367B10B75337BF42C8A5E9670C0C305" ID-CLB-Dataset="300552" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13174248" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8fbbd76b-4162-4220-8666-549b119a15ee" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13174248" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1721350440763" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ginter, Michał" docDate="2002" docId="03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.47.3.547-555.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:93F5927C23D90727DE855278A6F17B37.1:ActaPalaeontolPol.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="93F5927C23D90727DE855278A6F17B37" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Heslerodus divergens" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="551" masterDocId="FFBD5801FF8BFFA2FFDCFFB8E03A2443" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic notes on “ Phoebodus heslerorum ” and Symmorium reniforme (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii)." masterLastPageNumber="555" masterPageNumber="547" pageNumber="548" updateTime="1722620464666" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="73448135D95EB940EB18ECD69512AC96" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F4AC7BB63B9F8843DBB9D6EE082D149F">
|
||
<mods:title id="ECB9FB7AF8F2A2DD766038B9A30E837D">Taxonomic notes on “ Phoebodus heslerorum ” and Symmorium reniforme (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii).</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="68003D8E5392730E11423207E139B1DC" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="D3B1A44C144A0DFDB2E69DAA1FD50A20">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="DCEC62A52B61EBB486047EB69C8CD9CA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D19CCC888EE728D54A0B25F87C535F0A">Ginter, Michał</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="6A24766C6B0AA7288ABAAE3456DF1D3F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="BB70E117EB4C47488584F4F6D9C3DC18" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="B14A2A151DC1C2F207AF64F4B48D9690">
|
||
<mods:title id="D8EA1C7FB3BB649B3C5ABE5825466807">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="74350906AD7DF65655E588752B2D3722">
|
||
<mods:date id="C61BFF6650DCC7463A69FFB49BAD7748">2002</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="48FE5EB124F29407DF3121C413C1DACD" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="082F350E0F4173D7CB68F14A065E3935">2002-12-31</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A5C992ED18E8A9744E6929B7F6923E17" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="AE85C8C1D4D15BE4527162EE4264AE8F">47</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="BD5B81BCD9F6C8AA588D13DAC1B2343F" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="98FBD132471A76191710FA34E299A656">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="E5729385CFA749C767F42D0ADB17BA1E" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="3C8EF6D363802C53B0D486C8FDFFDDF7">547</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="7FDB9AC31DFC10FFB28422D13F68C2DD">555</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="FF337A1FCA58CCD3BA6261FB7B37C1C6">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="9F56BC2AF656263E83E748661E63DB7D" type="CLB-Dataset">300552</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="83F79ED53DDFEB82B5140E886A1B8AD3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.13174248</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E134E63E34C5AB4FC4C66E70A5EC0235" type="GBIF-Dataset">8fbbd76b-4162-4220-8666-549b119a15ee</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8066A12B161DE05046108D8B3C83B713" type="ISSN">1732-2421</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="34C09D5E2AB5FDA9080D6275ECBF4EA1" type="Zenodo-Dep">13174248</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13174262" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8AFFA3FFBAFE53E244264B" box="[102,638,491,520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFE53E244264B" blockId="1.[102,638,491,556]" box="[102,638,491,520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<heading id="D0DA2603FF8AFFA3FFBAFE53E244264B" box="[102,638,491,520]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" reason="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFBAFE53E244264B" authority="(Trautschold, 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Trautschold" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[102,638,491,520]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFE53E143264B" box="[102,377,491,520]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Heslerodus divergens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE56FE53E24F264B" author="Trautschold, H." box="[394,629,491,520]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8AFFA3FFBAFDAEE118266F" box="[102,290,534,556]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFDAEE118266F" blockId="1.[102,638,491,556]" box="[102,290,534,556]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8AFFA3FFBAFDAEE0EC266F" box="[102,214,534,556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,952,971]" captionTargetBox="[126,1465,231,933]" captionTargetId="figure-517@2.[118,1468,226,930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Shark teeth from Myachkovo, Moscow Region, Russia, Upper Carboniferous, Upper Moscovian. A–C. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold, 1879). A. Holotype PCh/617a. B, C. Associated specimens PCh/617b, c (respectively), all in labial views. Scale bar 1 mm. D–F. “Cladodus” occidentalis Leidy, 1859 (= “C.” lamnoides sensu Trautschold 1874). D, E. PCh/425a, occlusal and basal views. F. PCh/425b, labial view. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174250/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Figs. 1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8AFFA3FF3CFDAEE124266F" box="[224,286,534,556]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,999,1018]" captionTargetBox="[123,1463,226,977]" captionTargetId="figure-481@3.[123,1464,226,977]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold,1879). A–E.SpecimenIGPUW/Ps/6/1fromsampleBAH−4,SteeplePasture,HaystackRange,Wyoming,Upper Carboniferous, Morrowan, in lingual−lateral, occlusal, lingual, labial, and labial−lateral views. F–G. Specimens OSU 50490 and 50491 from Gwi−3 and At−64 localities, Ohio, Upper Carboniferous, Conemaugh Group, Ames Limestone, in occlusal views. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174252/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">2A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8AFFA3FFBAFD85E2C62743" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFD85E2EF2610" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" box="[102,725,573,595]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3DB641FF8AFFA3FFBAFD85E2EF2610" box="[102,725,573,595]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFBAFD85E1A52610" authority="Trautschold" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[102,415,573,595]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFD85E11E2610" box="[102,292,573,595]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Cladodus divergens</emphasis>
|
||
Trautschold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8CB77EFF8AFFA3FE74FD85E24C2610" author="Trautschold, H." box="[424,630,573,595]" page="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" year="1879">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE74FD85E24C2610" author="Trautschold, H." box="[424,630,573,595]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold 1879: 51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 6: 11.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFDE2E18F2633" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" box="[102,437,602,624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFBAFDE2E0CE2633" box="[102,244,602,624]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFDE2E0EB2633" box="[102,209,602,624]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Phoebodus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FF22FDE2E15D2633" author="Case, G. R." box="[254,359,602,624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" refId="ref7235" refString="Case, G. R. 1973. Fossilsharks: apictorialreview. 69 pp. PioneerLithoCo., New York." type="book" year="1973">Case 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 47.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFDCFE22C26CE" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" box="[102,534,631,653]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFBAFDCFE0EB26CE" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" box="[102,209,631,653]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFDCFE0EB26CE" box="[102,209,631,653]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Phoebodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26AF006FF8AFFA3FF0AFDCFE13626CE" box="[214,268,631,653]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FECAFDCFE1A026CE" author="Zangerl, R." box="[278,410,631,653]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref8270" refString="Zangerl, R. 1981. PaleozoicElasmobranchii. In: H. - P. Schultze (ed.), HandbookofPaleoichthyology 3 A, 1 - 115. GustavFischerVerlag, Stuttgart." type="book chapter" year="1981">Zangerl 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 56–58.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFD2CE1DC26E9" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" box="[102,486,660,682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFACFD2CE0F626E9" box="[112,204,660,682]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFACFD2CE0F626E9" box="[112,204,660,682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” sp.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FED9FD2CE1AB26E9" author="Schultze, H. - P." box="[261,401,660,682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7990" refString="Schultze, H. - P. 1985. MarinetoonshorevertebratesintheLowerPermianof Kansas and their paleoenvironmental implications. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 113: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1985">Schultze 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3.5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFD09E0CC26A0" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3DB641FF8AFFA3FFBAFD09E0CC26A0" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFBAFD09E17F2684" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" box="[102,325,689,711]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heslerorum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFD09E17F2684" box="[102,325,689,711]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Phoebodus heslerorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26AF006FF8AFFA3FE91FD09E1BF2684" box="[333,389,689,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8CB77EFF8AFFA3FE4EFD09E2BC2684" author="Williams, M. E." box="[402,646,689,711]" page="124" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" year="1985">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE4EFD09E2BC2684" author="Williams, M. E." box="[402,646,689,711]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985: 124–131</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 22–23, pls. 16, 17.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFD52E2C62743" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" box="[102,764,746,768]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3DB641FF8AFFA3FFBAFD52E2C62743" box="[102,764,746,768]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFACFD52E18E2743" authority="Trautschold" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[112,436,746,768]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFACFD52E0F22743" box="[112,200,746,768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FF0AFD52E1142743" box="[214,302,746,768]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">divergens</emphasis>
|
||
Trautschold
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8CB77EFF8AFFA3FE64FD52E2AF2743" author="Ivanov, A." box="[440,661,746,768]" page="276" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE64FD52E2AF2743" author="Ivanov, A." box="[440,661,746,768]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov1999:276–277</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
,fig.3,pl.7:1.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8AFFA3FFBAFCB7E2892797" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFCB7E11127D6" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B459B32FF8AFFA3FFBAFCB7E11127D6" country="Poland" county="The" location="Institute of Zoology" municipality="Wroclaw" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFCB7E0842766" box="[102,190,783,805]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8AFFA3FFBAFCB7E0842766" box="[102,190,783,805]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: The largest and most complete of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2B5AE6FF8AFFA3FDC3FCB7E2812766" box="[543,699,783,805]" count="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(herein designated as a, b, c) catalogued under the same museum number PCh/617 at the
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FF2AFCFFE18E271E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FF2AFCFFE18E271E" box="[246,436,839,861]" country="Poland" county="The" municipality="Wroclaw" name="Institute of Zoology" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Institute of Zoology</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FE60FCFFE247271E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FE60FCFFE247271E" box="[444,637,839,861]" country="Poland" county="The" municipality="Wroclaw" name="Wroclaw University" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Wrocław University</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF60B15FF8AFFA3FD59FCFFE2E7271E" box="[645,733,839,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Wrocław</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD1FFFF8AFFA3FD39FCFFE0B5273A" name="Poland" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8AFFA3FF46FCDBE0DF273A" box="[154,229,867,889]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,952,971]" captionTargetBox="[126,1465,231,933]" captionTargetId="figure-517@2.[118,1468,226,930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Shark teeth from Myachkovo, Moscow Region, Russia, Upper Carboniferous, Upper Moscovian. A–C. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold, 1879). A. Holotype PCh/617a. B, C. Associated specimens PCh/617b, c (respectively), all in labial views. Scale bar 1 mm. D–F. “Cladodus” occidentalis Leidy, 1859 (= “C.” lamnoides sensu Trautschold 1874). D, E. PCh/425a, occlusal and basal views. F. PCh/425b, labial view. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174250/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F3E9E3FF8AFFA3FF29FCDBE120273A" box="[245,282,867,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">The</collectingCounty>
|
||
specimen was described and figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FD49FCDBE0FE27D6" author="Trautschold, H." pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold (1879: 51</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 6: 11).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFC1BE2892797" blockId="1.[102,775,573,980]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFC1BE16727FB" box="[102,349,930,952]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Type locality and horizon</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B459B32FF8AFFA3FEB0FC1AE2952797" location="Upper Moscovian" municipality="Upper Carboniferous" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Moscow">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8AFFA3FEB0FC1AE23427FB" box="[364,526,930,952]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Moscow Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Myachkovo,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF60B15FF8AFFA3FD44FC1AE0F52797" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Upper Carboniferous</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FF04FC06E1BD2797" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FF04FC06E1BD2797" box="[216,391,958,980]" municipality="Upper Carboniferous" name="Upper Moscovian" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" stateProvince="Moscow">Upper Moscovian</location>
|
||
, Myachkovian Regional Stage
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8AFFA3FFBAFC5DE2FD226C" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFC5DE270215E" blockId="1.[102,774,997,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFC5DE10327BE" box="[102,313,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Original diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
(translated from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE22FC5DE2FE27BE" author="Trautschold, H." box="[510,708,997,1021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).—In the limestone from Mjatschkowo there occur small teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FFBAFB9DE0EB207E" box="[102,209,1061,1085]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFB9DE0EB207E" box="[102,209,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which totally differ from the others; the median cusp is not as large as in usually found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FDD7FBFDE24C201E" box="[523,630,1093,1117]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FDD7FBFDE24C201E" box="[523,630,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth and the lateral cusps are curved sidewards. The figured specimen is a typical representative of this species. Both lateral cusps are almost as high as the median cusp and strongly diverge sidewards; the smaller intermediate cusplets are also divergent, but less than the lateral cusps, and the main median cusp runs straight upwards with a slight lingual bend.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAFA8FE2FD226C" blockId="1.[102,775,1335,1583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAFA8FE17B210C" box="[102,321,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.—Sharks bearing teeth whose crown is composed of three long, recurved main cusps, and usually two intermediate, smaller cusplets. The median cusp is slightly larger than the lateral main cusps or equal to them in size. The lateral cusps are sigmoidal and strongly divergent mesio−distally, at about 80–90 degrees between each other. The base is rounded, with a distinct labial concavity and usually two buttons on the apical side of the lingual torus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8AFFA6FFBAF9F2E38D27FC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FFBAF9F2E08423E2" blockId="1.[102,775,1609,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FFBAF9F2E0D02222" box="[102,234,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.—Thus far
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FE5EF9F1E2462222" baseAuthorityName="Trautschold" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[386,636,1609,1633]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FE5EF9F1E2462222" box="[386,636,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Heslerodus divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found from seven regions in the world and these records will be mentioned here in a following order: the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8AFFA3FDE9F932E25F22E1" box="[565,613,1674,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material from Myachkovo, Moscow Region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE14F911E2AE2281" author="Trautschold, H." box="[456,660,1705,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8AFFA3FD0AF912E33C2281" box="[726,774,1706,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FF2CF971E1CA22A2" box="[240,496,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Phoebodusheslerorum</emphasis>
|
||
” from Indiana (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FD43F971E0982342" author="Williams, M. E." pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); teeth from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD1FFFF8AFFA3FEF2F952E15E2342" box="[302,356,1770,1793]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Nebraska (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE3BF952E25A2341" author="Case, G. R." box="[487,608,1770,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" refId="ref7235" refString="Case, G. R. 1973. Fossilsharks: apictorialreview. 69 pp. PioneerLithoCo., New York." type="book" year="1973">Case 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FDB7F951E2C32341" author="Ossian, C. R." box="[619,761,1769,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" refId="ref7952" refString="Ossian, C. R. 1974. Paleontology, Paleobotany and Facies Characteristics of a Pennsylvanian Delta in Southeastern Nebraska. 393 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Texas, Austin." type="book" year="1974">Ossian 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from Ohio and Pennsylvania (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FE1EF8B2E2642362" author="Hansen, M. C." box="[450,606,1801,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" refId="ref7592" refString="Hansen, M. C. 1986. MicroscopicChondrichthyanRemainsFromPennsylvanianMarineRocksofOhioandAdjacentAreas. 536 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus." type="book" year="1986">Hansen 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from Kansas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FFB1F891E12A2302" author="Schultze, H. - P." box="[109,272,1833,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7990" refString="Schultze, H. - P. 1985. MarinetoonshorevertebratesintheLowerPermianof Kansas and their paleoenvironmental implications. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 113: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1985">Schultze 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and from boreholes in Moscow Region and Pechora Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FF21F8F2E1B52321" author="Ivanov, A." box="[253,399,1866,1890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anew specimen from Haystack Range in Wyoming (C. Sandberg’s coll.) will also be described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FF57F812E4522779" blockId="1.[102,775,1609,2018]" lastBlockId="1.[812,1486,227,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FF57F812E33C2381" bold="true" box="[139,774,1961,1986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
The type material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FE49F813E2102381" baseAuthorityName="Trautschold" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[405,554,1961,1986]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FE49F813E2102381" bold="true" box="[405,554,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">H. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Myachkovo
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
consists of three black, five−cusped teeth, embedded in small pieces of white limestone. Only labial views of the teeth are visible. The largest tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8AFFA3FB84FEBBE4892558" box="[1112,1203,259,283]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,952,971]" captionTargetBox="[126,1465,231,933]" captionTargetId="figure-517@2.[118,1468,226,930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Shark teeth from Myachkovo, Moscow Region, Russia, Upper Carboniferous, Upper Moscovian. A–C. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold, 1879). A. Holotype PCh/617a. B, C. Associated specimens PCh/617b, c (respectively), all in labial views. Scale bar 1 mm. D–F. “Cladodus” occidentalis Leidy, 1859 (= “C.” lamnoides sensu Trautschold 1874). D, E. PCh/425a, occlusal and basal views. F. PCh/425b, labial view. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174250/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
; the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8AFFA3FB30FEBBE56B2558" box="[1260,1361,259,283]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, illustrated and described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FC2BFE9BE4852578" author="Trautschold, H." box="[1015,1215,291,315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) has all five cusps preserved almost to the tips and covered with shiny enameloid. The lateral main cusps reach about 3/4 of the length of the median cusp which is also a little thicker. The lateral cusps curve mesio−distally: the angle between their proximal parts is about 80 degrees, but closer to the tips it almost reaches 90 degrees.Themaincuspsseemtohaveprimaryandsecondary ornamentation. On each cusp there are two strong cristae joiningdistally,beforereachingthetips,andafew(2–4)gentle, subparallel striae. The striae, however, can be only cracks on the enameloid. The intermediate cusplets are very thin and almost smooth. They reach about 2/3 of the length of the lateral cusps. There is a distinct depression in the labial side of the base, below the median cusp. The wavy outline of the base on each side of the depression suggests the presence of two symmetrically placed labio−basal projections. The width of the base is about 3.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FC8EFCFDE4BA209E" blockId="1.[812,1486,227,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
The second tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8AFFA3FBFCFCFDE44E271E" box="[1056,1140,837,861]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,952,971]" captionTargetBox="[126,1465,231,933]" captionTargetId="figure-517@2.[118,1468,226,930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Shark teeth from Myachkovo, Moscow Region, Russia, Upper Carboniferous, Upper Moscovian. A–C. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold, 1879). A. Holotype PCh/617a. B, C. Associated specimens PCh/617b, c (respectively), all in labial views. Scale bar 1 mm. D–F. “Cladodus” occidentalis Leidy, 1859 (= “C.” lamnoides sensu Trautschold 1874). D, E. PCh/425a, occlusal and basal views. F. PCh/425b, labial view. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174250/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly smaller, it lacks the intermediate cusplet on the left side and the tip of the median cuspisabradedstrongerthanintheholotype.Remainsoftwo cristae are visible on the right intermediate cusplet. The angle between the lateral cusps is unusually small compared to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8AFFA3FCF0FC5DE3AF27BE" box="[812,917,997,1021]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(about45–50degrees).Themediancuspofthethird tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8AFFA3FCAAFBBDE3F1205E" box="[886,971,1029,1053]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,952,971]" captionTargetBox="[126,1465,231,933]" captionTargetId="figure-517@2.[118,1468,226,930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Shark teeth from Myachkovo, Moscow Region, Russia, Upper Carboniferous, Upper Moscovian. A–C. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold, 1879). A. Holotype PCh/617a. B, C. Associated specimens PCh/617b, c (respectively), all in labial views. Scale bar 1 mm. D–F. “Cladodus” occidentalis Leidy, 1859 (= “C.” lamnoides sensu Trautschold 1874). D, E. PCh/425a, occlusal and basal views. F. PCh/425b, labial view. Scale bar 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174250/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
) is also worn, so it looks as if it was of equal length to the lateral cusps. However, it is evidently thicker which suggests that it must have been longer as well. Both intermediate cusplets are partially preserved and the angle betweenthemainlateralcuspsisabout60degrees.Theprimary cristation and the labio−basal depression are visible in both the second and the third tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA3FC8EFB50E42F2103" blockId="1.[812,1486,227,2018]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B459B32FF8AFFA3FC8EFB50E42B2103" location="Upper Moscovian" municipality="Upper Carboniferous" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Moscow">
|
||
Locality and stratigraphic position: Myachkovo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8AFFA3FAB0FB50E3BA2163" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Moscow Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF60B15FF8AFFA3FC57FAB0E4402163" box="[907,1146,1288,1312]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Upper Carboniferous</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FB58FAB0E5752163" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF8AFFA3FB58FAB0E5752163" box="[1156,1359,1288,1312]" municipality="Upper Carboniferous" name="Upper Moscovian" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" stateProvince="Moscow">Upper Moscovian</location>
|
||
, Myachkovian Regional Stage
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8AFFA0FC8EFAF3E28020B6" blockId="1.[812,1486,227,2018]" lastBlockId="2.[102,775,1116,2018]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="549" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FC8EFAF3E5F62121" bold="true" box="[850,1484,1353,1379]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">
|
||
The type material of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FBBDFAF1E52C2121" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" box="[1121,1302,1353,1378]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heslerorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FBBDFAF1E52C2121" bold="true" box="[1121,1302,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Ph. heslerorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8AFFA3FAB3FAF2E5F62121" box="[1391,1484,1354,1378]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
consists of teeth, fin spines, scales, and partially articulated endoskeletons, including braincases and jaws. It was described in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FBD8FA12E4862181" author="Williams, M. E." box="[1028,1212,1450,1474]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, so only the teeth will be reviewed here. Four well prepared teeth were illustrated (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF8AFFA3FA70FA73E5F721A0" box="[1452,1485,1483,1507]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">PF</collectionCode>
|
||
8180, 8322, 2440, 8242;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FB9EFA52E4D32241" author="Williams, M. E." box="[1090,1257,1514,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 16: 1–4, 7, 8), in addition to several scattered around the palatoquadrate, hidden in the black shale and visible only on an X−ray photograph (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF8AFFA3FCA7F9F3E3A62220" box="[891,924,1611,1635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">PF</collectionCode>
|
||
8212;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8AFFA3FC35F9F2E4A82221" author="Williams, M. E." box="[1001,1170,1610,1634]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 16: 10). Three teeth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF8AFFA3FA70F9F3E5F72220" box="[1452,1485,1611,1635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">PF</collectionCode>
|
||
8180, 8322, 8242) are displayed in labial and/or basal views. All of them possess a distinct labio−basal depression, framed by two rounded projections of moderate size. The median cusp is slightly larger than the main lateral cusps, which form an angle of about 80 degrees between each other. The intermediate cusplets are relatively as long as in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8AFFA3FA90F8B2E5942361" box="[1356,1454,1802,1826]" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8AFFA3FCF0F893E3862301" baseAuthorityName="Trautschold" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[812,956,1834,1858]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8AFFA3FCF0F893E3862301" box="[812,956,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="548">H. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in PF 8242 they seem to be even longer. The ornamentation of the labial face of the main cusps consists of subparallel cristae (from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53C8AFF8AFFA3FB42F8D3E4F023C1" box="[1182,1226,1898,1923]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
PF 8242 up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD53C8AFF8AFFA3FAA6F8D3E59C23C1" box="[1402,1446,1898,1923]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="1" pageNumber="548" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
PF 8322) and some of them apparently reach the tips. PF 2440 is figured in lingual view, and two lateral cusps and the occlusal side of the base are visible. The cusps are evidently sigmoidal, their lingual faces seem to be almost smooth, and two separate buttons occur on the lingual torus, rather close to the lingual rim. Currently, after further preparation, it appeared that PF 2440 belongs to a tooth−file with two more teeth lying behind (M.G. personal observation 1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C1E7FF89FFA0FFBAFC00E50B2047" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13174250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174250/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" startId="2.[102,135,952,971]" targetBox="[126,1465,231,933]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FFBAFC00E50B2047" blockId="2.[102,1486,952,1028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
Fig. 1. Shark teeth from Myachkovo, Moscow Region, Russia, Upper Carboniferous, Upper Moscovian.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FBCAFC00E4782788" bold="true" box="[1046,1090,952,972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">A–C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FB91FC00E5352788" box="[1101,1295,952,971]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Heslerodusdivergens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FAC7FC00E5F92788" author="Trautschold, H." box="[1307,1475,952,971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FFBAFC6CE04C27A4" bold="true" box="[102,118,980,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Holotype PCh/617a.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FEE3FC6CE17427A4" bold="true" box="[319,334,980,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">B</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FE85FC6CE15327A4" bold="true" box="[345,361,980,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Associated specimens PCh/617b, c (respectively), all in labial views. Scale bar 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FBA3FC6CE49C27A4" bold="true" box="[1151,1190,980,1000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">D–F</emphasis>
|
||
. “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF89FFA0FB67FC6CE0A92040" authority="Leidy, 1859" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1859" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FB67FC6CE52827A4" box="[1211,1298,980,999]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FAFDFC6CE5B427A4" box="[1313,1422,980,999]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FA48FC6CE0A92040" author="Leidy, J." pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refId="ref7791" refString="Leidy, J. 1859. Descriptions of Xystracanthus arcuatus and Cladodus occidentalis. ProceedingsoftheAcademyofNaturalSciencesofPhiladelphia [unnumbered volume], p. 3." type="journal volume" year="1859">Leidy, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FF61FC49E0F62047" box="[189,204,1009,1028]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">C</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FF3DFC48E1042040" box="[225,318,1008,1027]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">lamnoides</emphasis>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FEA0FC48E2242040" author="Trautschold, H." box="[380,542,1008,1027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" pagination="263 - 275" refId="ref8085" refString="Trautschold, H. 1874. Fischreste aus dem Devonischen des Gouvernements Tula. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 13: 263 - 275." type="journal article" year="1874">Trautschold 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FDF1FC48E2072040" bold="true" box="[557,573,1008,1027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FD95FC48E2622040" bold="true" box="[585,600,1008,1027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">E</emphasis>
|
||
. PCh/425a, occlusal and basal views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FC6FFC48E3842040" bold="true" box="[947,958,1008,1027]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">F</emphasis>
|
||
. PCh/425b, labial view. Scale bar 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FF57FAB8E15121FB" blockId="2.[102,775,1116,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
The X−rayed teeth (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF89FFA0FEBDFAB8E1B8215B" box="[353,386,1280,1304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">PF</collectionCode>
|
||
8212) are characterised by approximately the same size ratio between the cusps as the above described specimens and by strongly divergent lateral cusps. It is possible that two symmetrically placed white spots in the basal area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FF39FA38E1B521DB" author="Williams, M. E." box="[229,399,1408,1432]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 16: 10, central left) represent labio−basal projections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FF57FA7BE142223F" blockId="2.[102,775,1116,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
There are also a few teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF89FFA0FE15FA7BE26F2198" baseAuthorityName="Trautschold" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[457,597,1475,1499]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FE15FA7BE26F2198" box="[457,597,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">H.divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on a slab with a spine (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF89FFA0FF72FA5BE0F521B8" box="[174,207,1507,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">PF</collectionCode>
|
||
8183). They stick out from the rock at different extent. The best visible tooth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FE7EF9BBE2742258" author="Williams, M. E." box="[418,590,1539,1563]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 17: 2, upper left) probably shows its lingual side, but the lingual torus of thebaseismissing.Thepositionandrelativesizeofthecusps is typical of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FF57F93FE2CC22BD" blockId="2.[102,775,1116,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B459B32FF89FFA0FF57F93FE2C822BD" county="Parke County" location="Desmoinesian" municipality="UpperCarboniferous" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Indiana">
|
||
Locality and stratigraphic position of illustrated teeth: Hesler, Mecca, and Logan Quarries,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F3E9E3FF89FFA0FDDAF91FE29A22FC" box="[518,672,1703,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Parke County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FD71F91FE33922FC" box="[685,771,1703,1727]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF60B15FF89FFA0FFBAF97FE16C229C" box="[102,342,1735,1759]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">UpperCarboniferous</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF89FFA0FE86F97FE1C7229C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF89FFA0FE86F97FE1C7229C" box="[346,509,1735,1759]" county="Parke County" municipality="UpperCarboniferous" name="Desmoinesian" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" stateProvince="Indiana">Desmoinesian</location>
|
||
(Moscovian),Lintonand Staunton Formations. For other details see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FDE0F95FE2C822BD" author="Williams, M. E." box="[572,754,1766,1791]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FF57F8B1E55E2175" blockId="2.[102,775,1116,2018]" lastBlockId="2.[812,1485,1116,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FF57F8B1E1E12362" bold="true" box="[139,475,1801,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FF57F8B1E0F72362" box="[139,205,1801,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Teeth</collectingRegion>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD1FFFF89FFA0FEC1F8B1E1622362" box="[285,344,1801,1825]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FEB4F8B1E1E12362" box="[360,475,1801,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, were illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FD0CF8B1E0912301" author="Case, G. R." pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refId="ref7235" refString="Case, G. R. 1973. Fossilsharks: apictorialreview. 69 pp. PioneerLithoCo., New York." type="book" year="1973">Case (1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 47, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF89FFA0FEEAF891E1E72301" box="[310,477,1833,1858]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FEEAF891E1882302" box="[310,434,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Phoebodus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FDFDF891E2872301" author="Ossian, C. R." box="[545,701,1833,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refId="ref7952" refString="Ossian, C. R. 1974. Paleontology, Paleobotany and Facies Characteristics of a Pennsylvanian Delta in Southeastern Nebraska. 393 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Texas, Austin." type="book" year="1974">Ossian (1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 3: 4–6, a tooth from a collection of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2B5AE6FF89FFA0FE11F8F2E24E2321" box="[461,628,1866,1890]" count="476" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" type="generic">476 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF89FFA0FD47F8F2E0D723C1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1859" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FD47F8F2E0D723C1" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Cladodus occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The teeth are almost identical, fairly well preserved, only the tips of the main cusps and distal halves of intermediate cusplets are missing. The angle between the lateral cusps, which are slightly sigmoidal, exceeds 80 degrees, typical of the species. The median cusp is slightly thicker and probably was slightly higher than the lateral cusps before having lost the tip. Since only photocopies of photographs of these teeth are at my disposition, I cannot say much about the ornamentation of the cusps. However, on the labial face of the median cusp two strong cristae are visible, probably joining before the tip (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FC27FAA6E44C2175" author="Case, G. R." box="[1019,1142,1310,1334]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refId="ref7235" refString="Case, G. R. 1973. Fossilsharks: apictorialreview. 69 pp. PioneerLithoCo., New York." type="book" year="1973">Case 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 47, labial view).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FC8EFAF8E3BA21FA" blockId="2.[812,1485,1116,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">The base is semicircular to slightly triangular, the labio−basal depression and two rounded labio−basal projections are well developed. The buttons on the occlusal side are closely spaced.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA0FC8EFA7CE59321BF" blockId="2.[812,1485,1116,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
Locality and stratigraphic position:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD1FFFF89FFA0FB08FA7CE5332198" box="[1236,1289,1476,1499]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Nebraska; Upper Carboniferous, Onaga Formation, Indian Cave Sandstone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF89FFA1FC8EF9BFE24C2142" blockId="2.[812,1485,1116,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[102,775,1161,2019]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="550" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FC8EF9BFE53B225D" bold="true" box="[850,1281,1542,1567]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">
|
||
Teeth from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FC38F9BEE425225D" box="[996,1055,1542,1566]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FBBEF9BEE53B225D" box="[1122,1281,1542,1566]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(two five−cusped specimens,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF89FFA0FC6FF99FE3D1227C" box="[947,1003,1575,1599]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9iaf-dk63" name="Oklahoma State University, Collection of Vertebrates" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">OSU</collectionCode>
|
||
35438–35439) were recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FAA5F99FE34A221C" author="Hansen, M. C." pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refId="ref7592" refString="Hansen, M. C. 1986. MicroscopicChondrichthyanRemainsFromPennsylvanianMarineRocksofOhioandAdjacentAreas. 536 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus." type="book" year="1986">Hansen (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF89FFA0FC7DF9FFE475221C" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" box="[929,1103,1607,1631]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heslerorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FC7DF9FFE475221C" box="[929,1103,1607,1631]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Ph. heslerorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The teeth are strongly abraded and only basal parts of the cusps are preserved. However, two lingually placed buttons on a semicircular to triangular lingual torus, corresponding to them two rounded labio−basal projections, and a labio−basal depression (“median sulcus” sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF89FFA0FCAEF951E43D2343" author="Hansen, M. C." box="[882,1031,1768,1792]" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" refId="ref7592" refString="Hansen, M. C. 1986. MicroscopicChondrichthyanRemainsFromPennsylvanianMarineRocksofOhioandAdjacentAreas. 536 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus." type="book" year="1986">Hansen 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are clearly visible. The diameter of the subcircular proximal part of the median cusp is only slightly larger than those of the lateral main cusps. During my visit to Columbus,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FC70F8F1E3DD2322" box="[940,999,1865,1889]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in 1997, I managed to find two more, similar teeth in the unnumbered part of Hansen’s collection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF89FFA0FA7CF8D1E35723E1" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,999,1018]" captionTargetBox="[123,1463,226,977]" captionTargetId="figure-481@3.[123,1464,226,977]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold,1879). A–E.SpecimenIGPUW/Ps/6/1fromsampleBAH−4,SteeplePasture,HaystackRange,Wyoming,Upper Carboniferous, Morrowan, in lingual−lateral, occlusal, lingual, labial, and labial−lateral views. F–G. Specimens OSU 50490 and 50491 from Gwi−3 and At−64 localities, Ohio, Upper Carboniferous, Conemaugh Group, Ames Limestone, in occlusal views. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174252/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Fig. 2F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
, new numbers:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF89FFA0FBC3F832E46D23E1" box="[1055,1111,1930,1954]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9iaf-dk63" name="Oklahoma State University, Collection of Vertebrates" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">OSU</collectionCode>
|
||
50490 and 50491). Their overall appearance and state of preservation resemble those of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF89FFA0FCB3F873E43A23A1" baseAuthorityName="Trautschold" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[879,1024,1994,2018]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="549" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF89FFA0FCB3F873E43A23A1" box="[879,1024,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">H. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF89FFA0FB54F872E4FE23A1" box="[1160,1220,1994,2018]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="2" pageNumber="549">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It can be added to the characteristics given above that the ornamentation of the labial face of the cusps consists of only a few (3–4) strong cristae, whereas the lingual face is covered by numerous (up to 20? on the median cusp), very gentle cristae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF52C1E7FF88FFA1FFBAFC5FE4A12070" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174252" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13174252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174252/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" startId="3.[102,139,999,1018]" targetBox="[123,1463,226,977]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA1FFBAFC5FE4A12070" blockId="3.[102,1485,999,1075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Fig.2.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FF7FFC5FE15E27B9" box="[163,356,999,1018]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Heslerodusdivergens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FEB2FC5FE22F27B9" author="Trautschold, H." box="[366,533,999,1018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold,1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FDFFFC5FE27427B9" bold="true" box="[547,590,999,1019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">A–E</emphasis>
|
||
.SpecimenIGPUW/Ps/6/1fromsampleBAH−4,SteeplePasture,HaystackRange,Wyoming,Upper Carboniferous, Morrowan, in lingual−lateral, occlusal, lingual, labial, and labial−lateral views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FC1EFBBBE3D72055" bold="true" box="[962,1005,1027,1047]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">F–G</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens OSU 50490 and 50491 from Gwi−3 and At−64 localities, Ohio, Upper Carboniferous, Conemaugh Group, Ames Limestone, in occlusal views. Scale bar 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA1FF57FAB2E24D22C1" blockId="3.[102,775,1161,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Localities and stratigraphic position: PA−1, rip−rap blocks (now removed) on east side of Pennsylvania Rte. 286, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; Gwi−3, exposure on north side of Interstate 70,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33AD1FFFF88FFA1FEF4FAD2E1A921C1" box="[296,403,1386,1410]" name="Guernsey" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Guernsey</collectingCountry>
|
||
County, Wills Township, Ohio; At−64, exposure along Trimble Township Road 345 to hill top at Athens−Morgan County line, Ohio; Ld−1, quarries of Marquette Cement Company, Lawrence County, Decatur Township, Ohio. Upper Carboniferous; PA−1, Gwi−3, and At−64, Conemaugh Group, Ames limestone; Ld−1, Allegheny Group, Vanport limestone.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FE3AF992E2B72201" author="Hansen, M. C." box="[486,653,1578,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refId="ref7592" refString="Hansen, M. C. 1986. MicroscopicChondrichthyanRemainsFromPennsylvanianMarineRocksofOhioandAdjacentAreas. 536 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus." type="book" year="1986">Hansen (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also notes onetoothofthistype(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF88FFA1FE93F9F2E1B32221" box="[335,393,1610,1634]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9iaf-dk63" name="Oklahoma State University, Collection of Vertebrates" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">OSU</collectionCode>
|
||
35440)fromtheWewokaFormation, Oklahoma. For details see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FE16F9D2E24922C1" author="Hansen, M. C." box="[458,627,1642,1666]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" refId="ref7592" refString="Hansen, M. C. 1986. MicroscopicChondrichthyanRemainsFromPennsylvanianMarineRocksofOhioandAdjacentAreas. 536 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus." type="book" year="1986">Hansen (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA1FF57F932E3EE2142" blockId="3.[102,775,1161,2019]" lastBlockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FF57F932E1D722E1" bold="true" box="[139,493,1674,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">A tooth from the Permian of</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FE24F932E27522E1" bold="true" box="[504,591,1674,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF88FFA1FE24F932E27522E1" box="[504,591,1674,1698]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB8B3914FF88FFA1FDBDF932E33822E1" box="[609,770,1674,1698]" collectionCode="KUVP" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">KUVP 82667</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FFBAF912E1332281" author="Schultze, H. - P." box="[102,265,1706,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7990" refString="Schultze, H. - P. 1985. MarinetoonshorevertebratesintheLowerPermianof Kansas and their paleoenvironmental implications. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 113: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1985">Schultze 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3.5, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF88FFA1FE5CF912E1D12281" box="[384,491,1706,1730]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FE5CF912E1D12281" box="[384,491,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” sp.) has the lingual part of the base damaged, but the two distinct, rounded, widely separated buttons are preserved. The crown is fairly complete. It consists of three large main cusps, almost equal in size, and two much thinner intermediate cusplets. All the cusps lack their tips. The lateral main cusps are strongly divergent. The ornamentation of the cusps is well preserved, it is composed (as in the case of the specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF88FFA1FD7AF832E2DA23E1" box="[678,736,1930,1954]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
) of few strong cristae on the labial and numerous delicate cristae on the lingual face. One stronger crista runs along the lateral edges of each cusp. The cristae on the lingual face of the median cusp form a peculiar pattern. They start close to the midline and run laterally, leaving the middle part of the cusp unornamented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA1FC8EFAB1E3BB21C2" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B459B32FF88FFA1FC8EFAB1E34721C2" collectorName="Locality & KS Highway" county="Pottawatomie County" location="Lower Permian" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kansas">
|
||
<collectorName id="26D8F4B9FF88FFA1FC8EFAB1E3892162" box="[850,947,1289,1313]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Locality</collectorName>
|
||
and stratigraphic position:
|
||
<collectorName id="26D8F4B9FF88FFA1FAD4FAB2E5992162" box="[1288,1443,1289,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">KS Highway</collectorName>
|
||
13 roadcut,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F3E9E3FF88FFA1FC4AFA91E4A22101" box="[918,1176,1321,1346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Pottawatomie County</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF88FFA1FB7BFA92E4C52102" box="[1191,1279,1322,1345]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF88FFA1FAD2FA92E5F22102" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF88FFA1FAD2FA92E5F22102" box="[1294,1480,1321,1345]" county="Pottawatomie County" name="Lower Permian" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" stateProvince="Kansas">Lower Permian</location>
|
||
, uppermost Threemile Limestone. For details see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FAB4FAF1E34721C2" author="Schultze, H. - P." pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref7990" refString="Schultze, H. - P. 1985. MarinetoonshorevertebratesintheLowerPermianof Kansas and their paleoenvironmental implications. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 113: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1985">Schultze (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA1FC8EFA32E5A12281" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FC8EFA32E51121E1" bold="true" box="[850,1323,1418,1442]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Teeth from boreholes in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF88FFA1FBB3FA32E51121E1" box="[1135,1323,1418,1442]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Moscow Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FAE4FA32E5F321E1" author="Ivanov, A." box="[1336,1481,1418,1442]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3D, E,“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF88FFA1FC73FA12E4A22181" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[943,1176,1450,1474]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FC73FA12E4202181" box="[943,1050,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FBF0FA12E4A22181" box="[1068,1176,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)are largely damaged. Their state of preservation resembles that of the specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF88FFA1FCF0FA52E3522241" box="[812,872,1514,1538]" country="United States of America" name="Ohio" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Ohio</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Drawings of only two of five teeth are available. The presence of two buttons and labio−basal projections is evident, but the labio−basal depression is only slightly marked. One of the specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FBF4F9F2E4832221" author="Ivanov, A." box="[1064,1209,1610,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3D) has the buttons, as well as the labio basal projections, widely separated, in the other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FCA4F932E43522E1" author="Ivanov, A." box="[888,1039,1674,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3E) the buttons apparently touch each other and the labial projections are closely spaced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA1FC8EF972E48C2361" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2018]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
Locality and stratigraphic position: Mytischi 15 and 17, Afonas’evo 9, and Vodniki
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF88FFA1FB84F952E4572341" box="[1112,1133,1770,1794]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
2/3 boreholes,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF88FFA1FAD3F953E5F22341" box="[1295,1480,1770,1794]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Moscow Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
; Upper Carboniferous, Kasimovian.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF88FFA6FC8EF892E20E2539" blockId="3.[812,1486,1161,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="551" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FC8EF892E4BA2301" bold="true" box="[850,1152,1833,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Atooth from Pechora Sea</emphasis>
|
||
, figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF88FFA1FAD9F893E5A42301" author="Ivanov, A." box="[1285,1438,1834,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3A, pl. 7: 1;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF88FFA1FC18F8F3E3DF2321" box="[964,997,1867,1890]" country="Russia" name="Laboratory of Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">LP</collectionCode>
|
||
6−61, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF88FFA1FBE2F8F2E5112321" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[1086,1323,1866,1890]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="3" pageNumber="550" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FBE2F8F2E4932321" box="[1086,1193,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF88FFA1FB63F8F2E5112321" box="[1215,1323,1866,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="550">divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), differs from all the above mentioned teeth by the lack of intermediate cusplets in the crown, rounded labio−basal projections, and two separate buttons on the lingual torus. There is only one, ratherflatbutton,surroundedbyaboutsevenforamina.However, the labio−basal depression is present, the cusps are almost equal to each other and the main lateral cusps diverge sidewards at about 40 degrees towards the median cusp. These characters show that the specific identification made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FF55FEDBE1122538" author="Ivanov, A." box="[137,296,355,379]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="267 - 285" refId="ref7703" refString="Ivanov, A. 1999. Late Devonian - Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Russian Arctic. Acta Geologica Polonica 49: 267 - 285." type="journal article" year="1999">Ivanov (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was apparently correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FF57FE3BE2592598" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Locality and stratigraphic position: borehole Gulyayevskaya, Pechora Sea (Russian Arctic); Upper Carboniferous, Gzhelian or Lower Permian, Lower Asselian.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FF57FE5CE101213F" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FF57FE5CE11025BF" bold="true" box="[139,298,484,509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">A tooth from</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FEEEFE5CE19325BF" bold="true" box="[306,425,484,508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8FFFA6FEEEFE5CE19325BF" box="[306,425,484,508]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF8FFFA6FE65FE5CE22425BF" box="[441,542,484,508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">IGPUW</collectionCode>
|
||
/Ps/6/1, collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="26D8F4B9FF8FFFA6FFBAFDBDE12B265F" box="[102,273,516,541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">C.A. Sandberg</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3C09AAFF8FFFA6FEFEFDBDE172265E" box="[290,328,517,541]" country="South Africa" name="University of Stellenbosch" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">US</collectionCode>
|
||
Geological Survey, Denver) is a typical representative of the species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13168DEAFF8FFFA6FE23FD9CE2B8267E" box="[511,642,548,573]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,139,999,1018]" captionTargetBox="[123,1463,226,977]" captionTargetId="figure-481@3.[123,1464,226,977]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2. Heslerodusdivergens (Trautschold,1879). A–E.SpecimenIGPUW/Ps/6/1fromsampleBAH−4,SteeplePasture,HaystackRange,Wyoming,Upper Carboniferous, Morrowan, in lingual−lateral, occlusal, lingual, labial, and labial−lateral views. F–G. Specimens OSU 50490 and 50491 from Gwi−3 and At−64 localities, Ohio, Upper Carboniferous, Conemaugh Group, Ames Limestone, in occlusal views. Scale bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13174252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13174252/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Fig. 2A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The base seems to be almost complete, perhaps only slightly lingually abraded. One of the lateral main cusps is preserved from the base to the tip, the distal half of the other and about 1/3 of the median cusp is broken. The intermediate cusplets lack their tips. The angle between the proximal parts of the lateral cusps is about 80 degrees; the angle between the distal parts probably could reach 90 degrees. The median cusp is thicker, and probably originally it was longer than the lateral cusps. The completely preserved lateral main cusp is sigmoidal. All the cusps bear two strong cristae on their labial faces. The cristae apparently anastomose far below the tip of the median cusp, but on the lateral cusps they run separately almost to the tip. The lingual face of the crown is covered by numerous gentle cristae. In the proximal part of the cusps short intercalating cristae occur. As in the specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8FFFA6FDEBFB9DE2B1207F" box="[567,651,1061,1084]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Kansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
a smooth, unornamented area is left in the middle of the lingual face of the median cusp. A blade−like crista runs along the lateral edges of all the cusps. The labio−basal depression and two rounded projections are present. The buttons on the occlusal side of the lingual torus are separate, but rather close to each other. Two major lingual nutritive foramina open below each button. This feature was also noted from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8FFFA6FF4DFA9CE133217F" box="[145,265,1316,1340]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimen by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FE71FA9DE267217F" author="Hansen, M. C." box="[429,605,1316,1340]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" refId="ref7592" refString="Hansen, M. C. 1986. MicroscopicChondrichthyanRemainsFromPennsylvanianMarineRocksofOhioandAdjacentAreas. 536 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Ohio State University, Columbus." type="book" year="1986">Hansen (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Another, also lingually facing opening of moderate size is placed between the buttons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FF57FA3DE0DA21BE" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
Locality and stratigraphic position: sample BAH−4, Steeple Pasture, Haystack Range,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8FFFA6FE64FA1DE21021FE" box="[440,554,1445,1469]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="8EF2C7B4FF8FFFA6FDEAFA1EE0B5219E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03842079FF8AFFA6FFBAFE53E58623A1:8EF2C7B4FF8FFFA6FDEAFA1EE0B5219E" name="Upper Carboniferous" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" stateProvince="Wyoming">Upper Carboniferous</location>
|
||
, Morrowan (Bashkirian),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FE64FA7DE287219E" box="[440,701,1477,1501]" class="Conodonta" family="Idiognathodontidae" genus="Idiognathodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ozarkodinida" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinuosis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FE64FA7DE287219E" box="[440,701,1477,1501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Idiognathodus sinuosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
conodont Zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FF57F9BEE181223D" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
The above presented review shows that the morphology of hitherto found teeth of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FE5EF99EE248227D" box="[386,626,1574,1598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Heslerodusdivergens</emphasis>
|
||
is rather uniform, with only a few exceptions, and that they are characterised by the following features:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FFBAF930E0EB22FC" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FF5EF93FE0E722DC" box="[130,221,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">the base</emphasis>
|
||
outline is semicircular to triangular with rounded angles;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FFBAF971E1052363" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– a labio−basal depression (“median sulcus”), with a rounded labio−basal projection on each side, occurs below the median cusp;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FFBAF892E2A82382" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– in most cases two distinct, rounded buttons (articular bosses), corresponding to the labio−basal projections, are present on the occlusal (“upper”) side of the lingual torus; the buttons can be widely separated to closely spaced, very rarely they can be fused, forming a single boss;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FFBAF873E41A2558" blockId="4.[102,775,227,2018]" lastBlockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– the main upper nutritive foramina can perforate the lingual side of the buttons and/or a single, medially placed lingual foramen can occur;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FE9FE47225C2" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– the crown consists of three recurved main cusps and two intermediate cusplets; very rarely the intermediate cusplets can be absent;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FE34E3852586" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– the median cusp is usually slightly larger than the main lateral cusps;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FE68E5B82668" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– the lateral main cusps are sigmoidal; the angle between their proximal (basal) parts is about 80 degrees, but the angle between their distal parts can reach 90 degrees;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FD8EE4AD262C" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– the cusps are rounded proximally and slightly labiolingually compressed distally;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FDC2E51E26B6" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– the ornamentation of the labial side of the cusps is usually composed of only two strong cristae which, on the median cusp, join before reaching the tip; however, several secondary, less distinct cristae can also occur;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FCB8E398273F" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– thelingualfaceofthecuspsiscoveredwithnumerousvery gentle cristae; at the basal part additional, short, intercalating cristae can occur; the middle part of the median cusp is smooth;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FC3FE38D27FC" blockId="4.[812,1485,227,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">– a low, blade−like crista, runs along the lateral edges of all the cusps.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C337C2E4FF8FFFA6FCF0FC6FE58623A1" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0FC6FE3522192" blockId="4.[812,1485,983,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FCF0FC6FE3AA27AC" box="[812,912,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.—The overall appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FB3CFC6FE54A27AC" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[1248,1392,983,1007]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FB3CFC6FE54A27AC" box="[1248,1392,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">H.divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and especially the crown, is similar to that of Famennian phoebodonts, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FC33FBAFE5BA206C" authority="Newberry, 1899" authorityName="Newberry" authorityYear="1899" box="[1007,1408,1047,1071]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="politus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FC33FBAFE4F8206C" box="[1007,1218,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Phoebodus politus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FB15FBAFE5BA206C" author="Newberry, J. S." box="[1225,1408,1047,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="1 - 340" refId="ref7894" refString="Newberry, J. S. 1899. The Paleozoic fishes of North America. U. S. Geological Survey, Monograph 16: 1 - 340." type="journal article" year="1899">Newberry, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FA7AFBAFE491200C" authority="Ginter and Ivanov, 1992" authorityName="Ginter and Ivanov" authorityYear="1992" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turnerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FA7AFBAFE3B4200C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Ph. turnerae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FC49FB8FE491200C" author="Ginter, M. & Ivanov, A." box="[917,1195,1079,1103]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="55 - 75" refId="ref7505" refString="Ginter, M. and Ivanov, A. 1992. Devonian phoebodont shark teeth. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 37: 55 - 75." type="journal article" year="1992">Ginter and Ivanov, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. That was the reason why
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FCF0FBEFE3DD202C" author="Williams, M. E." box="[812,999,1111,1135]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to his specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E95F8DFF8FFFA6FA8BFBEFE597202C" box="[1367,1453,1111,1135]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FCF0FBCFE40F20CC" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" box="[812,1077,1143,1167]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heslerorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FCF0FBCFE40F20CC" box="[812,1077,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Phoebodus heslerorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, all the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FA55FBCFE34A20EC" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FA55FBCFE34A20EC" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Phoebodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54962FCDFF8FFFA6FBC1FB20E47420F3" box="[1053,1102,1176,1200]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FB6CFB2FE3ED208C" authority="St. John and Worthen, 1875" authorityName="St. John and Worthen" authorityYear="1875" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Phoebodontidae" genus="Phoebodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sophiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FB6CFB2FE50220EC" box="[1200,1336,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Ph. sophiae</emphasis>
|
||
St.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FABAFB2FE3ED208C" author="John, O. & Worthen, A. H." pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="245 - 488" refId="ref8018" refString="St. John, O. and Worthen, A. H. 1875. Descriptions of fossil fishes. Geological Survey of Illinois 6: 245 - 488." type="journal article" year="1875">John and Worthen, 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are characterised by a single, arcuate labio−basal projection and a single button on the upper side of the lingual torus. No trace of a labio−basal depression has been recorded. Moreover, the median cusp in the phoebodonts is always equal to or lower than the lateral cusps, whereas in almost all known specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FB76FAE1E5052133" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[1194,1343,1368,1392]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FB76FAE1E5052133" box="[1194,1343,1368,1392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">H. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the median cusp is slightly larger. The latter feature was pointed out independently by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FC3DFA21E48121F2" author="Trautschold, H." box="[993,1211,1433,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="3 - 82" refId="ref8115" refString="Trautschold, H. 1879. Die Kalkbruche von Mjatschkowa. Eine Monographie des oberen Bergkalks. Nouveau Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 14: 3 - 82." type="journal article" year="1879">Trautschold (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FAC8FA21E35E2192" author="Williams, M. E." pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams (1985: 127)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FC8EFA64E39A23D0" blockId="4.[812,1485,983,1940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
The presence of two buttons, two labio−basal projections andthe“mediansulcus”suggeststherelationshipbetween
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FA6EFA44E3A22277" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FA6EFA44E3A22277" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">H. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FC01F9A4E54F2277" authority="Leidy, 1859" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1859" box="[989,1397,1564,1588]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FC01F9A4E4722277" box="[989,1096,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Cladodus</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FB80F9A4E4D92277" box="[1116,1251,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FB37F9A4E54F2277" author="Leidy, J." box="[1259,1397,1564,1588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" refId="ref7791" refString="Leidy, J. 1859. Descriptions of Xystracanthus arcuatus and Cladodus occidentalis. ProceedingsoftheAcademyofNaturalSciencesofPhiladelphia [unnumbered volume], p. 3." type="journal volume" year="1859">Leidy, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FA5DF9A4E34D2217" author="Ossian, C. R." pageId="4" pageNumber="551" refId="ref7952" refString="Ossian, C. R. 1974. Paleontology, Paleobotany and Facies Characteristics of a Pennsylvanian Delta in Southeastern Nebraska. 393 pp. Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Texas, Austin." type="book" year="1974">Ossian (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed that these two tooth forms can occur in one individual as lower and upper jaw teeth, respectively. The discovery of partially articulated specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FAE2F9C4E5F722D7" authorityName="Trautschold" authorityYear="1879" box="[1342,1485,1660,1684]" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Ctenacanthidae" genus="Cladodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ctenacanthida" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="divergens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FAE2F9C4E5F722D7" box="[1342,1485,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">H. divergens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Pennsylvanian black shales (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBCEC9EFF8FFFA6FB45F924E57C22F7" author="Williams, M. E." box="[1177,1350,1692,1716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" pagination="83 - 158" refId="ref8148" refString="Williams, M. E. 1985. The " cladodont level " sharks of the Pennsylvanian black shales of central North America. Palaeontographica A 190: 83 - 158." type="journal article" year="1985">Williams 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FCF0F904E3902297" authorityName="Ginter" authorityYear="2002" box="[812,938,1724,1748]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Heslerodidae" genus="Heslerodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FCF0F904E3902297" box="[812,938,1724,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Heslerodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
−like teeth dispersed around the jaw cartilages, proved Ossian’s idea improbable. Teeth of several other Late Devonian through Early Permian sharks, probably representing different groups, display similar features, particularly the occurrence of a labio−basal depression. Such teeth will be considered below, in the section dedicated to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2DEAECFF8FFFA6FA9BF8E4E3A323D7" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1893" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Symmoriidae" genus="Symmorium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Symmoriiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="551" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reniforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FA9BF8E4E3A323D7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Symmorium reniforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B92916FFF8FFFA6FCF0F812E58623A1" blockId="4.[812,1484,1962,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9594D7DFF8FFFA6FCF0F812E4232381" box="[812,1049,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="551">Stratigraphic range</emphasis>
|
||
.—Late Carboniferous (Bashkirian– Gzhelian),probablythroughtheLowerPermian(Asselian).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |