1980 lines
249 KiB
XML
1980 lines
249 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a3b5548c-1f3b-4a15-acb7-45f3c3a71299" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7822982" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" approvalRequired="9" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="3" approvalRequired_for_treatments="4" checkinTime="1681181049256" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gommery, Dominique, Kgasi, Lazarus, Vilakazi, Nonhlanhla, Sénégas, Frank, Pickford, Martin, Kuhn, Brian, Schnyder, Johann & Pois, Véronique" docDate="2023" docId="0277E376FFE1D471FEE8B5BD63C2F16F" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.45.5.163-195.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 45 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Parapapio broomi Jones 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="180" masterDocId="FE4E9B0EFFE8D462FFC8B00E666CF260" masterDocTitle="First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt’s Farm (South Africa)" masterLastPageNumber="195" masterPageNumber="163" pageNumber="170" updateTime="1681317148417" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>First in situ middle Pliocene cercopithecoid fossils from the Palaeokarst System of Bolt’s Farm (South Africa)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gommery, Dominique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris (CR 2 P), CNRS, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie-SU, T. 46 - 56, E. 5, 4 Place Jussieu, F- 75005 Paris (France) & Palaeo-Research Institute (P-R I), University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 (South Africa) & Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 (South Africa)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">dominique.gommery@sorbonne-universite.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kgasi, Lazarus</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Palaeo-Research Institute (P-R I), University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 (South Africa) & Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 (South Africa)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lkgasi@ditsong.org.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vilakazi, Nonhlanhla</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Palaeo-Research Institute (P-R I), University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 (South Africa) & Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 (South Africa)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">nvilakazi@uj.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sénégas, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris (CR 2 P), CNRS, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie-SU, T. 46 - 56, E. 5, 4 Place Jussieu, F- 75005 Paris (France) & Palaeo-Research Institute (P-R I), University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 (South Africa) & Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Ditsong: National Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 (South Africa)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">frank.senegas@sorbonne-universite.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pickford, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris (CR 2 P, UMR 7207), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS / MNHN / Sorbonne Université, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">martin.pickford@mnhn.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kuhn, Brian</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 (South Africa)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kuhnbf@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schnyder, Johann</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP – UMR 7193), Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie-SU, T. 56 - 66, E. 5, 4 Place Jussieu, F- 75005 Paris (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johann.schnyder@sorbonne-universite.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pois, Véronique</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Histoire naturelle de l’Homme préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), Centre européen de Recherches préhistoriques de Tautavel, Avenue Léon-Jean Grégory, F- 66720 Tautavel (France)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">veronique.pois@univ-perp.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-30</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>45</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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||
<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>163</mods:start>
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<mods:end>195</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">a3b5548c-1f3b-4a15-acb7-45f3c3a71299</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7822982</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7815496" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7815496" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0277E376FFE1D471FEE8B5BD63C2F16F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0277E376FFE1D471FEE8B5BD63C2F16F" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
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<subSubSection box="[288,619,1459,1486]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[288,619,1459,1486]" box="[288,619,1459,1486]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
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<heading box="[288,619,1459,1486]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[288,619,1459,1486]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[288,485,1459,1486]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[491,619,1459,1485]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="170" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[132,775,1516,1619]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
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MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
|
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<materialsCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[380,471,1517,1541]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Cranium</emphasis>
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||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[483,528,1516,1539]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1, partial skull with right P3/-M3/ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[235,295,1542,1566]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[308,321,1542,1566]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,903,920]" captionTargetBox="[207,761,215,862]" captionTargetId="figure-691@11.[131,684,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. — Teeth of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 1: A, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/; B, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[334,416,1542,1566]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[891,902,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements in mm of upper teeth of BPB 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C">Tables 3</tableCitation>
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,
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||
<tableCitation box="[430,443,1542,1566]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B">5</tableCitation>
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).
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
—
|
||
<materialsCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,604,1544,1568]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Mandibles</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[618,663,1543,1566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[698,768,1542,1566]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[132,213,1569,1593]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B">Tables 5</tableCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[225,238,1569,1593]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F">6</tableCitation>
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);
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||
<collectionCode box="[259,304,1569,1592]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[337,405,1569,1593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[417,498,1569,1593]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B">Tables 5</tableCitation>
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,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[510,523,1569,1593]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F">6</tableCitation>
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);
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||
<collectionCode box="[544,589,1569,1592]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
4 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[622,678,1569,1593]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1828,1845]" captionTargetBox="[200,1243,1017,1801]" captionTargetId="graphics-291@13.[395,1240,1211,1729]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper second molars (M2/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823008/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode box="[699,744,1569,1592]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
13 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[140,209,1595,1619]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" captionTargetId="figure-491@18.[698,1267,194,743]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view;D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[220,293,1595,1619]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode box="[313,358,1596,1619]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
30 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[404,472,1595,1619]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[166,743,215,684]" captionTargetId="figure-954@19.[137,781,186,702]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 30:A, buccal view;B, lingual view;C, occlusal view of m/3.Scale bar:10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823024/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[484,557,1595,1619]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[130,777,1651,2028]" box="[132,277,1651,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">DESCRIPTION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[130,777,1651,2028]" box="[132,543,1682,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,543,1682,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
|
||
Cranium BPB 1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[317,382,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[394,408,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,903,920]" captionTargetBox="[207,761,215,862]" captionTargetId="figure-691@11.[131,684,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. — Teeth of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 1: A, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/; B, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[421,506,1682,1708]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[891,902,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements in mm of upper teeth of BPB 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[520,534,1683,1709]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B">5</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[130,777,1651,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1456,534,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,546,1714,1740]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">General description and preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
This fossil is a highly distorted and crushed partial skull (right side of the skull and part of the left side of the face) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[532,595,1778,1805]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). It lacks an important part of its left side probably due to erosion of the “
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[144,248,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,248,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spot”. At the time of discovery, the skull was partially exposed and the right side of the skull was protected in the breccia (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[258,318,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,1171,1188]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,214,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-500@7.[701,1254,196,762]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 4. — Preliminary observations concerning the breccia infilling of the “Parapapio spot” at the locus BPB:A, synthetic log of the locus BPB showing the stratigraphic position of Parapapio fossils within Unit 2; B, geological details of the “Parapapio spot” evidencing that the original bedding has been partly deformed by soft sediment deformation features at its topmost part." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822992/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to the fossilisation, the skull is almost flattened, the right part of the calvarium is practically in the same plane as the face, which complicates the anatomical study according to the classical anatomical plans. The fossil is
|
||
<quantity box="[836,950,534,561]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.104" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="110.4">110.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long antero-posteriorly (from the broken anterior part of the muzzle to the preserved posterior part of the skull). The face is
|
||
<quantity box="[1010,1111,598,624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.28" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="92.8">92.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (from the broken anterior part of the muzzle to the glabella) and the preserved width is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[971,1070,661,688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.36" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="53.6">53.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(from the broken lateral edge of the left orbit to the lateral edge of the right orbit). The preserved part of the maxilla is approximately
|
||
<quantity box="[1224,1307,725,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
long anteroposteriorly (from the fragment of the P3/ to the end of the bone of the dental arch posteriorly to the M3/).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[811,1456,534,1581]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
|
||
The classical anatomical landmarks are not preserved here for the linear measurements and it is therefore impossible to make a further comparison with data from the literature or on more complete specimens. Much of the back of the skull is not preserved and originally the skull was longer, the muzzle is relatively short if we compare it with skulls of extinct and extant specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erxeleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[1027,1085,1013,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1027,1085,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gear" authorityYear="1926" box="[1209,1324,1012,1038]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="izodi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1209,1324,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Papio izodi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C. & FROST S. R. & PUGH K. D. & ANDERSON M. & DELSON E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="38 - 69" part="122" refId="ref18980" refString="GILBERT C. C., FROST S. R., PUGH K. D., ANDERSON M. & DELSON E. 2018. - Evolution of the modern baboon (Papio hamadryas): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record. Journal of Human Evolution 122: 38 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2018.04.012" title="Evolution of the modern baboon (Papio hamadryas): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Gilbert
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,866,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This skull belongs to a medium-sized to large papionine such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1015,1127,1077,1102]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[1015,1123,1077,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Parapapio</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The skull also presents several other diagnostic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[1097,1200,1109,1134]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1200,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[1215,1381,1108,1135]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[1393,1448,1108,1135]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SZALAY F. S. & DELSON E." bookContentInfo="580 p." box="[813,1063,1140,1166]" firstAuthor="Szalay" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, New York" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" refId="ref22278" refString="SZALAY F. S. & DELSON E. 1979. - Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press, New York, 580 p." title="Evolutionary History of the Primates" type="book" year="1979">Szalay & Delson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R." box="[1080,1341,1140,1167]" editor="WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J." firstAuthor="Jablonski" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="393 - 428" refId="ref20243" refString="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R. 2010. - Cercopithecoidea, in WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles: 393 - 428." title="Cercopithecoidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cenozoic Mammals of Africa" year="2010">Jablonski & Frost 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HARRISON T." editor="HARRISON T." firstAuthor="Harrison" journalOrPublisher="Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="83 - 139" refId="ref19799" refString="HARRISON T. 2011. - Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates), in HARRISON T. (ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht: 83 - 139." title="Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series" year="2011">Harrison 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." box="[886,1032,1172,1198]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="399 - 433" part="64" refId="ref18750" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2013. - Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 399 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01.013" title="Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data" type="journal article" year="2013">Gilbert 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and differs from the smallest taxa of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erxeleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[875,933,1205,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,933,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gear" authorityYear="1926" box="[1028,1105,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="izodi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1028,1105,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">P. izodi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1162,1301,1205,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1162,1301,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C. & STEININGER C. M. & KIBII J. M. & BERGER L. R." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="e 0133361" part="10" refId="ref18844" refString="GILBERT C. C., STEININGER C. M., KIBII J. M. & BERGER L. R. 2015. - Papio cranium from the hominin-bearing site of Malapa: Implications for the evolution of the modern baboon cranial morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology. PLoS ONE 10 (8): e 0133361. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133361" title="Papio cranium from the hominin-bearing site of Malapa: Implications for the evolution of the modern baboon cranial morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Gilbert
|
||
<emphasis box="[1403,1456,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C. & FROST S. R. & PUGH K. D. & ANDERSON M. & DELSON E." box="[882,938,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" pagination="38 - 69" part="122" refId="ref18980" refString="GILBERT C. C., FROST S. R., PUGH K. D., ANDERSON M. & DELSON E. 2018. - Evolution of the modern baboon (Papio hamadryas): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record. Journal of Human Evolution 122: 38 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2018.04.012" title="Evolution of the modern baboon (Papio hamadryas): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), namely, in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1214,1297,1235,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
), despite some small cracks, the interorbital and nasal regions indicate a slight concavity and lack of an ante-orbital drop. The maxillary ridge is weak in comparison with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Erxeleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[1200,1258,1332,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="9" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1200,1258,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the maxillary fossa seems shallow. In anterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1224,1306,1363,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
), as well as in superior view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[973,1059,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
), despite the lack of some superficial bone, the supraorbital torus is lightly built and not projected anteriorly, and the glabella is not prominent. In superior view, the ophryonic groove is absent. The anterior temporal line is weak. Only the right upper toothrow (P3/-M3/) is preserved but the P3/ is badly damaged (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1145,1228,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Figs 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1239,1304,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,903,920]" captionTargetBox="[207,761,215,862]" captionTargetId="figure-691@11.[131,684,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. — Teeth of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 1: A, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/; B, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[810,1458,1618,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[131,777,1650,1900]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,910,1618,1644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Calvaria.</emphasis>
|
||
It is represented mainly by the frontal and a part of its right side (sphenoid, anterior parts of temporal and parietal) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[916,1035,1682,1709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="170">Fig. 5C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The frontal presents many cracks and is distorted. It lacks some fragments of bone. A hole located postero-laterally has a rounded aspect and perhaps could be related to a predation mark. Despite the distortion, the observations in the anterior and right lateral views suggest that the anterior part of the frontal was moderately rounded. Only the right inferior temporal line is preserved.This line is well defined (weak crest), short (seems to stop abruptly after the postorbital constriction). The frontal doesn’t exhibit an ophryonic groove, just a very shallow depression on the right side and probably on the opposite side but this part is badly damaged. The morphology of the temporal line and the curved aspect of BPB 1 are similar to BF
|
||
<quantity box="[416,472,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0922" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" unit="in" value="43.0">43 in</quantity>
|
||
which the temporal lines are pinched, as well in other skulls attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Gilbert, 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Gilbert" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[602,716,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" pagination="399 - 433" part="64" refId="ref18750" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2013. - Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 399 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01.013" title="Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data" type="journal article" year="2013">Gilbert, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In antero-lateral and lateral views, the sphenoid is covered anteriorly by some breccia and broken posteriorly at the suture with the temporal. The remnant of temporal presents many cracks and is heavily distorted. In its inferior part, a groove marks the beginning of the zygomatic arch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" startId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" targetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[132,1455,1365,1405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
FIG. 5. — Skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[282,543,1365,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[282,432,1365,1382]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[438,543,1365,1382]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen BPB 1:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[704,717,1365,1382]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">A</emphasis>
|
||
, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1134,1147,1365,1382]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">B</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1266,1280,1365,1382]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">C</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view (of face);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,197,1388,1405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">D</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[312,324,1388,1405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">E</emphasis>
|
||
, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" startId="10.[132,143,1539,1556]" targetBox="[134,1448,1659,2018]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[132,1455,1539,1601]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
TABLE 4. — Synthesis of variation in upper tooth measurements in mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[727,758,1539,1556]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">MD</emphasis>
|
||
, mesio-distal length;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[939,963,1539,1556]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">BL</emphasis>
|
||
, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[763,894,1561,1578]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[903,945,1561,1578]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[955,1044,1561,1578]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[1054,1222,1561,1578]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<table box="[134,1448,1659,2018]" gridcols="9" gridrows="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1659,1679]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[299,549,1659,1679]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[410,444,1659,1679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">P4/</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[587,854,1659,1679]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[701,740,1659,1679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">M1/</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[875,1154,1659,1679]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[995,1034,1659,1679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">M2/</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1169,1448,1659,1679]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1289,1328,1659,1679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">M3/</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1695,1715]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1695,1715]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[134,196,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1695,1715]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[336,371,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1695,1715]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[487,515,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1695,1715]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[630,665,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1695,1715]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[781,809,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1695,1715]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[924,959,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1695,1715]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1075,1103,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1695,1715]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1218,1253,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1695,1715]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1369,1397,1695,1715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1731,1751]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1731,1751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="BF" authorityName="BF" box="[134,272,1731,1751]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,1731,1751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
BF
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1731,1751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">6.6 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1731,1751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1731,1751]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1731,1751]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1731,1751]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.2-11.7 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1731,1751]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.7-11.7 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1731,1751]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.9-11.7 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1731,1751]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.5-10.8 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1755,1775]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1755,1775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,276,1755,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,1755,1775]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1755,1775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">5.4-6.9 (17)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1755,1775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7-9.6 (17)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1755,1775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.4-10.2 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1755,1775]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.7-10.3 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1755,1775]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.5-12.4 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1755,1775]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.8-12.1 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1755,1775]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10-11.6 (25)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1755,1775]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.9-12.3 (25)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1779,1799]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1779,1799]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,239,1779,1799]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,1779,1799]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1779,1799]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">6.3-6.8 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1779,1799]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.3-9 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1779,1799]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9-10.3 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1779,1799]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.3-10.1 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1779,1799]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.2-12.5 (14)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1779,1799]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.5-12.2 (14)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1779,1799]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.2-11.2 (11)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1779,1799]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.2-12.1 (11)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1803,1823]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1803,1823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,265,1803,1823]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,1803,1823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1803,1823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">6-7.8 (9)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1803,1823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7.8-9.2 (9)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1803,1823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.7-10.7 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1803,1823]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.5-11 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1803,1823]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.2-13.4 (9)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1803,1823]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.7-12.6 (9)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1803,1823]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.6-12.8 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1803,1823]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.8-12.6 (3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1828,1848]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1828,1848]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="M" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[134,253,1828,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,1828,1848]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
M
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1828,1848]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">6-7 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1828,1848]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.7-9.5 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1828,1848]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.7-9.6 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1828,1848]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.8-10.3 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1828,1848]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.8-11.5 (11)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1828,1848]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.5-12.8 (11)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1828,1848]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.2-12.1 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1828,1848]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.4-12.6 (5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1852,1872]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1852,1872]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,264,1852,1872]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,1852,1872]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1852,1872]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">5.2-6.1 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1852,1872]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">6.1-7.8 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1852,1872]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7.6-8.9 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1852,1872]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.7-9 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1852,1872]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.2-10.5 (8)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1852,1872]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.4-10.4 (8)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1852,1872]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.9-10.9 (8)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1852,1872]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.3-10.6 (8)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1876,1896]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1876,1896]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,227,1876,1896]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,1876,1896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
T
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1876,1896]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.4 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1876,1896]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.3 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1900,1920]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1900,1920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="M" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[134,252,1900,1920]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,1900,1920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
M
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1900,1920]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.5 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1900,1920]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.2 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1900,1920]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.5-10 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1900,1920]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9.6-9.9 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1924,1944]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1924,1944]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="EA" authorityName="EA" box="[134,260,1924,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,1924,1944]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
EA
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1924,1944]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">5.4-5.8 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1924,1944]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7-9.5 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1924,1944]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8-8.2 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1924,1944]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.2-10.2 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1924,1944]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.6 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1924,1944]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1924,1944]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.5-11.5 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1924,1944]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.4-10.6 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1948,1969]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1948,1969]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,248,1949,1969]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procercocebus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,248,1949,1969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">Pr. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
T
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1948,1969]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7.4-7.6 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1948,1969]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7.5-8 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1948,1969]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10-10.5 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1948,1969]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9-10 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1948,1969]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">11.6-12.8 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1948,1969]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.6-11.8 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1948,1969]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.4-12.1 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1948,1969]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.4-11.4 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1973,1993]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1973,1993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,274,1973,1993]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="10" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,274,1973,1993]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[299,407,1973,1993]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">7.3-8.7 (12)</td>
|
||
<td box="[452,549,1973,1993]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">6-7.6 (12)</td>
|
||
<td box="[587,707,1973,1993]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">8.7-10.8 (10)</td>
|
||
<td box="[734,854,1973,1993]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">9-10.8 (10)</td>
|
||
<td box="[875,1007,1973,1993]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.4-12.8 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1022,1154,1973,1993]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.7-12.7 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1169,1301,1973,1993]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.3-12.1 (13)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1316,1448,1973,1993]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">10.4-12.8 (13)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1448,1998,2018]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<th box="[134,1448,1998,2018]" colspan="9" colspanRight="8" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="171">KA & CO</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" startId="11.[132,143,903,920]" targetBox="[207,761,215,862]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[132,776,903,966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
FIG. 6. — Teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[280,533,903,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[280,426,903,920]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[430,533,903,920]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones,1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,specimen BPB 1:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[685,698,903,920]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">A</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[441,454,926,943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">B</emphasis>
|
||
, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" startId="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" targetBox="[134,686,1125,1590]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[132,774,1004,1067]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[240,373,1027,1044]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[384,426,1027,1044]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<table box="[134,686,1125,1590]" gridcols="3" gridrows="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1125,1145]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1125,1145]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[134,196,1125,1145]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[354,475,1125,1145]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[354,470,1125,1145]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">P4/-M3/ LD</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[565,686,1125,1145]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,686,1125,1145]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">M1/-M3/ LD</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1160,1180]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1160,1180]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">BPB 1</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1160,1180]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">40.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1160,1180]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">34.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1184,1204]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1184,1204]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">BF 21</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1184,1204]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1184,1204]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">31.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1209,1229]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1209,1229]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,276,1209,1229]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,1209,1229]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1209,1229]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">33.3-37.2 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1209,1229]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">28-30.8 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1233,1253]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1233,1253]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,239,1233,1253]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,1233,1253]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1233,1253]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1233,1253]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">31.1 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1257,1277]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1257,1277]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,265,1257,1277]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,1257,1277]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1257,1277]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">37.1-37.6 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1257,1277]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">31.4-31.8 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1281,1301]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1281,1301]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="M" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[134,253,1281,1301]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,1281,1301]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
M
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1281,1301]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">41.2-41.8 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1281,1301]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">30.9-33.7 (3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1305,1325]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1305,1325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,264,1305,1325]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,1305,1325]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1305,1325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">32.1-34.1 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1305,1325]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">26.6-28.6 (3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1330,1350]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1330,1350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,248,1330,1350]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procercocebus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,248,1330,1350]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pr. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1330,1350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">35.8-38.7 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1330,1350]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">31.9 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1366,1386]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1366,1386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[134,196,1366,1386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1366,1386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[354,469,1366,1386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">p/4-m/3 LD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1366,1386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,686,1366,1386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">m/1-m/3 LD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1401,1421]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1401,1421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">BPB 2</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1401,1421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1401,1421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">36.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1425,1445]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1425,1445]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">BPB 3</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1425,1445]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">43.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1425,1445]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">35.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1449,1469]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1449,1469]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">BF 56796</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1449,1469]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">40.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1473,1493]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1473,1493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,276,1473,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,1473,1493]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1473,1493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">40.7-42.3 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1473,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">33.8-35.7 (3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1498,1518]" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1498,1518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,265,1498,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,1498,1518]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1498,1518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">41.4-44.7 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1498,1518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">35.1-37.5 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1522,1542]" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1522,1542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="M" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[134,253,1522,1542]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,1522,1542]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
M
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1522,1542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1522,1542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">39.7-40.1 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1546,1566]" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1546,1566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,264,1546,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,1546,1566]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1546,1566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">35.7-38.6 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1546,1566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">30.1-32.3 (6)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,686,1570,1590]" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<th box="[134,276,1570,1590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,248,1570,1590]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procercocebus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,248,1570,1590]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Pr. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[354,475,1570,1590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[565,686,1570,1590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">35.9 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[132,775,1937,2028]" lastBlockId="11.[813,1457,215,369]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,277,1937,1963]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Basicranium.</emphasis>
|
||
Only the anterior part of the right side of the basicranium is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[412,493,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the junction with the palate, the lateral pterygoid plate is well preserved, except for a lack of a central fragment, and as well the deep
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">fossa pterygoidea</emphasis>
|
||
. Laterally, the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1280,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">fossa mandibularis</emphasis>
|
||
is preserved but is slightly distorted and flattened. Posteriorly, there is a wellpreserved robust posterior glenoid process which is easier to observe in the lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[811,1457,406,1294]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,977,406,432]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Orbital region.</emphasis>
|
||
The face of BPB 1 is badly damaged and distorted but it is possible to estimate the original morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,886,470,497]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). The face lacks some superficial bone but this doesn’t modify greatly the morphology but alters the aspect of the supraorbital torus which seems lightly built and not projected anteriorly. There is no important bulge between the two orbits which means that the glabella is not prominent (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[876,959,630,657]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inter-orbital pillar (between the superior median corners of each orbit) is slightly broad (
|
||
<quantity box="[1341,1447,662,688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="11.6">11.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) as in BF 43 (
|
||
<quantity box="[963,1068,693,720]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and long. The right orbit is more complete (the median and the superior margins, as well the medio-inferior corner, are preserved) than the left where only the median margin and medio-superior corner remain. The preserved morphology of the right orbit (
|
||
<quantity box="[1267,1370,821,848]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.32" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="23.2">23.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
height) seems to suggest that the orbit is squarish with rounded corners as observed in BF 43. The median part of the orbit is mostly filled with matrix but not near the inter-orbital pillar which allows us to observe inferiorly a developed fossa for a well-preserved lacrimal duct. In the medio-superior corner of the margin of the left orbit, there is a small supra-orbital notch (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[889,1116,1044,1070]" class="Gastropoda" family="Scissurellidae" genus="Incisura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="supraorbitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,1116,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Incisura supraorbitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It is impossible to see this anatomical structure in the right orbit because there is a crack in the same area. The right zygomatic process of the maxilla is damaged, but it is possible to observe its origin (or root). The malar height is short as in BF 43 (the malar height is the distance between the inferior orbital margin and the inferior border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla as defined in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C. & STEININGER C. M. & KIBII J. M. & BERGER L. R." box="[813,1041,1267,1294]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" pagination="e 0133361" part="10" refId="ref18844" refString="GILBERT C. C., STEININGER C. M., KIBII J. M. & BERGER L. R. 2015. - Papio cranium from the hominin-bearing site of Malapa: Implications for the evolution of the modern baboon cranial morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology. PLoS ONE 10 (8): e 0133361. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133361" title="Papio cranium from the hominin-bearing site of Malapa: Implications for the evolution of the modern baboon cranial morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Gilbert
|
||
<emphasis box="[897,949,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015))
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[813,1005,1331,1357]" box="[813,1005,1331,1357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<heading box="[813,1005,1331,1357]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="172" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1005,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Muzzle and palate</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[811,1457,1363,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
The anterior part of the snout is badly damaged (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The premaxilla is not preserved and neither is the nasal aperture. The nasal is preserved only posteriorly and has many cracks. It is slightly distorted but this doesn’t affect the morphology. It is convex transversely and slightly concave antero-posteriorly near the level of the inferior edge of the orbits as in BF 43. There is no ante-orbital drop. The root of the right zygomatic process is located above the middle of the M3/ as in BF 43 and suggests that the muzzle is relatively short. The right maxilla is preserved and some fragments of the left maxilla are preserved along the nasal from the orbit to the premaxilla. The right maxilla is distorted but there is no indication of a strong maxillary ridge and of a deep maxillary fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[811,1457,1363,2027]" lastBlockId="12.[132,775,980,1071]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Only the right side of the palate is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1316,1396,1809,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1365,1382]" captionTargetBox="[154,1435,216,1322]" captionTargetId="figure-29@10.[714,1283,743,1286]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 5. — Skull of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 1: A, fronto-right lateral view (as preserved naturally); B, frontal view; C, right lateral view (of face); D, dorsal view; E, inferior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7822994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7822994/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="172">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The postcanine tooth row is slightly curved and the lingual wall of the dental arch is moderately tall which suggest that the palate was moderately deep. Below and lingually to the M3/, there is an antero-posteriorly oriented depression which corresponds to the groove of the posterior palatine foramen. The bone of the dental arch doesn’t end immediately posteriorly to the M3/ but presents the same aspect observed in BF 43, forming a robust bony bulge. This suggests that the hard palate ends behind the M/3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823002/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" startId="12.[132,143,878,895]" targetBox="[230,1331,192,852]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[132,1455,878,918]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
FIG. 7. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper fourth premolars (P4/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[668,800,901,918]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[810,852,901,918]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[861,952,901,918]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[961,1131,901,918]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (Appendix 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" startId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" targetBox="[814,1447,1081,1450]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[813,1456,983,1023]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1066,1074,1006,1023]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">*</emphasis>
|
||
, incomplete measurement for broken tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<table box="[814,1447,1081,1450]" gridcols="7" gridrows="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1081,1101]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[922,979,1081,1101]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[923,979,1081,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1015,1071,1081,1101]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1015,1071,1081,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB3</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1098,1172,1081,1101]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1098,1172,1081,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB 13</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1189,1264,1081,1101]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1189,1264,1081,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB 14</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1281,1355,1081,1101]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1281,1355,1081,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB 15</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1373,1447,1081,1101]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1373,1447,1081,1101]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB 30</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1117,1137]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1117,1137]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">p/3 MD</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1117,1137]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1117,1137]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">13.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1117,1137]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1117,1137]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1117,1137]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1117,1137]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1141,1161]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1141,1161]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">p/3BL</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1141,1161]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1141,1161]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">5.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1141,1161]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1141,1161]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1141,1161]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1141,1161]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1165,1185]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1165,1185]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">p/4L</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1165,1185]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1165,1185]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1165,1185]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1165,1185]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1165,1185]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1165,1185]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1189,1209]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1189,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">p/4BL</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1189,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.9*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1189,1209]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.1*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1189,1209]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1189,1209]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1189,1209]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">6.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1189,1209]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1213,1233]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1213,1233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/1MD</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1213,1233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1213,1233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1213,1233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1213,1233]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1213,1233]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1213,1233]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1237,1257]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1237,1257]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/1Mb</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1237,1257]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1237,1257]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.3*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1237,1257]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1237,1257]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1237,1257]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1237,1257]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1261,1281]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1261,1281]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/1Db</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1261,1281]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1261,1281]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1261,1281]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1261,1281]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1261,1281]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1261,1281]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1285,1305]" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1285,1305]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/2MD</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1285,1305]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">11.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1285,1305]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">11.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1285,1305]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1285,1305]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">10.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1285,1305]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1285,1305]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1309,1329]" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1309,1329]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/2Mb</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1309,1329]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1309,1329]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1309,1329]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1309,1329]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1309,1329]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1309,1329]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1333,1353]" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1333,1353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/2 Db</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1333,1353]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.9*</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1333,1353]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1333,1353]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1333,1353]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1333,1353]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1333,1353]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1358,1378]" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1358,1378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/3MD</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1358,1378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">15.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1358,1378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">14.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1358,1378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">14.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1358,1378]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1358,1378]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1358,1378]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">13.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1382,1402]" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1382,1402]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/3Mb</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1382,1402]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">10.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1382,1402]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1382,1402]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1382,1402]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1382,1402]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1382,1402]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1406,1426]" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1406,1426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/3 Db</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1406,1426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1406,1426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1406,1426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1406,1426]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1406,1426]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1406,1426]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">8.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1447,1430,1450]" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<th box="[814,886,1430,1450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">m/3Hd</th>
|
||
<td box="[922,979,1430,1450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1015,1071,1430,1450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1098,1172,1430,1450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">6.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1189,1264,1430,1450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1281,1355,1430,1450]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1447,1430,1450]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">6.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[130,777,1108,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[811,1456,1523,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,250,1108,1134]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The post-canine teeth are well preserved except for the P3/ which is just represented by a lingual fragment and the P4/ which has lost a fragment on the buccal edge of occlusal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[313,402,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,903,920]" captionTargetBox="[207,761,215,862]" captionTargetId="figure-691@11.[131,684,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. — Teeth of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 1: A, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/; B, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Fig. 6 A</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[413,524,1204,1231]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStartId-0="9.[891,902,219,236]" captionStartId-1="10.[132,143,1539,1556]" captionStartId-2="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionText-0="TABLE 3. — Measurements in mm of upper teeth of BPB 1." captionText-1="TABLE 4. — Synthesis of variation in upper tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." captionText-2="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" tableUuid-2="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B">Tables 3-5</tableCitation>
|
||
). The P4/ and M1/ are worn. The M2/ is less worn (more lingually than buccally). The M3/ is slightly worn at the apex of the protocone and the hypocone. The degree of wear of the preserved post-canine teeth is typical of a mature, but not very old, adult. Despite an important MPI (maxillary premolar index (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FLEAGLE J. G. & MCGRAW W. S." firstAuthor="Fleagle" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of USA" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="1157 - 1161" part="96" refId="ref18152" refString="FLEAGLE J. G. & MCGRAW W. S. 1999. - Skeletal and dental morphology supports diphyletic origin of baboons and mandrills. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of USA 96: 1157 - 1161. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 96.3.11" title="Skeletal and dental morphology supports diphyletic origin of baboons and mandrills" type="journal article" year="1999">Fleagle & McGraw 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FLEAGLE J. G. & MCGRAW W. S." box="[314,372,1395,1421]" firstAuthor="Fleagle" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="267 - 292" part="42" refId="ref18204" refString="FLEAGLE J. G. & MCGRAW W. S. 2002. - Skeletal and dental morphology of African papionins: unmasking a cryptic clade. Journal of Human Evolution 42: 267 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2001.0526" title="Skeletal and dental morphology of African papionins: unmasking a cryptic clade" type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of 65.11 which correspond to the upper variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[325,438,1427,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,438,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and perhaps the lower variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Haughton, 1925) (Gilbert 2007 a)" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="2007" baseAuthorityName="Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[163,680,1459,1486]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procercocebus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,291,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Pr. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HAUGHTON S. H." box="[307,492,1459,1486]" firstAuthor="Haughton" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="LXVIII" part="13" refId="ref19861" refString="HAUGHTON S. H. 1925. - Note on the occurrence of a species of baboon in limestone deposits near Taung. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 13: LXVIII." title="Note on the occurrence of a species of baboon in limestone deposits near Taung" type="journal volume" year="1925">Haughton, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." box="[517,671,1459,1485]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="69 - 102" part="53" refId="ref18644" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2007 a. - Cranio-mandibular morphology supporting the diphyletic origin of mangabeys and a genus of the Cercocebus / Mandrillus clade, Procercocebus. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 69 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2007.03.004" title="Cranio-mandibular morphology supporting the diphyletic origin of mangabeys and a genus of the Cercocebus / Mandrillus clade, Procercocebus" type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Gilbert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the size of this premolar enters into the variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[612,728,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[612,728,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Broom, 1940" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[132,385,1523,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,236,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
Broom, 1940
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Sterkfontein and Makapansgat Limeworks (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[268,357,1554,1581]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[891,902,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements in mm of upper teeth of BPB 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[372,386,1555,1581]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1539,1556]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 4. — Synthesis of variation in upper tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421">4</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[401,464,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,878,895]" captionTargetBox="[230,1331,192,852]" captionTargetId="graphics-538@12.[374,1255,347,779]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper fourth premolars (P4/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823002/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The molars increase in size from the M1/ to the M3/ (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[429,518,1586,1613]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[891,902,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements in mm of upper teeth of BPB 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[533,547,1587,1613]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1539,1556]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 4. — Synthesis of variation in upper tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421">4</tableCitation>
|
||
). The range of variation in molar size overlaps with different taxa of fossil South African papionines (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[351,415,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,955,972]" captionTargetBox="[261,1257,206,932]" captionTargetId="graphics-65@13.[423,1199,403,856]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 8. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper first molars (M1/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 2)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823006/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[429,443,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="13.[132,143,1828,1845]" captionTargetBox="[200,1243,1017,1801]" captionTargetId="graphics-291@13.[395,1240,1211,1729]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIG. 9. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper second molars (M2/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 3)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823008/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">9</figureCitation>
|
||
) but differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Papio jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The size of the two molars of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[531,585,1682,1708]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 plots within the range of variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[356,470,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,470,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially true for the M2/. The M3/s have a reduced distal loph as in BF 43.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HEATON J. L." bookContentInfo="479 p." firstAuthor="Heaton" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University, Bloomington" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" refId="ref19896" refString="HEATON J. L. 2006. - Taxonomy of the Sterkfontein Fossil Cercopithecinae: the Papionini of Members 2 and 4 (Gauteng, South Africa). Unpublished PhD thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 479 p." title="Taxonomy of the Sterkfontein Fossil Cercopithecinae: the Papionini of Members 2 and 4 (Gauteng, South Africa)" type="book" year="2006">Heaton (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found this feature in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[432,546,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[432,546,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The shape outline of the base of the crown is more trapezoidal than for the M2/. The well-preserved aspect of the occlusal surface of the M3/ permits observation of the intercuspid distance which is small and the molar reversed W-shaped in outline as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MCKEE J. K." box="[133,290,1937,1964]" firstAuthor="McKee" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="43 - 49" part="30" refId="ref20785" refString="MCKEE J. K. 1993. - Taxonomic and evolutionary affinities of Papio izodi fossil from Taung and Sterkfontein. Palaeontologia Africana 30: 43 - 49." title="Taxonomic and evolutionary affinities of Papio izodi fossil from Taung and Sterkfontein" type="journal article" year="1993">McKee (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The M3/ presents an additional cusp linguodistally (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[224,337,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,903,920]" captionTargetBox="[207,761,215,862]" captionTargetId="figure-691@11.[131,684,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. — Teeth of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 1: A, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/; B, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), a developed
|
||
<emphasis box="[494,617,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">distoconulus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SAHEKI M." box="[632,765,1969,1995]" firstAuthor="Saheki" journalOrPublisher="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="407 - 422" part="7" refId="ref21825" refString="SAHEKI M. 1966. - Morphological studies of Macaca fuscata. IV Dentition. Primates 7 (4): 407 - 422. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01730239" title="Morphological studies of Macaca fuscata. IV Dentition" type="journal article" year="1966">Saheki 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as in an isolated M3/ from BPA (BPA 230 under study) and Sts 378A but less robust in this tooth than specimen
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1385,1434,1523,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[822,997,1554,1581]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This strongly increases the mesio-distal length of the M3/ of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1041,1090,1587,1613]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1200,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,877,894]" captionTargetBox="[240,1269,204,853]" captionTargetId="graphics-112@14.[391,1237,408,783]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 10. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper third molars (M3/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823010/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the oblique-lingual view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[877,956,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="11.[132,143,903,920]" captionTargetBox="[207,761,215,862]" captionTargetId="figure-691@11.[131,684,213,771]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIG. 6. — Teeth of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 1: A, occlusal view of the right tooth row P4/-M3/; B, oblique-lingual view of M2/ and M3/. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823000/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
), there is an additional strong root beneath the
|
||
<emphasis box="[812,935,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">distoconulus</emphasis>
|
||
for
|
||
<collectionCode box="[977,1026,1651,1677]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 and the same applies to BPA 230. This
|
||
<emphasis box="[811,934,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">distoconulus</emphasis>
|
||
increases the length of the dental row P4/-M3/ or M1/-M3/ (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[934,1012,1714,1740]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="9.[891,902,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 3. — Measurements in mm of upper teeth of BPB 1." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE1D46BFCB3B0D5630CF28C">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). It seems that no
|
||
<emphasis box="[1209,1332,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">distoconulus</emphasis>
|
||
is observed in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Swindler 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Swindler" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[913,1153,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[913,971,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SWINDLER D. R." bookContentInfo="296 p." box="[987,1142,1746,1772]" firstAuthor="Swindler" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" refId="ref22238" refString="SWINDLER D. R. 2002. - Primate Dentition. An Introduction to the Teeth of Non-human Primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 296 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / CBO 9780511542541" title="Primate Dentition. An Introduction to the Teeth of Non-human Primates" type="book" year="2002">Swindler 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[813,1210,1810,1836]" box="[813,1210,1810,1836]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<heading box="[813,1210,1810,1836]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1210,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
Mandible
|
||
<collectionCode box="[921,969,1810,1835]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1005,1081,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1094,1201,1810,1836]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStartId-0="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionStartId-1="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionStartId-2="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." captionText-1="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." captionText-2="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" tableUuid-2="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">Tables 5-7</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[813,1455,1841,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[813,1456,1937,2028]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1249,1841,1868]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">General description and preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1257,1307,1842,1868]" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 is a partial right mandible broken mesially to the p/3 and the symphysis is absent (maximum length:
|
||
<quantity box="[1223,1347,1905,1932]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.004" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="100.4">100.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; breadth:
|
||
<quantity box="[813,922,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; height:
|
||
<quantity box="[1026,1137,1937,1963]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.47" pageId="12" pageNumber="173" unit="mm" value="34.7">34.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The anterior part is badly damaged, and the two premolars are fragmentary. The
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1029,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="173">corpus mandibularis</emphasis>
|
||
is poorly preserved with some more or less important cracks and fragments of bone missing but it is better preserved on its posterior part but broken along the inferior edge. The ascending ramus is well preserved as is the mandibular condyle but the coronoid process is absent. The post-canine teeth are present but in various states of preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823006/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" startId="13.[132,143,955,972]" targetBox="[261,1257,206,932]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[132,1455,955,995]" pageId="13" pageNumber="174">
|
||
FIG. 8. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper first molars (M1/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[604,735,978,995]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[745,787,978,995]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[797,887,978,995]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[897,1067,978,995]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (Appendix 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823008" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823008/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" startId="13.[132,143,1828,1845]" targetBox="[200,1243,1017,1801]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[132,1455,1828,1868]" pageId="13" pageNumber="174">
|
||
FIG. 9. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper second molars (M2/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[604,735,1851,1868]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[745,787,1851,1868]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[797,887,1851,1868]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[897,1067,1851,1868]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="13" pageNumber="174" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (Appendix 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823010/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" startId="14.[132,143,877,894]" targetBox="[240,1269,204,853]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[132,1455,877,917]" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">
|
||
FIG. 10. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of upper third molars (M3/) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[604,735,900,917]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[745,787,900,917]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[797,887,900,917]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[897,1067,900,917]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (Appendix 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" startId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" targetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[132,1456,1793,1832]" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">
|
||
FIG. 11. — Right mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[378,638,1793,1810]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[378,528,1793,1810]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[533,638,1793,1810]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen BPB 2:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[799,812,1793,1810]" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">A</emphasis>
|
||
, buccal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[933,946,1793,1810]" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1065,1079,1793,1810]" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">C</emphasis>
|
||
, superior view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1213,1227,1793,1810]" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">D</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[131,775,1873,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[131,777,725,1167]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Mandibular corpus and ramus. It is poorly preserved on the anterior portion which presents cracking, and some fragments of bone are missing. The mandibular corpus and the gonial region are broken along the inferior edge. Despite this damage, the mandibular corpus is moderately deep (preserved height between m/1-m/2 is
|
||
<quantity box="[1303,1406,1873,1900]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" unit="mm" value="25.4">25.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
and between the m/2-m/3 is
|
||
<quantity box="[1095,1205,1905,1931]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" unit="mm" value="24.9">24.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Buccally, there is no
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1041,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">prominentia lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
under the m/3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1233,1334,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
) unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mollett" authorityYear="1947" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="14" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="175">C. williamsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which presents a well-developed one. The buccal surface of the posterior part of the mandibular corpus is flat and vertical as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[412,519,726,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[412,519,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Inferiorly the lingual surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[229,328,757,783]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
) presents an important submandibular fossa. The ascending ramus is almost in the alignment of the molar tooth row. In contrast, in BF 42B (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mollett" authorityYear="1947" box="[586,716,821,848]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[586,716,821,848]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">C. williamsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the ascending ramus is not so laterally located. The extramolar sulcus is narrow medio-laterally as well as mesio-distally. The ramus is low and
|
||
<quantity box="[367,467,917,943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="31.3">31.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long antero-posteriorly. The distal edge of the ascending ramus tilts disto-superiorly. On the lingual surface, the mandibular foramen is low, located at the same level as the alveolar margin, and the groove of this foramen is deep and pronounced. The ascending ramus has lost the coronoid process. The mandibular condyle is well preserved and is more developed medially (maximum length:
|
||
<quantity box="[218,310,1140,1167]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; breadth:
|
||
<quantity box="[424,533,1140,1166]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="13.7">13.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" startId="15.[132,143,220,237]" targetBox="[134,1444,340,644]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[132,1455,220,282]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[726,757,220,237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">MD</emphasis>
|
||
, mesio-distal length;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[937,961,220,237]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BL</emphasis>
|
||
, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[821,953,242,259]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[963,1005,242,259]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[1016,1107,242,259]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[1117,1289,242,259]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<table box="[134,1444,340,644]" gridcols="9" gridrows="12" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,340,360]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[329,580,340,360]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[438,471,340,360]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">p/4</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[609,866,340,360]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[721,760,340,360]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">m/1</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[895,1158,340,360]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1007,1046,340,360]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">m/2</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1175,1444,340,360]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1293,1332,340,360]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">m/3</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,370,390]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,370,390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[134,196,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,370,390]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[366,401,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,370,390]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[512,540,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,370,390]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[652,687,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,370,390]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[798,826,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,370,390]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[938,973,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,370,390]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1085,1113,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,370,390]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1224,1259,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">MD</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,370,390]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1371,1399,370,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BL</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,406,426]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,406,426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="BF" authorityName="BF" box="[134,272,406,426]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,406,426]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
BF
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,406,426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.6 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,406,426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,406,426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.1 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,406,426]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,406,426]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">11 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,406,426]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.5 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,406,426]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">13.5-14.2 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,406,426]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.3-9.9 (2)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,430,450]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,430,450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,276,430,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,430,450]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,430,450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">5.7-8.3 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,430,450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">5.9-7.7 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,430,450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.4-10.3 (14)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,430,450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.1-8.6 (14)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,430,450]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.5-12.4 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,430,450]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.8-10.8 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,430,450]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">11.5-15.6 (16)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,430,450]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.7-10.7 (16)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,454,474]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,454,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[134,239,454,474]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,454,474]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,454,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.4-7.4 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,454,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.6-7.9 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,454,474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.6-9.6 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,454,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.8-8.6 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,454,474]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">10.5-11.8 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,454,474]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.6-10.4 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,454,474]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">14-15.3 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,454,474]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">10.3-10.5 (3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,478,499]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,478,499]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,265,479,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,479,499]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,478,499]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.9-8.1 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,478,499]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.3-7.7 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,478,499]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.1-10.2 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,478,499]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.4-9.1 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,478,499]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">11.5-13.1 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,478,499]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9-10.9 (6)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,478,499]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">15.9-16.5 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,478,499]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">10.6-11.6 (5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,503,523]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,503,523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="M" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[134,253,503,523]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="182" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,228,503,523]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
M
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,503,523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7-7.2 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,503,523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.4-8.1 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,503,523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">10.9 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,503,523]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.4 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,503,523]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,503,523]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,503,523]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">16.5 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,503,523]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">11.6 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,527,547]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,527,547]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="STS" authorityName="STS" box="[134,264,527,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,527,547]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
STS
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,527,547]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6-7.5 (18)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,527,547]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">5.9-7.5 (18)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,527,547]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.8-9.7 (11)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,527,547]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.8-7.8 (11)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,527,547]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.6-11.4 (14)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,527,547]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.6-10.1 (14)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,527,547]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">12.2-13.7 (10)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,527,547]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.5-10 (10)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,551,571]" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,551,571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="M" box="[134,252,551,571]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,551,571]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
M
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,551,571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,551,571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">–</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,551,571]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.3-9 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,551,571]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.7-7.3 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,551,571]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.5-10.8 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,551,571]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.6-9 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,551,571]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">11.1-13.2 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,551,571]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.9-9.3 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,575,595]" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,575,595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="EA" authorityName="EA" box="[134,260,575,595]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,227,575,595]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
EA
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,575,595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.3-6.4 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,575,595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6-6.5 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,575,595]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.9-10 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,575,595]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.2-7.6 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,575,595]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">10-10.4 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,575,595]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.2 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,575,595]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">13.6-14.1 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,575,595]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">8.2-9.7 (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,599,619]" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,599,619]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="2007" baseAuthorityName="Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[134,248,599,619]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procercocebus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,248,599,619]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pr. antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
T
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,599,619]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.5 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,599,619]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.1 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,599,619]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.8-10.3 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,599,619]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.8-8.3 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,599,619]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">12.1 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,599,619]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.6 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,599,619]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">14.6 (1)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,599,619]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">10 (1)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[134,1444,624,644]" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<th box="[134,308,624,644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="KA" authorityName="KA" box="[134,308,624,644]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,274,624,644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
KA
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[329,437,624,644]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.7-8.3 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[472,580,624,644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">6.4-7.4 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[609,729,624,644]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">7.8-8.7 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[758,866,624,644]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.4-10.4 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[895,1016,624,644]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">11.6-12.6 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1038,1158,624,644]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.3-10.1 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1175,1307,624,644]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">14.2 (7)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1324,1444,624,644]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">9.9-10.7 (7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,777,1203,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,254,1203,1229]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The two premolars are very poorly preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[142,243,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The mesio-buccal flange on the p/3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[670,768,1236,1262]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is the only well-preserved part and is short as in female individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[287,394,1300,1325]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[287,394,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The flange is fairly well developed and not honed by the upper canine which suggests that this specimen represents a female. The three molars have lost some fragments of enamel. The molars increase in size from m/1 to m/3 as is usual in papionines (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[639,758,1427,1454]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStartId-0="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionStartId-1="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionStartId-2="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." captionText-1="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." captionText-2="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" tableUuid-2="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">Tables 5-7</tableCitation>
|
||
). The m/1 is the least well preserved and the most deeply worn of the three molars (the preservation doesn’t permit inclusion in the bivariate plots
|
||
<collectionCode box="[503,551,1523,1549]" country="Germany" name="Museum Donaueschingen" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">MD</collectionCode>
|
||
x BL). The molars possess relatively thick enamel and the less worn cusps are low (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[191,298,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1793,1810]" captionTargetBox="[132,1404,944,1764]" captionTargetId="figure-366@14.[698,1267,951,1509]" captionText="FIG. 11. — Right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 2: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of m/1-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823012/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the m/3, the prominent and salient hypoconulid is located buccally. This continues buccally by a developed distal marginal ridge and the distal fovea is deep, spacious and short mesio-distally as in many specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[235,357,1714,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[235,357,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(such as Sts 414A and Sts 565) and also but sometimes less pronounced in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1940" box="[590,704,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,704,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(such as Sts 563). The dimensions of the two molars enter into the range of variation in molar size of different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[133,242,1842,1867]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,242,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the m/2 doesn’t enter in the range of variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[217,321,1874,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[217,321,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[339,459,1873,1900]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStartId-0="16.[132,143,795,812]" captionStartId-1="16.[132,143,1465,1482]" captionTargetBox-0="[269,1304,190,782]" captionTargetBox-1="[235,1340,845,1440]" captionTargetId-0="graphics-302@16.[438,1214,369,701]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-532@16.[385,1298,1052,1370]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIG. 12. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower second molars (m/2) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 5)." captionText-1="FIG. 13. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower third molars (m/3) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 6)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823014" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823016" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7823014/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7823016/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Figs 12-13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[132,549,1937,1964]" box="[132,549,1937,1964]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<heading box="[132,549,1937,1964]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,549,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
Mandible
|
||
<collectionCode box="[246,295,1938,1963]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[335,414,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[427,540,1937,1964]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStartId-0="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionStartId-1="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionStartId-2="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." captionText-1="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." captionText-2="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" tableUuid-2="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">Tables 5-7</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[131,775,1969,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1456,725,975]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,562,1969,1995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">General description and preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[568,618,1970,1996]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3 represents a left mandible in two pieces, broken between the p/3 and p/4. The smaller fragment (
|
||
<quantity box="[1130,1237,726,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.19" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="21.9">21.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long antero-posteriorly,
|
||
<quantity box="[889,994,757,784]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="19.6">19.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
broad and
|
||
<quantity box="[1128,1233,757,784]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.93" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="19.3">19.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall under the p/3) corresponds to the left part of the symphysis. The second fragment from the mesial side of the p/4 to the posterior of the ramus is
|
||
<quantity box="[947,1046,853,880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.24" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="82.4">82.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long antero-posteriorly and
|
||
<quantity box="[1355,1454,853,880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.01" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="40.1">40.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
high. The two fragments fit together well. The upper part of the ramus is absent and the gonial region is damaged. The bone presents some superficial cracking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[811,1456,1012,1325]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,931,1012,1038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Symphysis</emphasis>
|
||
. Only the left part of the symphysis is preserved. The inferior edge is broken. In buccal view (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1301,1401,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the symphysis extends at least as far posteriorly as the m/1 (a fragment is preserved at the inferior edge of the mandibular corpus below the contact p/4-m/1). In lingual view, the
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,1050,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">planum alveolare</emphasis>
|
||
seems long and slopes moderately disto-inferiorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1001,1103,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||
). This is moderately developed transversely and is moderately deep. The superior transverse torus is smooth. The digastric fossa seems small and shallow. The anterior surface is eroded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[811,1458,1363,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1056,1363,1389]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Mandibular corpus.</emphasis>
|
||
The mandibular corpus is better preserved than that of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1069,1124,1395,1421]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2. It presents some superficial cracking, especially below the m/3. The inferior edge of the mandibular corpus is well preserved. It is moderately deep (height between m/1-m/2 is
|
||
<quantity box="[1208,1292,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
and m/2-m/3 is
|
||
<quantity box="[839,943,1523,1549]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4699999999999998" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="24.7">24.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and robust (mid-height width between m/1- m/2 is
|
||
<quantity box="[899,1006,1554,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and m/2-m/3 is
|
||
<quantity box="[1215,1305,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The buccal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[906,1004,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly convex and vertical. Buccally, there is a mental foramen under the p/3 and no
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">prominentia lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
under the m/3. Distally the lingual surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,920,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||
) presents a shallow depression (submandibular fossa). The preserved part of the ascending ramus suggests that it is almost in the alignment of the molar tooth row. The extramolar sulcus is narrow medio-laterally as well as mesio-distally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[811,1455,1873,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[131,775,1554,1900]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,935,1873,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The canine and incisors are absent (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1340,1441,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The premolars and molars are better preserved than in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1405,1454,1906,1932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 despite presenting some cracking (especially in p/4, m/1 and m/2) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[931,1033,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,889,906]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" captionTargetId="figure-398@17.[131,795,189,707]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 14. — Left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 3: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view; D, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The molars increase in size from m/1 to m/3 as for
|
||
<collectionCode box="[964,1014,2002,2028]" pageId="15" pageNumber="176">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1055,1172,2001,2028]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStart-2="TABLE" captionStartId-0="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionStartId-1="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionStartId-2="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionText-0="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." captionText-1="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." captionText-2="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="15" pageNumber="176" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" tableUuid-2="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">Tables 5-7</tableCitation>
|
||
). The two premolars and the m/1 are deeply worn, m/2 is moderately worn and the m/3 has the two mesial cuspids worn (protoconid and paraconid) which suggest a mature adult individual. The degree of wear of the three molars corresponds to that observed in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[265,315,1683,1709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2. Probably,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[460,510,1683,1709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[584,634,1683,1709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCount box="[641,774,1682,1708]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
belong to the same individual. The mesio-buccal flange on the p/3 is fairly developed as is typical of females. The hypoconulid is well developed and located buccally as in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[133,183,1810,1836]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2. The aspect of the distal fovea is very similar to that of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[162,212,1842,1868]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 as well. Concerning the dimensions of the m/2 and the m/3, they are the same as for
|
||
<collectionCode box="[551,601,1874,1900]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[639,758,1873,1900]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStartId-0="16.[132,143,795,812]" captionStartId-1="16.[132,143,1465,1482]" captionTargetBox-0="[269,1304,190,782]" captionTargetBox-1="[235,1340,845,1440]" captionTargetId-0="graphics-302@16.[438,1214,369,701]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-532@16.[385,1298,1052,1370]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIG. 12. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower second molars (m/2) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 5)." captionText-1="FIG. 13. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower third molars (m/3) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 6)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823014" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823016" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7823014/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7823016/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Figs 12-13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823014/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" startId="16.[132,143,795,812]" targetBox="[269,1304,190,782]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
FIG. 12. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower second molars (m/2) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[668,800,817,834]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[810,852,817,834]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[861,952,817,834]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[961,1131,817,834]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (Appendix 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823016/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" startId="16.[132,143,1465,1482]" targetBox="[235,1340,845,1440]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[132,1455,1465,1504]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
FIG. 13. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower third molars (m/3) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[604,735,1487,1504]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="121 - 262" part="23" refId="ref18253" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1957. - The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 23: 121 - 262." title="The fossil Cercopithecoidea of South Africa" type="journal article" year="1957">Freedman 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FREEDMAN L." box="[745,787,1487,1504]" firstAuthor="Freedman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="19 - 48" part="9" refId="ref18315" refString="FREEDMAN L. 1965. - Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 19 - 48." title="Fossil and subfossil Primates from the limestone deposits at Taung, Bolt's Farm and Witkrans, South Africa" type="journal article" year="1965">1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[797,887,1487,1504]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R. & DELSON E." box="[897,1067,1487,1504]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" pagination="687 - 748" part="43" refId="ref18485" refString="FROST S. R. & DELSON E. 2002. - Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 43: 687 - 748. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / jhev. 2002.0603" title="Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2002">Frost & Delson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) (Appendix 6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[132,423,1937,1964]" box="[132,423,1937,1964]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<heading box="[132,423,1937,1964]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,423,1937,1964]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
Mandible
|
||
<collectionCode box="[246,295,1938,1963]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
4 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[335,414,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1597,1614]" captionTargetBox="[154,752,982,1554]" captionTargetId="figure-449@17.[140,785,969,1485]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 15. — Distal part of the right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 4: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823020/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[132,775,1969,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[811,1456,1554,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,564,1969,1995]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">General description and preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[571,621,1970,1996]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
4 is the distal part of the right mandible (maximum length:
|
||
<quantity box="[662,769,2001,2028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="75.4">75.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; height:
|
||
<quantity box="[904,1015,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.93" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="49.3">49.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The coronoid process is broken as is the mesial edge of the ascending ramus. The fossil presents some cracking, the most important are on the distal part of the ascending ramus. The mandibular condyle is well preserved but the coronoid process is absent. No tooth is preserved, only the sockets for the roots of the m/3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[811,1456,1554,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">
|
||
Mandibular corpus and ramus. Only the portion below the m/3 is present and suggests that the mandibular corpus is vertical, high and moderately large (below the alveolar margin at m/3, height:
|
||
<quantity box="[1073,1178,1842,1868]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.82" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="28.2">28.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; breadth:
|
||
<quantity box="[1289,1396,1842,1868]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="16" pageNumber="177" unit="mm" value="12.7">12.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The buccal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[985,1083,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1597,1614]" captionTargetBox="[154,752,982,1554]" captionTargetId="figure-449@17.[140,785,969,1485]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 15. — Distal part of the right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 4: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823020/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly convex and there is no
|
||
<emphasis box="[812,1034,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">prominentia lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
under the m/3. The extramolar sulcus is only preserved buccally. Inferiorly the lingual surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,918,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1597,1614]" captionTargetBox="[154,752,982,1554]" captionTargetId="figure-449@17.[140,785,969,1485]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 15. — Distal part of the right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 4: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823020/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="177">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
) presents a depression which corresponds to the submandibular fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823018/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" startId="17.[132,143,889,906]" targetBox="[146,1439,216,853]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[132,1457,889,929]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
FIG. 14. — Left mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[370,632,889,906]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[370,519,889,906]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[526,632,889,906]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen BPB 3:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,808,889,906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">A</emphasis>
|
||
, buccal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[931,944,889,906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1065,1079,889,906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">C</emphasis>
|
||
, superior view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1215,1229,889,906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">D</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of p/4-m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823020/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" startId="17.[132,143,1597,1614]" targetBox="[154,752,982,1554]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[132,777,1597,1659]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
FIG. 15. — Distal part of the right mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[513,772,1597,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[513,662,1597,1614]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[667,772,1597,1614]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones, 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen BPB 4:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[282,295,1619,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">A</emphasis>
|
||
, buccal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[414,427,1619,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[545,559,1619,1636]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">C</emphasis>
|
||
, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[132,775,1714,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[812,1457,980,1167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
The gonial region is well preserved and only a small fragment of the inferior edge is broken. This region doesn’t expand distally or inferiorly but presents an open convex outline. In the lingual surface, at the junction of the gonial region with the distal edge of the ascending ramus, there are three smooth bulges which correspond to medial pterygoid tubercles. The ascending ramus is low and
|
||
<quantity box="[232,315,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
long antero-posteriorly. The distal edge of the ascending ramus tilts disto-superiorly. On the buccal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[266,367,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1597,1614]" captionTargetBox="[154,752,982,1554]" captionTargetId="figure-449@17.[140,785,969,1485]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 15. — Distal part of the right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 4: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823020/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
), the mandibular foramen is present and the surface bone covering the canal of this foramen is lacking, probably due to damage during fossilization. The mandibular condyle is well developed medially (maximum length:
|
||
<quantity box="[966,1057,1076,1103]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; preserved breadth:
|
||
<quantity box="[1284,1392,1076,1102]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="17.4">17.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The general morphology of the ascending ramus of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1355,1406,1109,1135]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
4 is very similar to that of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1071,1122,1141,1167]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[813,1457,1203,1326]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,935,1203,1229]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
This fragment is edentulous, but the sockets for the roots of the m/3 are present, well preserved for the distal root and partially preserved for the mesial root (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[822,956,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1597,1614]" captionTargetBox="[154,752,982,1554]" captionTargetId="figure-449@17.[140,785,969,1485]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 15. — Distal part of the right mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones, 1937, specimen BPB 4: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823020/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Fig. 15A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[813,1245,1363,1390]" box="[813,1245,1363,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<heading box="[813,1245,1363,1390]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1245,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
Mandible
|
||
<collectionCode box="[925,974,1364,1389]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
13 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1027,1104,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" captionTargetId="figure-491@18.[698,1267,194,743]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view;D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1119,1206,1363,1389]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F">Tables 6</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1221,1235,1364,1390]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">7</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[811,1457,1395,1613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1237,1395,1421]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">General description and preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1242,1292,1396,1422]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
13 is the distal part of a left mandible with the m/3 (maximum length:
|
||
<quantity box="[815,917,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.39" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="43.9">43.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; height:
|
||
<quantity box="[1008,1112,1459,1485]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.26" pageId="17" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="42.6">42.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The fossil presents some cracking. The coronoid process is broken and the mandibular condyle is damaged. The gonial region is preserved as is most of the posterior part of the ascending ramus. The tooth row is only represented by the well-preserved m/3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[811,1457,1650,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1040,1650,1676]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Mandibular corpus.</emphasis>
|
||
Just a part of the mandibular corpus is preserved below the m/3. The buccal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1350,1448,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" captionTargetId="figure-491@18.[698,1267,194,743]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view;D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is almost flat and there is no
|
||
<emphasis box="[1154,1382,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">prominentia lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
under the m/3. The extramolar sulcus is short mesio-distally and narrow bucco-lingually as in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1137,1187,1778,1804]" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1227,1328,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" captionTargetId="figure-491@18.[698,1267,194,743]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view;D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Fig. 16C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[811,1457,1650,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[131,776,1204,1326]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">
|
||
The gonial region is well preserved, except for a few fragments of missing bone. The dorso-inferior outline of this region is convex. The lingual surface of the gonial region (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[821,912,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" captionTargetId="figure-491@18.[698,1267,194,743]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view;D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="178">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly concave. The mandibular foramen is well preserved and the mylohyoid notch is also well preserved. The ascending ramus is better preserved in its posterior part and the posterior edge of the ascending ramus tilts slightly dorsally. The anterior edge of this ramus is broken but the ramus is clearly low and long. The mandibular condyle is broken lingually and abraded (maximum preserved length:
|
||
<quantity box="[131,219,1299,1326]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="5.9">5.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
and breadth:
|
||
<quantity box="[376,469,1300,1326]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" startId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" targetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[132,1455,1122,1162]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[495,751,1122,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,643,1122,1139]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[647,751,1122,1139]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones,1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specimen BPB 13:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,930,1122,1139]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">A</emphasis>
|
||
, buccal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1048,1061,1122,1139]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1177,1191,1122,1139]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">C</emphasis>
|
||
, superior view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1320,1334,1122,1139]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">D</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[132,777,1363,1836]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,256,1363,1389]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The m/3 is well preserved and just the apex of the two mesial cusps (protoconid and metaconid) are slightly worn (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[295,398,1427,1453]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1122,1139]" captionTargetBox="[132,1456,166,1073]" captionTargetId="figure-491@18.[698,1267,194,743]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 16. — Distal part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937, specimen BPB 13: A, buccal view; B, lingual view; C, superior view;D, occlusal view of m/3. Scale bar: 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823022/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
|
||
). This fossil corresponds probably to a younger adult than
|
||
<collectionCode box="[398,448,1459,1485]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[524,574,1459,1485]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3. The cuspids are more centrally positioned than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Freedman" authorityYear="1957" box="[529,699,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,699,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Papio robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(laterally positioned). This molar presents different extra-cusp and cusplet. A small
|
||
<emphasis box="[378,659,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Tuberculum intermedium</emphasis>
|
||
is present between the metaconid and the entoconid. A low accessory cusp, near the base of the crown is also present between the protoconid and the hypoconid. The distal part of the molar is developed with a
|
||
<emphasis box="[346,551,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Tuberculum sextum</emphasis>
|
||
. The hypoconulid is important and is located disto-lingually. Buccally, there is a clear distal marginal ridge and the distal fovea is deep. The size of the molar plots within the range of variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation box="[223,336,1809,1836]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStartId-0="10.[132,143,1539,1556]" captionStartId-1="11.[132,143,1004,1021]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="TABLE 4. — Synthesis of variation in upper tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." captionText-1="TABLE 5. — Measurements of the mesio-distal length in mm of the dental segments (from Freedman 1957, 1965; this study) (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE2D468FF4CB60D6472F421" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE3D469FF4CB3E267FBF64B">Tables 4-5</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[350,427,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1465,1482]" captionTargetBox="[235,1340,845,1440]" captionTargetId="graphics-532@16.[385,1298,1052,1370]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 13. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower third molars (m/3) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823016/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[132,549,1873,1900]" box="[132,549,1873,1900]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<heading box="[132,549,1873,1900]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,549,1873,1900]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
Mandible
|
||
<collectionCode box="[241,289,1874,1899]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
30 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[340,415,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[166,743,215,684]" captionTargetId="figure-954@19.[137,781,186,702]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 30:A, buccal view;B, lingual view;C, occlusal view of m/3.Scale bar:10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823024/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[427,512,1873,1899]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F">Tables 6</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation box="[526,540,1874,1900]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" tableUuid="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">7</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[130,775,1905,2027]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,536,1905,1931]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">General description and preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[542,591,1906,1932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
30 is part of a left mandible with fragmentary m/2 and worn m/3 (maximum length:
|
||
<quantity box="[220,328,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.49" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="44.9">44.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; breadth: between m/2-m/3:
|
||
<quantity box="[663,771,1969,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="10.9">10.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; height:
|
||
<quantity box="[217,321,2001,2027]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.93" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="29.3">29.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[811,1457,1203,1868]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,1042,1203,1230]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Mandibular corpus.</emphasis>
|
||
The mandibular corpus is only preserved below the m/2 and the m/3 and is not preserved over the entire height. It seems narrow inferiorly. On the lingual surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[907,1005,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[166,743,215,684]" captionTargetId="figure-954@19.[137,781,186,702]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 30:A, buccal view;B, lingual view;C, occlusal view of m/3.Scale bar:10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823024/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig. 17B</figureCitation>
|
||
), a deep concave depression slopes from mesio-inferiorly to disto-superiorly and corresponds to the submandibular fossa.On the buccal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1273,1366,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[166,743,215,684]" captionTargetId="figure-954@19.[137,781,186,702]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 30:A, buccal view;B, lingual view;C, occlusal view of m/3.Scale bar:10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823024/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig.17A</figureCitation>
|
||
), there is a smooth concavity probably due to fossilization and it seems that the
|
||
<emphasis box="[909,1126,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">prominentia lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
doesn’t exist. The mandibular corpus presents a slender aspect unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mollett" authorityYear="1947" box="[1253,1422,1459,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1253,1422,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Cercopithecoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A short portion of the extramolar sulcus is preserved. This is reduced and located disto-buccally to the m/3 and not buccally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mollett" authorityYear="1947" box="[924,1092,1554,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[924,1092,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Cercopithecoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[811,1457,1203,1868]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
The crown of the m/2 is represented only by a fragment of dentine (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[950,1055,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,726,743]" captionTargetBox="[166,743,215,684]" captionTargetId="figure-954@19.[137,781,186,702]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of Parapapio broomi Jones,1937,specimen BPB 30:A, buccal view;B, lingual view;C, occlusal view of m/3.Scale bar:10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823024/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The m/3 is very worn suggesting that it represents an old adult and lingually it lacks some fragments of enamel at the metaconid and entoconid. The enamel is thick and the median buccal and lingual clefts are narrow as usual in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1828" box="[1010,1124,1746,1772]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Papionina">Papionina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The hypoconulid is developed and located buccally. As for
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1134,1184,1778,1804]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
13, the size of the m/3 of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[845,895,1810,1836]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
30 enters into the range of variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[1338,1455,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1338,1455,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation box="[822,936,1841,1868]" captionStart-0="TABLE" captionStart-1="TABLE" captionStartId-0="12.[813,824,983,1000]" captionStartId-1="15.[132,143,220,237]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionText-0="TABLE 6. — Measurements in mm of lower teeth of BPB2, BPB 3, BPB 13, BPB 14, BPB 15 and BPB 30. *, incomplete measurement for broken tooth." captionText-1="TABLE 7. — Synthesis of variation in lower tooth measurements in mm (MD, mesio-distal length; BL, maximum bucco-lingual breadth) in different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa from the literature (from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002) and this study (the quantity of specimens is indicated between the brackets)." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" tableUuid-0="DEA102E8FFE4D46EFCE5B3D963CEF19F" tableUuid-1="DEA102E8FFE7D46DFF4CB0D2640AF37A">Tables 6-7</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[951,1028,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1465,1482]" captionTargetBox="[235,1340,845,1440]" captionTargetId="graphics-532@16.[385,1298,1052,1370]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 13. — Bivariate plots MD × BL (mesio-distal length × maximum bucco-lingual breadth in mm) of lower third molars (m/3) of different taxa of fossil Papionines from South Africa with some from East Africa (data from Freedman 1957, 1965; Frost 2001; Frost & Delson 2002; this study) (Appendix 6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823016/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="18" pageNumber="179" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[812,1455,1906,2028]" box="[813,913,1906,1932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">REMARKS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[812,1455,1906,2028]" lastBlockId="19.[131,777,821,2028]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">
|
||
In the literature, there is more information concerning the skulls than the mandibles to distinguish the different taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1828" box="[844,956,2001,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="18" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Papionini">Papionini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. So here, despite the preservation of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1375,1425,2002,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="179">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1, this skull is most useful for the discussion. We must consider the biochronological age of the specimen and it is necessary to discuss older taxa (from East Africa) but also the Plio-Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Burnett" authorityYear="1828" box="[369,482,917,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Papionini">Papionini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[496,547,917,943]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 cannot belong to another Pliocene papionin taxon such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Frost, 2001" authorityName="Frost" authorityYear="2001" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Pliopapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[602,703,949,975]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pliopapio</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5.2-4.2 Ma:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[340,435,980,1006]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FROST S. R." box="[456,572,981,1007]" firstAuthor="Frost" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 36" part="3350" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/2903" refId="ref18438" refString="FROST S. R. 2001. - New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. American Museum Novitates 3350: 1 - 36. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 2903" title="New Early Pliocene Cercopithecidae (Mammalia: Primates) from Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia" type="journal article" year="2001">Frost 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R." editor="WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J." firstAuthor="Jablonski" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="393 - 428" refId="ref20243" refString="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R. 2010. - Cercopithecoidea, in WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles: 393 - 428." title="Cercopithecoidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cenozoic Mammals of Africa" year="2010">Jablonski & Frost 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which has a clear ante-orbital drop and an ophryonic groove. It cannot be attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="2007" baseAuthorityName="Haughton" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[529,777,1044,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Procercocebus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiquus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,777,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Procercocebus antiquus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
either (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." box="[208,359,1076,1102]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="69 - 102" part="53" refId="ref18644" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2007 a. - Cranio-mandibular morphology supporting the diphyletic origin of mangabeys and a genus of the Cercocebus / Mandrillus clade, Procercocebus. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 69 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2007.03.004" title="Cranio-mandibular morphology supporting the diphyletic origin of mangabeys and a genus of the Cercocebus / Mandrillus clade, Procercocebus" type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">Gilbert 2007a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which occurs at Taung (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[623,764,1076,1102]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and is characterized by an extremely straight nasal profile, widely divergent anterior temporal lines, relatively larger premolars, more prominent maxillary ridges and relatively more extensive maxillary/suborbital fossae than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As indicated in the general description of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[652,702,1236,1262]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1, the morphology of the interorbital and nasal regions indicates a slight concavity and lack of an ante-orbital drop which exclude the possibility that this specimen represents an individual of the smaller taxa of fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Swindler" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[547,607,1364,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[547,607,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Papio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gear" authorityYear="1926" box="[696,774,1363,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="izodi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[696,774,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">P. izodi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[181,324,1396,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angusticeps">
|
||
<emphasis box="[181,324,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">P. angusticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C. & STEININGER C. M. & KIBII J. M. & BERGER L. R." box="[341,548,1395,1422]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="e 0133361" part="10" refId="ref18844" refString="GILBERT C. C., STEININGER C. M., KIBII J. M. & BERGER L. R. 2015. - Papio cranium from the hominin-bearing site of Malapa: Implications for the evolution of the modern baboon cranial morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology. PLoS ONE 10 (8): e 0133361. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133361" title="Papio cranium from the hominin-bearing site of Malapa: Implications for the evolution of the modern baboon cranial morphology and South African Plio-Pleistocene biochronology" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Gilbert
|
||
<emphasis box="[430,483,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C. & FROST S. R. & PUGH K. D. & ANDERSON M. & DELSON E." box="[563,620,1395,1421]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="38 - 69" part="122" refId="ref18980" refString="GILBERT C. C., FROST S. R., PUGH K. D., ANDERSON M. & DELSON E. 2018. - Evolution of the modern baboon (Papio hamadryas): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record. Journal of Human Evolution 122: 38 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2018.04.012" title="Evolution of the modern baboon (Papio hamadryas): A reassessment of the African Plio-Pleistocene record" type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7823024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7823024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7823024/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" startId="19.[132,143,726,743]" targetBox="[166,743,215,684]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[132,776,726,766]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">
|
||
FIG. 17. — Part of the left mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Jones, 1937" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[436,688,726,743]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[436,582,726,743]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Parapapio broomi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JONES T. R." box="[586,688,726,743]" firstAuthor="Jones" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="709 - 728" part="33" refId="ref20429" refString="JONES T. R. 1937. - A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science 33: 709 - 728." title="A new fossil primate from Sterkfontein, Krugersdorp, Transvaal" type="journal article" year="1937">Jones,1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,specimen BPB 30:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[200,213,749,766]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">A</emphasis>
|
||
, buccal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[322,335,749,766]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">B</emphasis>
|
||
, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[443,457,749,766]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">C</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view of m/3.Scale bar:10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[131,777,821,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">
|
||
Three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[331,438,1428,1453]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[331,438,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recognized in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[636,774,1427,1453]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R." box="[143,414,1459,1485]" editor="WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J." firstAuthor="Jablonski" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="393 - 428" refId="ref20243" refString="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R. 2010. - Cercopithecoidea, in WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles: 393 - 428." title="Cercopithecoidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cenozoic Mammals of Africa" year="2010">Jablonski & Frost 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HARRISON T." box="[431,599,1459,1485]" editor="HARRISON T." firstAuthor="Harrison" journalOrPublisher="Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="83 - 139" refId="ref19799" refString="HARRISON T. 2011. - Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates), in HARRISON T. (ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht: 83 - 139." title="Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series" year="2011">Harrison 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." box="[616,766,1459,1485]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="399 - 433" part="64" refId="ref18750" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2013. - Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 399 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01.013" title="Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data" type="journal article" year="2013">Gilbert 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) during the Plio-Pleistocene:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[448,551,1492,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,551,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[565,683,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[565,683,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Older fossils exist in the Early Pliocene at Langebaanweg (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GRINE F. E. & HENDEY Q. B." box="[189,433,1554,1581]" firstAuthor="Grine" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="374 - 376" part="77" refId="ref19767" refString="GRINE F. E. & HENDEY Q. B. 1981. - Earliest primate remains from South Africa. South African Journal of Science 77: 374 - 376." title="Earliest primate remains from South Africa" type="journal article" year="1981">Grine & Hendey 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Waypoint 160 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GOMMERY D. & THACKERAY J. F. & SENEGAS F. & POTZE S. & KGASI L." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gommery" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="405 - 408" part="104" publicationUrl="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC96830" refId="ref19240" refString="GOMMERY D., THACKERAY J. F., SENEGAS F., POTZE S. & KGASI L. 2008 b. - The earliest primate (Parapapio sp.) from the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm, South Africa). South African Journal of Science 104: 405 - 408. https: // hdl. handle. net / 10520 / EJC 96830" title="The earliest primate (Parapapio sp.) from the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm, South Africa)" type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Gommery
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,185,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GOMMERY D. & THACKERAY J. F. & SENEGAS F. & POTZE S. & KGASI L." box="[279,336,1587,1613]" firstAuthor="Gommery" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="63 - 72" part="46" publicationUrl="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC83687" refId="ref19316" refString="GOMMERY D., THACKERAY J. F., SENEGAS F., POTZE S. & KGASI L. 2009. - Additional fossils of Parapapio sp. from Waypoint 160 (Bolt's Farm, South Africa), dated between 4 and 4.5 million years ago. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 46: 63 - 72. https: // hdl. handle. net / 10520 / EJC 83687" title="Additional fossils of Parapapio sp. from Waypoint 160 (Bolt's Farm, South Africa), dated between 4 and 4.5 million years ago" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GOMMERY D. & SENEGAS F. & POTZE S. & KGASI L. & THACKERAY J. F." box="[351,408,1587,1613]" firstAuthor="Gommery" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="1 - 8" part="4" publicationUrl="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC149086" refId="ref19390" refString="GOMMERY D., SENEGAS F., POTZE S., KGASI L. & THACKERAY J. F. 2014. - Cercopithecoidea material from the Middle Pliocene site, Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm, South Africa. Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History 4: 1 - 8. https: // hdl. handle. net / 10520 / EJC 149086" title="Cercopithecoidea material from the Middle Pliocene site, Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm, South Africa" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but they are too fragmentary or limited to assign to a specific taxon. In
|
||
<collectionCode box="[550,600,1619,1645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1, the maxillary ridge is more developed and the maxillary fossa is deeper than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[215,316,1683,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jonesi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[215,316,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. jonesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The premaxilla is not preserved in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[705,755,1683,1709]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 but it would not have extended much further anteriorly, as suggested by the anterior morphology of the maxilla, and as such the muzzle appears short and broad and its dorsum is flattened. All these features are typical of
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,702,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[577,698,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">Pp. broomi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="whitei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. whitei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the muzzle is long and narrow. The nasal bone and muzzle, especially in males, have a peaked aspect (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="399 - 433" part="64" refId="ref18750" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2013. - Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 399 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01.013" title="Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data" type="journal article" year="2013">Gilbert 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The morphology of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[438,488,1906,1932]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[656,775,1905,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[656,775,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens such as BF 43 from Pit 23 at Bolt’s Farm or M 202 from Makapansgat, so it can confidently be assigned to this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[811,1457,215,784]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Hopwood, 1936)" baseAuthorityName="Hopwood" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[835,1138,215,241]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ado">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,919,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. ado</emphasis>
|
||
(Hopwood, 1936)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a smaller species, is known from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[874,943,248,274]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JABLONSKI N. G. & LEAKEY M. G. & ANTON M." box="[956,1185,247,273]" editor="JABLONSKI N. G. & LEAKEY M. G." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Jablonski" journalOrPublisher="California Academy Press, San Francisco" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="103 - 300" refId="ref20292" refString="JABLONSKI N. G., LEAKEY M. G. & ANTON M. 2008 a. - Systematic paleontology of the Cercopithecines, in JABLONSKI N. G. & LEAKEY M. G. (eds), Koobi Fora Research Project, Vol. 6, The Fossil Monkeys. California Academy Press, San Francisco: 103 - 300." title="Systematic paleontology of the Cercopithecines" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Koobi Fora Research Project, Vol. 6, The Fossil Monkeys" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Jablonski
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1112,247,273]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1245,1342,247,273]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HARRISON T." editor="HARRISON T." firstAuthor="Harrison" journalOrPublisher="Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="83 - 139" refId="ref19799" refString="HARRISON T. 2011. - Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates), in HARRISON T. (ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht: 83 - 139." title="Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series" year="2011">Harrison 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (4.1-3.49 Ma). Its frontal and maxilla have similar morphologies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HARRISON T." box="[984,1151,311,337]" editor="HARRISON T." firstAuthor="Harrison" journalOrPublisher="Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="83 - 139" refId="ref19799" refString="HARRISON T. 2011. - Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates), in HARRISON T. (ed.), Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series. Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht: 83 - 139." title="Cercopithecids (Cercopithecidae, Primates)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human Evolution in Context, Vol. 2, Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Palaeoanthropology Series" year="2011">Harrison 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[1205,1325,311,337]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1205,1325,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These two species differ by the nasals which form a midline keel in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="broomi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. broomi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1109,1199,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hopwood" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[1109,1195,375,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ado">Pp. ado</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Despite the distortion of the nasals, the preserved transversal convexity in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1385,1435,407,433]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1 suggests that a midline keel was present. An older species exists,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Leakey et al., 2003" authorityName="Leakey" authorityYear="2003" box="[888,1298,470,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lothagamensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,1079,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Pp. lothagamensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LEAKEY M. G. & TEAFORD M. F. & WARD C V." box="[1087,1298,470,497]" editor="LEAKEY M. G. & HARRIS J. M." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Leakey" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="201 - 249" refId="ref20552" refString="LEAKEY M. G., TEAFORD M. F. & WARD C V. 2003. - Cercopithecidae from Lothagam, in LEAKEY M. G. & HARRIS J. M. (eds), Lothagam. The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York: 201 - 249." title="Cercopithecidae from Lothagam" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Lothagam. The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa" year="2003">
|
||
Leakey
|
||
<emphasis box="[1173,1227,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LEAKEY M. G. & TEAFORD M. F. & WARD C V." editor="LEAKEY M. G. & HARRIS J. M." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Leakey" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="201 - 249" refId="ref20552" refString="LEAKEY M. G., TEAFORD M. F. & WARD C V. 2003. - Cercopithecidae from Lothagam, in LEAKEY M. G. & HARRIS J. M. (eds), Lothagam. The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press, New York: 201 - 249." title="Cercopithecidae from Lothagam" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Lothagam. The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa" year="2003">
|
||
Leakey
|
||
<emphasis box="[1402,1456,470,496]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R." box="[883,1140,502,529]" editor="WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J." firstAuthor="Jablonski" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="393 - 428" refId="ref20243" refString="JABLONSKI N. G. & FROST S. R. 2010. - Cercopithecoidea, in WEDERLIN L. & SANDERS W. J. (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles: 393 - 428." title="Cercopithecoidea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Cenozoic Mammals of Africa" year="2010">Jablonski & Frost 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." box="[1154,1297,502,528]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="399 - 433" part="64" refId="ref18750" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2013. - Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 399 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01.013" title="Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data" type="journal article" year="2013">Gilbert 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (7.4-
|
||
<emphasis box="[1368,1385,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">c.</emphasis>
|
||
5 Ma:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[811,886,534,560]" name="Kenya" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
), but it is considered to be more primitive than the younger species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GILBERT C. C." box="[1003,1148,566,592]" firstAuthor="Gilbert" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Human Evolution" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" pagination="399 - 433" part="64" refId="ref18750" refString="GILBERT C. C. 2013. - Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 399 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01.013" title="Cladistic analysis of extant and fossil African papionins using craniodental data" type="journal article" year="2013">Gilbert 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[811,1457,215,784]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">
|
||
The mandibles
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1003,1053,598,624]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
2 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1128,1178,598,624]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
3 probably belong to the same individual, which must have been a female. The teeth of these mandibles show a stage of wear corresponding to that of
|
||
<collectionCode box="[889,938,694,720]" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">BPB</collectionCode>
|
||
1. These two mandibles were found in a reduced sample of breccia taken from the “
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1937" box="[1181,1287,726,751]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Parapapio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="19" pageNumber="180" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1181,1287,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="180">Parapapio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spot”. It is very likely that these three fossils belong to the same individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |