treatments-xml/data/BE/05/C3/BE05C364B301F82876F2F8C25E2919BD.xml

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<mods:title id="57CFF98E83E3C939D1B0E1F5B1E6EF70">Taxonomic changes in the emerald moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae) of East Asia, with notes on the systematics and phylogeny of Hemitheini</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C6A71B92A474A80CDEF6EE65BE30795A">2007</mods:date>
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<heading id="6D5BC51EB301F82E76F2F8C25E581D0B" bold="true" box="[151,527,1842,1868]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B301F82E76F2F8C25E581D0B" bold="true" box="[151,527,1842,1868]" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B301F82E76F2F8C25DF91D0B" authority="Wehrli" authorityName="Wehrli" box="[151,430,1842,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B301F82E76F2F8C25D181D0B" bold="true" box="[151,335,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Jodis orientalis</emphasis>
Wehrli
</taxonomicName>
, stat. n.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B301F82E76F2F8A55D471D28" blockId="0.[151,527,1842,1903]" box="[151,272,1877,1903]" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
(
<figureCitation id="AE976EF7B301F82E76FAF8A55D5F1D28" box="[159,264,1877,1903]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[283,1303,412,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,395,1478]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Jodis orientalis Wehrli. 1, male, syntype; 2, labels on syntype; 3, male genitalia, aedeagus removed; 4, aedeagus; 5, eighth abdominal sternite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178404/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figs 1, 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="36137272B301F82F76F2F85759111AE8" blockId="0.[151,1436,1956,2015]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,152,369]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B301F82E76F2F8575D4D1DF9" ID-CoL="3QPVQ" box="[151,282,1959,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B301F82E76F2F8575D4D1DF9" box="[151,282,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B301F82E7752F8575E661DF9" authority="Wehrli, 1923" authorityName="Wehrli" authorityYear="1923" box="[311,561,1959,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B301F82E7752F8575DCA1DF9" box="[311,413,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">orientalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B301F82E77C1F8575E661DF9" author="Wehrli" box="[420,561,1959,1982]" pageId="0" pageNumber="68" refString="Wehrli, E. (1923) Neue palaearktische Geometriden-Arten und Formen aus Ostchina (Sammlung Hone). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 37, 61 - 75." type="journal article" year="1923">Wehrli, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Iris 37: 62. 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B301F82E74D3F8575F4B1DF9" box="[694,796,1959,1982]" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
: 1 ɗ, 4 Ψ (ZFMK), &quot;Mokanschan, Schanghai&quot; [
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B301F82E737CF85759081DF9" box="[1305,1375,1959,1982]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">China</collectingCountry>
: Zhejiang, Mogan Shan Mnt., 
<quantity id="F154DF97B301F82E77BDF8385E4C1D98" box="[472,539,1992,2015]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
SW Hangzou]. The name is available based on 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B301F82E7279F83858FF1D98" author="ICZN" box="[1052,1192,1992,2015]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" refString="ICZN. 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Published by the International Turst for Zoological Nomenclature, London. 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN (1999)</bibRefCitation>
article 45.6.4. because the context of the work does not clearly indicate that the name was proposed for an infrasubspecific entitity.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76F2FF485EA71A88" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,369]" box="[151,752,184,207]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F76F2FF485E6E1A88" authority="Prout, 1935: 20" authorityName="Prout" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1935" box="[151,569,184,207]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Iodis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="putata" subSpecies="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2FF485DD41A88" box="[151,387,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Iodis putata orientalis</emphasis>
: Prout, 1935: 20
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 6a (in part?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76F2FF285EF51AA8" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,369]" box="[151,674,216,239]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F76F2FF285EC91AA8" ID-CoL="5J689" authority="Parsons et al., 1999: 528" authorityName="Parsons et al." authorityPageNumber="528" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,670,216,239]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="putata" subSpecies="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2FF285DD01AA8" box="[151,391,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis putata orientalis</emphasis>
: 
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: 528
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76F2FF0A5DA81B76" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,369]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F76F2FF0A5DEB1B57" ID-CoL="3QPV4" authority="Inoue, 1961" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,444,249,273]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2FF0A5D641B56" box="[151,307,250,273]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis angulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B300F82F775FFF095DEB1B57" author="Inoue" box="[314,444,249,272]" pageId="1" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, Insecta Japonica 1(4): 53, text figs 116, 118, pl. 4, figs 91, 92, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F723EFF0958F41B56" bold="true" box="[1115,1187,249,273]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">syn. n.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B300F82F72CFFF0959471B57" box="[1194,1296,249,272]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, ɗ (BMNH), 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B300F82F76A2FEEA5D5F1B76" box="[199,264,282,305]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Japan</collectingCountry>
: Funakoshi, Yokosuka.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76F2FECA5FFA1B36" blockId="1.[151,1436,152,369]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="16BC555CB300F82F76F2FECA5FFA1B36" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F76F2FECA5DA81B16" ID-CoL="3QPV4" authority="Inoue, 1977: 234" authorityName="Inoue" authorityPageNumber="234" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,511,314,337]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2FECA5D621B16" box="[151,309,314,337]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis angulata</emphasis>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="B70D5463B300F82F7721FECA5DA81B16" author="Inoue" box="[324,511,314,337]" page="234" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B300F82F7721FECA5D9F1B16" author="Inoue" box="[324,456,314,337]" pageId="1" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1977) Catalogue of the Geometridae of Japan (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of Faculty of Domestic Sciences, Otsuma Woman's University, 13, 227 - 346." type="journal article" year="1977">Inoue, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 234
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70D5463B300F82F746EFECA5E921B16" author="Inoue" box="[523,709,314,337]" page="434" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B300F82F746EFECA5ED81B16" author="Inoue" box="[523,655,314,337]" pageId="1" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1982) Geometridae. In Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Motiuti S., &amp; Kawabe, A. (eds.), Moths of Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo, vol. 1, 425 - 573, vol. 2, 263 - 310, pls. 55 - 108, 228 - 229, 232, 277, 314 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1982">Inoue, 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 434
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 59: 2, Cat. 2201; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70D5463B300F82F75D5FECA58F51B16" author="Oh" box="[944,1186,314,337]" page="165" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B300F82F75D5FECA583A1B16" author="Oh" box="[944,1133,314,337]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refString="Oh, S. H. &amp; Park, K. T. (1988) The subfamily Geometrinae (Lepidoptera; Geometridae) of" type="book" year="1988">Oh &amp; Park, 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 165
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 23; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70D5463B300F82F7361FECA59C01B16" author="Shin" box="[1284,1431,314,337]" page="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B300F82F7361FECA592B1B16" author="Shin" box="[1284,1404,314,337]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refString="Shin, Y. H. (1996) Synonymic List and Distribution of the Geometridae of Korea (Lepidoptera). Insecta Koreana / Center for Insect Sustematics, Chuncheon, Korea, pp. 1 - 153." type="book chapter" year="1996">
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B300F82F7361FECA59601B16" box="[1284,1335,314,337]" name="Morocco" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Shin</collectingCountry>
, 1996
</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="B70D5463B300F82F76A2FEAA5DC91B36" author="Kim" box="[199,414,346,369]" page="30" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B300F82F76A2FEAA5D201B36" author="Kim" box="[199,375,346,369]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refString="Kim S. S., Beljaev E. A. &amp; Oh, S. H. (2001) Illustrated catalogue of Geometridae in Korea (Lepidoptera, Geometrinae, Ennominae). In Park, K. T. (ed.), Insects of Korea, ser. 8, 278 pp." type="book" year="2001">Kim et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 30
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 24, pl. 2, fig. 6 (as &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F74CDFEAA5F7C1B36" ID-CoL="3QPVQ" box="[680,811,346,369]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F74CDFEAA5F7C1B36" box="[680,811,346,369]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, misprint).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<caption id="62D322FAB300F82F76F2FA3D5E6F1C40" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178404/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[283,1303,412,1452]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76F2FA3D5E6F1C40" blockId="1.[151,1436,1485,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2FA3D5D141FA2" bold="true" box="[151,323,1485,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">FIGURES 1–5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F772EFA3E5E1F1FA2" authority="Wehrli." authorityName="Wehrli." box="[331,584,1486,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F772EFA3E5DA61FA2" box="[331,497,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis orientalis</emphasis>
Wehrli.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F742BFA3D5E0C1FA2" bold="true" box="[590,603,1485,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">1</emphasis>
, male, syntype; 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F7568FA3D5F4D1FA2" bold="true" box="[781,794,1485,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">2</emphasis>
, labels on syntype; 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F7597FA3D5FA81FA2" bold="true" box="[1010,1023,1485,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">3</emphasis>
, male genitalia, aedeagus removed; 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F73EDFA3D59C21FA2" bold="true" box="[1416,1429,1485,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">4</emphasis>
, aedeagus; 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F7763FA005D441C4F" bold="true" box="[262,275,1520,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">5</emphasis>
, eighth abdominal sternite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B300F82C76F2F9CB5DB81805" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76F2F9CB5DDA1C3A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1595,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2F9CB5D5C1C12" bold="true" box="[151,267,1595,1621]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Material.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B300F82F7773F9CB5D2E1C12" box="[278,377,1595,1621]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
, male, labelled: “Mokanshan / b. Hang-tschou”; “ 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F75B9F9CB581B1C13" box="[988,1100,1595,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F75B9F9CB581B1C13" box="[988,1100,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F720EF9CB58E21C13" box="[1131,1205,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Wehrli</emphasis>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F72B3F9CB593D1C13" box="[1238,1386,1595,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F72B3F9CB593D1C13" box="[1238,1386,1595,1620]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ ɗ 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76F2F9935C851C3B" box="[151,210,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Holo</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B300F82F76B4F9935D591C3A" box="[209,270,1635,1661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Type</typeStatus>
” (
<collectionCode id="50BDEAB7B300F82F774DF9935DD71C3A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" box="[296,384,1635,1661]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34613" name="Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">ZFMK</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82F76A2F97B5E481D87" blockId="1.[151,1437,1595,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F76A2F97B5D021CE2" bold="true" box="[199,341,1675,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Taxomomy.</emphasis>
The examined 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B300F82F7469F97B5E301CE2" box="[524,615,1675,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(originally labelled as “ 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B300F82F751BF97B5FA51CE2" box="[894,1010,1675,1701]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
”) of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F724FF97B58ED1CE3" box="[1066,1210,1675,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F724FF97B58ED1CE3" box="[1066,1210,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F72BCF97B591D1CE3" box="[1241,1354,1675,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F72BCF97B591D1CE3" box="[1241,1354,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from true 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F776AF9435E241C8A" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[271,627,1715,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F776AF9435DF61C8B" box="[271,417,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis putata</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
in facies and male genitalia. Based on these features, it is undoubtedly a separate but congeneric species. It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F756EF92B5F261CB3" box="[779,881,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F756EF92B5F261CB3" box="[779,881,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">J. putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the more regular dentition of the postmedial transverse lines, which are not incurved markedly between veins M1 and M3 on the forewing. The male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F7694F8DF5DD61D0F" box="[241,385,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F7694F8DF5DD61D0F" box="[241,385,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F77C7F8DF5E451D0F" box="[418,530,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F77C7F8DF5E451D0F" box="[418,530,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ by possessing a sclerotized dorsal and medial processes (harpe) on the valva and by the different shape of the eighth sternite, which forms two long posterior processes lacking scobination. The shape of the uncus, socii, gnathos, and transtilla, the outline of the valve, and the structure of aedeagus are all typical for 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B300F82F77BFF8575E4F1D87" box="[474,536,1959,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B300F82F77BFF8575E4F1D87" box="[474,536,1959,1984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">Jodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B300F82C76A2F83E597B1B16" blockId="1.[151,1437,1595,2024]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,618]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="1" pageNumber="56">
The 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B300F82F7699F83E5D001DAF" box="[252,343,1998,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="56" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
conforms well to the original description, the figure of the male genitalia, and the images of the adult of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7741FF685D861AF6" box="[292,465,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7741FF685D861AF6" box="[292,465,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis angulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7408FF685F5E1AF5" author="Inoue" box="[621,777,152,178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. The harpe on the original drawing of the male genitalia (
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C76FAFF305DC21A9D" author="Inoue" box="[159,405,192,218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961: fig. 116</bibRefCitation>
) is somewhat narrower and more rounded at the outer margin in comparison with that of the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B303F82C76A1FF185D481B45" box="[196,287,232,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C772EFF185D891B46" box="[331,478,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C772EFF185D891B46" box="[331,478,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7467FF185E251B46" box="[514,626,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7467FF185E251B46" box="[514,626,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AE976EF7B303F82C74E1FF185EA51B45" box="[644,754,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1485,1509]" captionTargetBox="[283,1303,412,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[264,1323,395,1478]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Jodis orientalis Wehrli. 1, male, syntype; 2, labels on syntype; 3, male genitalia, aedeagus removed; 4, aedeagus; 5, eighth abdominal sternite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178404/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Figs 3–5</figureCitation>
). However, this may be the result of slide mounting: the harpe in its natural position is trough-shaped but “unrolled” in the slide preparation. Therefore, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C728AFEE05D711B15" authority="Inoue, 1961" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angulata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C728AFEE059CB1B6E" box="[1263,1436,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis angulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C76F2FEC85D711B15" author="Inoue" box="[151,294,312,338]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7754FEC75DDD1B16" bold="true" box="[305,394,311,337]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FEB131BB303F82C7754FEC75DD41B16" box="[305,387,311,337]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">syn. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
should be treated as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7511FEC8589C1B15" authority="Wehrli, 1923" authorityName="Wehrli" authorityYear="1923" box="[884,1227,312,338]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7511FEC8587E1B16" box="[884,1065,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis orientalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7254FEC8589C1B15" author="Wehrli" box="[1073,1227,312,338]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Wehrli, E. (1923) Neue palaearktische Geometriden-Arten und Formen aus Ostchina (Sammlung Hone). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 37, 61 - 75." type="journal article" year="1923">Wehrli, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C72BDFEC7597B1B16" bold="true" box="[1240,1324,311,337]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">stat. n.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76A2FE905DB81805" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
Based on the new synonymy, previous records of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C756BFE905FC81B3E" box="[782,927,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C756BFE905FC81B3E" box="[782,927,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C75DBFE9058791B3E" box="[958,1070,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C75DBFE9058791B3E" box="[958,1070,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an East Asian subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C76F2FE785D701BE6" box="[151,295,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2FE785D701BE6" box="[151,295,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be regarded as misidentifications (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7533FE785FA11BE5" author="Inoue" box="[854,1014,392,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1946 b) A catalogue of the Geometridae of Korea. Bulletin of the Lepidoptera Society of Japan, 1 (2), 19 - 59." type="journal article" year="1946" yearSuffix="b">Inoue, 1946b</bibRefCitation>
: 44; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C724BFE7858E81BE5" author="Inoue" box="[1070,1215,392,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1956) Check List of Lepidoptera of Japan, pt. 3: Geometridae. Rikusuisha, Tokyo, pp. 219 - 364." type="journal article" year="1956">Inoue, 1956</bibRefCitation>
: 234; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7362FE7859CF1BE5" author="Inoue" box="[1287,1432,392,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961</bibRefCitation>
: 52; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C76A2FE405D0C1B8D" author="Inoue" box="[199,347,432,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1977) Catalogue of the Geometridae of Japan (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of Faculty of Domestic Sciences, Otsuma Woman's University, 13, 227 - 346." type="journal article" year="1977">Inoue, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 234; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C77CDFE405E6B1B8D" author="Inoue" box="[424,572,432,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1982) Geometridae. In Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Motiuti S., &amp; Kawabe, A. (eds.), Moths of Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo, vol. 1, 425 - 573, vol. 2, 263 - 310, pls. 55 - 108, 228 - 229, 232, 277, 314 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1982">Inoue, 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 433; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C74EFFE405F1B1B8D" author="Viidalepp" box="[650,844,432,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Viidalepp, J. R. (1976) [A list of Geometridae of the fauna of USSR. I.] Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 55 (4), 842 - 852. [In Russian with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1976">Viidalepp, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 846; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C75FFFE40580A1B8D" author="Viidalepp" box="[922,1117,432,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U. S. S. R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp." type="book" year="1996">Viidalepp, 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 63; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C72FEFE40593F1B8D" author="Kim" box="[1179,1384,432,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Kim S. S., Beljaev E. A. &amp; Oh, S. H. (2001) Illustrated catalogue of Geometridae in Korea (Lepidoptera, Geometrinae, Ennominae). In Park, K. T. (ed.), Insects of Korea, ser. 8, 278 pp." type="book" year="2001">Kim et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 29; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C76F2FE285D351BB5" author="Hausmann" box="[151,354,472,498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hausmann, A. (2001) Introduction. Archiearinae, Orthostixinae, Desmobathrinae, Alsophilinae, Geometrinae. In Hausmann, A. (ed.). The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 1. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 282 pp." type="book" year="2001">Hausmann, 2001</bibRefCitation>
: 177). The true status of East Asian populations of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C75DEFE28581C1BB6" box="[955,1099,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Jodis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="putata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C75DEFE28581C1BB6" box="[955,1099,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Jodis putata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unresolved, but following preliminary analyses, differences between European and Far Eastern specimens appear insufficient for recognition as separate subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B303F82C76A2FDBF5E7B18A6" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76A2FDBF5925182D" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,618]" box="[199,1394,591,618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76A2FDBF5D30182E" bold="true" box="[199,359,591,617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Distribution.</emphasis>
East 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B303F82C77CDFDA05DB9182D" box="[424,494,592,618]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">China</collectingCountry>
(Zhejiang), 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B303F82C74E5FDA05E90182D" box="[640,711,592,618]" name="South Korea" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Korea</collectingCountry>
(Central, South, Jeju), 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B303F82C75BDFDA0584C182D" box="[984,1051,592,618]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Japan</collectingCountry>
(Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76F2FD375E7B18A6" blockId="2.[151,556,711,738]" box="[151,556,711,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C76F2FD375DE618A5" authority="Matsumura" authorityName="Matsumura" box="[151,433,711,738]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2FD375D7518A6" bold="true" box="[151,290,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
Matsumura
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C77D9FD375E7B18A6" bold="true" box="[444,556,711,737]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">stat. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B303F82C76F2FCE85DF419C8" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76F2FCE85E351908" blockId="2.[151,1436,792,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C76F2FCE85D851968" ID-CoL="94M6D" authority="Matsumura, 1925" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,466,792,815]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2FCE85D5A1968" box="[151,269,792,815]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7771FCE85D851968" author="Matsumura" box="[276,466,792,815]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Matsumura, S. (1925) An enumeration of the butterflies and moths from Saghalien, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 15, 83 - 196, pls 8 - 11." type="journal article" year="1925">Matsumura, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, J. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 15: 156. Type-species: 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7230FCE85D0D1908" ID-CoL="95WZB" authority="Matsumura, 1925" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7230FCE859361968" box="[1109,1377,792,815]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C730DFCE85D0D1908" author="Matsumura" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Matsumura, S. (1925) An enumeration of the butterflies and moths from Saghalien, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 15, 83 - 196, pls 8 - 11." type="journal article" year="1925">Matsumura, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76F2FCA85DF419C8" blockId="2.[151,1436,792,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C76F2FCA85D801928" ID-CoL="92GQD" authority="Inoue, 1946" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1946" box="[151,471,856,879]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2FCA85D1B1928" box="[151,332,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
Inoue, 1946
</taxonomicName>
, Bull. lepidopt. Soc. 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B303F82C74DBFCA85EAC1928" box="[702,763,856,879]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Japan</collectingCountry>
1: 1, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7559FCA75FD01928" bold="true" box="[828,903,855,879]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">syn. n.</emphasis>
Type-species: 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C724FFCA859221928" ID-CoL="96YHX" authority="Prout, 1930" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1930" box="[1066,1397,856,879]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immunis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C724FFCA858BC1928" box="[1066,1259,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Gelasma immunis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7291FCA859221928" author="Prout" box="[1268,1397,856,879]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Prout, L. B. (1930) On the Japanese Geometridae of the Aigner collection. Novitates Zoologicae, 35, 289 - 337." type="journal article" year="1930">Prout, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B303F82C76F2FC4F5E051EC4" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76F2FC4F5E051EC4" blockId="2.[151,1437,959,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2FC4F5D40199E" bold="true" box="[151,279,959,985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The antennae are bipectinate in the male and filiform in the female. In the forewing R1 originates from the discal cell, is very short, and is fused with Sc for a long distance, and M3 and Cu1 are stalked; in the hindwing Rs and M1 are stalked, M3 and Cu1 are stalked, and the margin is slightly angled at M3. The frenulum is present in the male and absent in the female. The male hindtibia has a short distal projection with an androconial tuft. The abdomen lacks crests.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B303F82A76A2FB615808185D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="description">
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76A2FB615ED81F64" blockId="2.[151,1437,959,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76A2FB615D231EED" box="[199,372,1169,1194]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. The socii are similar to the uncus in shape and length; the valva has a strong, scobinate, pointed, arched dorsal process; the transtilla is an entire, narrow, arched bar between the valvae; the aedeagus has a long, posteriorly-directed, scooplike projection near the middle; and the eighth abdominal sternite has a needlelike process on the posterior margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76A2FAC15D3D1F84" blockId="2.[151,1437,959,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76A2FAC15DC61F0D" box="[199,401,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. The lamella antevaginalis is large and subtriangular; the lamella postvaginalis is Wshaped, with the lateral arms lobelike, dilated posteriorly, and with the median angle tonguelike and deflected ventrally; and the corpus bursae is elongate, simple, with a large sacklike posterior dilation lateroventrad of the ductus bursae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76A2FA205DC41D14" blockId="2.[151,1437,959,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76A2FA205D1A1FAD" bold="true" box="[199,333,1488,1514]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
The taxonomic status of the generic name 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7523FA215F9F1FAD" box="[838,968,1489,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7523FA215F9F1FAD" box="[838,968,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was uncertain because the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B303F82C7362FA21596D1FAC" box="[1287,1338,1489,1515]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C76F2FA095D951C55" box="[151,450,1529,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2FA095D951C55" box="[151,450,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was described from a single female without a genitalia dissection. 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7366FA0959CB1C54" author="Prout" box="[1283,1436,1529,1555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Prout, L. B. (1934 - 1939) The Palaearctic Geometridae. Brephinae, Oenochrominae, Hemitheinae, Sterrhinae, Larentiinae. In A. Seitz (ed.), Die Gross Schmetterlinge der Erde, vol. 4. Supplement. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 253, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Prout (1934)</bibRefCitation>
nominally synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C77DCF9D15E6C1C7D" box="[441,571,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C77DCF9D15E6C1C7D" box="[441,571,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C741AF9D15FFA1C7C" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[639,941,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C741AF9D15EA61C7D" box="[639,753,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Chlorissa</emphasis>
Stephens, 1831
</taxonomicName>
, by including 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7233F9D159291C7D" box="[1110,1406,1569,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7233F9D159291C7D" box="[1110,1406,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C76F2F9B95D5E1C25" box="[151,265,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C76F2F9B95D5E1C25" box="[151,265,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but he also indicated that it “may well be a 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C757FF9B95FDB1C25" box="[794,908,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C757FF9B95FDB1C25" box="[794,908,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly however a small 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C72ABF9B959611C25" authority="Prout, 1934: 15" authorityName="Prout" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1934" box="[1230,1334,1609,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C72ABF9B959611C25" box="[1230,1334,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Gelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C7336F9B95D551CCC" author="Prout" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Prout, L. B. (1934 - 1939) The Palaearctic Geometridae. Brephinae, Oenochrominae, Hemitheinae, Sterrhinae, Larentiinae. In A. Seitz (ed.), Die Gross Schmetterlinge der Erde, vol. 4. Supplement. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 253, pls 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Prout, 1934: 15</bibRefCitation>
). While reviewing Matsumura’s collection, 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B303F82C756FF9815FC31CCC" author="Sato" box="[778,916,1649,1675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Sato, R. (2001) Type specimens of the Geometridae (Lepidoptra) described by Matsumura in the Hokkaido University Collection, Japan. Insecta Matsumurana (new series), 58, 115 - 138." type="journal article" year="2001">Sato (2001)</bibRefCitation>
found the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B303F82C7270F981582C1CCC" box="[1045,1147,1649,1675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C72C1F9815C851CF5" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C72C1F9815C851CF5" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a missing abdomen and the wing colour faded to yellow, with the lines almost gone. He compared it with Japanese 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C773EF9315D9A1C9D" box="[347,461,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C773EF9315D9A1C9D" box="[347,461,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species but refrained from associating it with any of them, noting that “material ... from Sakhalin is needed for further studies”; he retained 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C754AF9195FE61D45" box="[815,945,1769,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C754AF9195FE61D45" box="[815,945,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C721BF91958A71D45" box="[1150,1264,1769,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C721BF91958A71D45" box="[1150,1264,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition to the original description, Sato mentioned that the third segment of labial palpi is as long as in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C7286F8E15DD81D14" authority="Walker, 1863" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliterata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C7286F8E15C821D15" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Chlorissa obliterata</emphasis>
(Walker, 1863)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B303F82C76A2F8915D5B1DB4" blockId="2.[151,1437,959,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">
In analyzing the systematic position of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B303F82C74F9F8915F931D3D" box="[668,964,1889,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B303F82C74F9F8915F931D3D" box="[668,964,1889,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="57">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, I collected key characters of the taxon from Matsumura’s original description and his original black-and-white photograph of the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B303F82C72B8F87959111DE4" box="[1245,1350,1929,1955]" pageId="2" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, which was taken from the specimen before it faded, and addition characters provided by Sato. These characters are as follow:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FF685EB41AF5" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" box="[199,739,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
1) wingspan 
<quantity id="F154DF97B302F82D773BFF685DE61AF5" box="[350,433,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
(the original description);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FF305FB31A9D" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" box="[199,996,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">2) wing colour olive-green, fringe whitish (the original description);</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FF185F591B13" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">3) forewing with transverse lines white; border with green deeper than ground colour; slightly wavy, postmedial line curved outward at Cu1 (originally “vein 3”) and curved inward at “suture” between Cu2 and 2A (the original description and the original photograph);</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FE9258441B3B" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" box="[199,1043,354,385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
4) hindwing slightly angled at M3 (the original photograph; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D75E6FE9258521B3B" author="Sato" box="[899,1029,354,380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Sato, R. (2001) Type specimens of the Geometridae (Lepidoptra) described by Matsumura in the Hokkaido University Collection, Japan. Insecta Matsumurana (new series), 58, 115 - 138." type="journal article" year="2001">Sato, 2001</bibRefCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FE7D5F781BE0" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" box="[199,815,397,423]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">5) abdomen without crests (the original description);</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FE455D711BB0" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
6) labial palpi with moderately long third segment (as in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7510FE4658341B88" box="[885,1123,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliterata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7510FE4658341B88" box="[885,1123,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa obliterata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (the original description; 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D76F2FE2D5D4E1BB0" author="Sato" box="[151,281,477,503]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Sato, R. (2001) Type specimens of the Geometridae (Lepidoptra) described by Matsumura in the Hokkaido University Collection, Japan. Insecta Matsumurana (new series), 58, 115 - 138." type="journal article" year="2001">Sato, 2001</bibRefCitation>
);
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FDF55D231832" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
7) forewing with R1 (originally “vein 11”) very short, connected with Sc (originally “vein 12”) and dividing the area between Sc and R veins into two halves (the original description); R1 fused with Sc for long distance (
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7681FDAB5D301832" author="Sato" box="[228,359,603,629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Sato, R. (2001) Type specimens of the Geometridae (Lepidoptra) described by Matsumura in the Hokkaido University Collection, Japan. Insecta Matsumurana (new series), 58, 115 - 138." type="journal article" year="2001">Sato, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FD735DA81E71" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
Characters 1-5 are consistent for geometrids in the genera 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D75EAFD74585618DA" box="[911,1025,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D75EAFD74585618DA" box="[911,1025,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7276FD74588E18DA" box="[1043,1241,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7276FD74588E18DA" box="[1043,1241,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7345FD745D6D1882" authority="Warren, 1896" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Idiochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7345FD7459CC18DA" box="[1312,1435,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Idiochlora</emphasis>
Warren, 1896
</taxonomicName>
. Females of all East Asian species of these 3 genera possess labial palpi in which the third segment is very long except for 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7799FD245EBC18AA" box="[508,747,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliterata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7799FD245EBC18AA" box="[508,747,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa obliterata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7549FD24591218AA" authority="Thierry-Mieg, 1916" authorityName="Thierry-Mieg" authorityYear="1916" box="[812,1349,723,749]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucia">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7549FD24586018AA" box="[812,1079,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma lucia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D722FFD23596A18AA" author="Thierry-Mieg" box="[1098,1341,723,749]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Thierry-Mieg, P. (1916) Descriptions de Lepidopteres nouveaux. Miscellanea Entomologica, 23, 41 - 52." type="journal article" year="1916">Thierry-Mieg, 1916</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which have a similar, moderately long third segment (character 6). However, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7592FD0C58B01952" box="[1015,1255,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliterata">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7592FD0C58B01952" box="[1015,1255,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa obliterata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in contrast to other East Asian 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D773BFCD45D87197A" box="[350,464,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D773BFCD45D87197A" box="[350,464,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species) lacks a green border and white transverse lines, and has a different configuration of the Sc and R1 venation of the forewing, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7528FCBC58021922" box="[845,1109,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucia">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7528FCBC58021922" box="[845,1109,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma lucia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a green border (character 3), and the venation agrees entirely with those described for the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D75BEFC86581519D7" box="[987,1090,886,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7214FC8759CB19D7" box="[1137,1436,887,912]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7214FC8759CB19D7" box="[1137,1436,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(character 7). Variation in the Sc and R1 venation in the discussed species is limited: the state described above for the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D768BFC395D3719A4" box="[238,352,969,995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D77ECFC395EE619A5" box="[393,689,969,994]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D77ECFC395EE619A5" box="[393,689,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7489FC395FA019A5" box="[748,1015,969,994]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucia">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7489FC395FA019A5" box="[748,1015,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma lucia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more common and illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D76F2FC015DCC1E4C" author="Inoue" box="[151,411,1009,1035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue (1961: fig. 128)</bibRefCitation>
; the character state with moderately long fusion of Sc and R1 and longer free initial portions of R1 is shown in 
<figureCitation id="AE976EF7B302F82D77C3FBEC5DAC1E71" box="[422,507,1052,1078]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1747,1771]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,540,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[264,1323,540,1741]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Aoshakuna lucia Thierry-Mieg, adults. 6 – 7, Aoshakuna lucia lucia Thierry-Mieg: 6, male; 7, female. 8 – 11, Aoshakuna lucia ussurica ssp. n.: 8, male; 9, female; 10, head; 11, wing venation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178405/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FBB75FFD1F6E" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
Thus, there is little doubt that 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7454FBB75F0D1E27" box="[561,858,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7454FBB75F0D1E27" box="[561,858,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D722EFBB759021E27" box="[1099,1365,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucia">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D722EFBB759021E27" box="[1099,1365,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma lucia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a result, I restore 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7732FB805EEF1ECE" authority="Matsumura, 1925" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1925" box="[343,696,1135,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7732FB805D8E1ECE" box="[343,473,1136,1161]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7781FB9F5EEF1ECE" author="Matsumura" box="[484,696,1135,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Matsumura, S. (1925) An enumeration of the butterflies and moths from Saghalien, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 15, 83 - 196, pls 8 - 11." type="journal article" year="1925">Matsumura, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D74A3FB9F5F171ECE" bold="true" box="[710,832,1135,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">stat. nov.,</emphasis>
from the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7207FB8059C01ECE" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[1122,1431,1135,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7207FB8058831ECE" box="[1122,1236,1136,1161]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa</emphasis>
Stephens, 1831
</taxonomicName>
; synonymize 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D775DFB685EFB1EF6" authority="Inoue, 1946" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1946" box="[312,684,1175,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D775DFB685DA81EF6" box="[312,511,1176,1201]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
Inoue, 1946
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D74A1FB675F761EF6" bold="true" box="[708,801,1175,1201]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">syn. n.</emphasis>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D75E6FB6858A11EF6" authority="Matsumura, 1925" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1925" box="[899,1270,1175,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D75E6FB6858521EF6" box="[899,1029,1176,1201]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D727DFB6758A11EF6" author="Matsumura" box="[1048,1270,1175,1201]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Matsumura, S. (1925) An enumeration of the butterflies and moths from Saghalien, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 15, 83 - 196, pls 8 - 11." type="journal article" year="1925">Matsumura, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; synonymize 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D76F2FB305ECF1E9E" authority="Matsumura, 1925" authorityName="Matsumura" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,664,1215,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sachalinensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D76F2FB305DE81E9E" box="[151,447,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna sachalinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D77A2FB4F5ECF1E9E" author="Matsumura" box="[455,664,1215,1241]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Matsumura, S. (1925) An enumeration of the butterflies and moths from Saghalien, with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 15, 83 - 196, pls 8 - 11." type="journal article" year="1925">Matsumura, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FEB131BB302F82D74C0FB4F5EA01E9E" box="[677,759,1215,1241]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D74C0FB4F5EA01E9E" bold="true" box="[677,759,1215,1241]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">syn. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7527FB3058B71E9E" authority="Thierry-Mieg, 1916" authorityName="Thierry-Mieg" authorityYear="1916" box="[834,1248,1215,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucia">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7527FB305FBB1E9E" box="[834,1004,1216,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Gelasma lucia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7591FB4F58B71E9E" author="Thierry-Mieg" box="[1012,1248,1215,1241]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Thierry-Mieg, P. (1916) Descriptions de Lepidopteres nouveaux. Miscellanea Entomologica, 23, 41 - 52." type="journal article" year="1916">Thierry-Mieg, 1916</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with the senior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D774CFB185ED91F46" authority="Prout, 1930" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1930" box="[297,654,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immunis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D774CFB185DAC1F46" box="[297,507,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Gelasma immunis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7466FB175ED91F46" author="Prout" box="[515,654,1255,1281]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Prout, L. B. (1930) On the Japanese Geometridae of the Aigner collection. Novitates Zoologicae, 35, 289 - 337." type="journal article" year="1930">Prout, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D74A0FB175EAF1F46" box="[709,760,1255,1281]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D751FFB1858811F46" authority="Inoue, 1946" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1946" box="[890,1238,1255,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D751FFB1858171F46" box="[890,1088,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
Inoue, 1946
</taxonomicName>
; and propose the new combination 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D770CFAE05F641F6E" authority="Thierry-Mieg, 1916" authorityName="Thierry-Mieg" authorityYear="1916" box="[361,819,1295,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucia" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D770CFAE05E7A1F6E" box="[361,557,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna lucia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7459FAFF5F7D1F6E" author="Thierry-Mieg" box="[572,810,1295,1321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Thierry-Mieg, P. (1916) Descriptions de Lepidopteres nouveaux. Miscellanea Entomologica, 23, 41 - 52." type="journal article" year="1916">Thierry-Mieg, 1916</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1FEB131BB302F82D755AFAFF5FFD1F6E" box="[831,938,1295,1321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D755AFAFF5FFD1F6E" bold="true" box="[831,938,1295,1321]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">comb. n.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FAC75F601FE6" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D76A2FAC75D841F16" bold="true" box="[199,467,1335,1361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Species composition.</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7419FAC85F141F16" box="[636,835,1336,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7419FAC85F141F16" box="[636,835,1336,1361]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was monotypic before 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D72E7FAC759721F16" author="Inoue" box="[1154,1317,1335,1361]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1971) The Geometridae of the Ryukyu Islands (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of Faculty of Domestic Sciences, Otsuma Woman's University, 7, 141 - 179." type="journal article" year="1971">Inoue (1971)</bibRefCitation>
included 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D76F2FA905E011F3E" authority="Prout, 1912" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,598,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mixochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorissoides">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D76F2FA905D951F3E" box="[151,450,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Mixochlora chlorissoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D77ACFAAF5E011F3E" author="Prout" box="[457,598,1375,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Prout, L. B. (1912) Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Geometridae, Subfam. Hemitheinae. In Wytsman, P. (ed.). Genera Insectorum, fascicle 129. Verteneuil &amp; L. Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 274, pls 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1912">Prout, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. I consider the latter species to belong to 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7258FA9059321F3E" authority="Warren, 1893" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1893" box="[1085,1381,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Microloxia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7258FA9058E91F3E" box="[1085,1214,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Microloxia</emphasis>
Warren, 1893
</taxonomicName>
(see below). Hence, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7735FA785D851FE6" box="[336,466,1416,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7735FA785D851FE6" box="[336,466,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes only its 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D74C4FA775E841FE6" box="[673,723,1415,1441]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2FA5F592D1CD6" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D76A2FA5F5E721F8E" bold="true" box="[199,549,1455,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Systematics and phylogeny.</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D74DDFA405F6D1F8E" box="[696,826,1456,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D74DDFA405F6D1F8E" box="[696,826,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no closely related genera in 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B302F82D72B6FA5F591C1F8E" box="[1235,1355,1455,1481]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">East Asia</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D733CFA5F5CB21FB6" author="Inoue" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue (1961)</bibRefCitation>
included the genus (as 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7444FA285EB01FB6" box="[545,743,1496,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7444FA285EB01FB6" box="[545,743,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D75C5FA2758731FB6" box="[928,1060,1495,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
and placed it near 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D734FFA285D331C5E" authority="Duponchel, 1829" authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hemithea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D734FFA2859CB1FB6" box="[1322,1436,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Hemithea</emphasis>
Duponchel, 1829
</taxonomicName>
. In addition to 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7471F9F05E8C1C5E" box="[532,731,1536,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7471F9F05E8C1C5E" box="[532,731,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7571F9F05FD11C5E" box="[788,902,1536,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hemithea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7571F9F05FD11C5E" box="[788,902,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Hemithea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he included the following East Asian genera in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D76D0F9D75D6A1C06" box="[181,317,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D772DF9D85E201C06" authority="Stephens, 1831" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1831" box="[328,631,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D772DF9D85DED1C06" box="[328,442,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa</emphasis>
Stephens, 1831
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D74E6F9D85FE01C06" authority="Warren, 1896" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1896" box="[643,951,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Diplodesma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D74E6F9D85F461C06" box="[643,785,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Diplodesma</emphasis>
Warren, 1896
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D75BAF9D859521C06" authority="Warren, 1896" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1896" box="[991,1285,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Idiochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D75BAF9D8580C1C06" box="[991,1115,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Idiochlora</emphasis>
Warren, 1896
</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D737FF9D85D341C2E" authority="Inoue, 1961" authorityName="Inoue" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Parachlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D737FF9D85C921C2E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Parachlorissa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D76B4F9BF5D341C2E" author="Inoue" box="[209,355,1615,1641]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D77F2F9A05E8D1C2E" authority="Warren, 1897" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" box="[407,730,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pamphlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D77F2F9A05E721C2E" box="[407,549,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Pamphlebia</emphasis>
Warren, 1897
</taxonomicName>
); 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7490F9A05FAC1C2E" authority="Prout, 1912" authorityName="Prout" authorityYear="1912" box="[757,1019,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7490F9A05F0C1C2E" box="[757,859,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Culpinia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D750CF9BF5FAC1C2E" author="Prout" box="[873,1019,1615,1641]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Prout, L. B. (1912) Lepidoptera Heterocera, Fam. Geometridae, Subfam. Hemitheinae. In Wytsman, P. (ed.). Genera Insectorum, fascicle 129. Verteneuil &amp; L. Desmet, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 274, pls 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="1912">Prout, 1912</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7221F9A059001C2E" authority="Hubner, 1823" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1823" box="[1092,1367,1615,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7221F9A058F61C2E" box="[1092,1185,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Thalera</emphasis>
Hübner, 1823
</taxonomicName>
. This generic composition generally corresponds to the tribes 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7542F9875FFC1CD6" box="[807,939,1655,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
and Thalerini 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7232F98858CF1CD6" box="[1111,1176,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D72FAF98759211CD6" author="Hausmann" box="[1183,1398,1655,1681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hausmann, A. (2001) Introduction. Archiearinae, Orthostixinae, Desmobathrinae, Alsophilinae, Geometrinae. In Hausmann, A. (ed.). The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 1. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 282 pp." type="book" year="2001">Hausmann (2001)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82D76A2F96F59161D1E" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
However, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7724F9505DE41CFE" box="[321,435,1696,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hemithea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7724F9505DE41CFE" box="[321,435,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Hemithea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D778AF96F5E761CFE" box="[495,545,1695,1721]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
genus of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D74FDF96F5F481CFE" box="[664,799,1695,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
, has a transtilla that is quite different from that of the other genera – it is a broad plate connected to the valvae by narrow stalks, similar to that found in Jodini, Microloxiini, and Hemistolini (
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D746DF9005E1E1D4E" box="[520,585,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7437F91F5EB61D4E" author="Inoue" box="[594,737,1775,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D757AF91F5FBC1D4E" author="Hausmann" box="[799,1003,1775,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hausmann, A. (2001) Introduction. Archiearinae, Orthostixinae, Desmobathrinae, Alsophilinae, Geometrinae. In Hausmann, A. (ed.). The Geometrid Moths of Europe, vol. 1. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 282 pp." type="book" year="2001">Hausmann, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7265F91F59CB1D4E" author="Stekolnikov" box="[1024,1436,1775,1801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Stekolnikov, A. A. &amp; Kuznetzov, V. I. (1981) [Functional morphology of the male genitalia and notes on the system of geometrids of the subfamily Geometrinae.] Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 60 (3), 535 - 549. [In Russian with English summury] [English translation: Stekolnikov, A. A., Kuznetzov, V. I. (1981) Functional morphology of the male genitalia and notes on the system of the subfamily Geometrinae. Entomological Review, Washington, 60 (3), 37 - 54.]" type="journal article" year="1981">Stekolnikov and Kuznetzov (1981)</bibRefCitation>
consider this 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D775CF8E75D3B1D76" box="[313,364,1815,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
of transtilla the plesiomorphic state compared to the transtilla of 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D72EFF8E858BA1D76" box="[1162,1261,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Clorissa</emphasis>
, in which this sclerite is solidly connected with the valvae, arched, narrow, and with more developed “lateral lobes.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B302F82A76A2F8975FA31AF5" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2001]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
This apomorphic 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B302F82D77F9F8975D981DC6" box="[412,463,1895,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
of transtilla is consistent for all genera included in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D722FF89758991DC6" box="[1098,1230,1895,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B302F82D7364F89759CA1DC6" author="Inoue" box="[1281,1437,1895,1921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue (1961)</bibRefCitation>
except for 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7771F8605DD11DEE" box="[276,390,1936,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hemithea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7771F8605DD11DEE" box="[276,390,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Hemithea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and always is accompanied by the presence of a sclerotized dorsal process on the valva. This apomorphy strongly suggests the monophyly of the Palaearctic genera 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D7222F848589E1D96" box="[1095,1225,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D7222F848589E1D96" box="[1095,1225,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82D72B8F84859181D96" box="[1245,1359,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82D72B8F84859181D96" box="[1245,1359,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B302F82A7306F8485CB41AF6" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Idiochlora" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B302F82A7306F8485CB41AF6" italics="true" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Idiochlora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7697FF685D281AF6" box="[242,383,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pamphlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7697FF685D281AF6" box="[242,383,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Pamphlebia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77EBFF685DA21AF6" box="[398,501,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77EBFF685DA21AF6" box="[398,501,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7466FF685F051AF5" authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[515,850,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dyschloropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7466FF685EFD1AF6" box="[515,682,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Dyschloropsis</emphasis>
Warren, 1895
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A75F5FF685FBA1AF6" box="[912,1005,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A75F5FF685FBA1AF6" box="[912,1005,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thalera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2FF305FB71B15" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
If this hypothesis is correct, Thalerini Herbulot, 1963, should be subordinated to 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72CBFF305C831B45" authority="Bruand, 1846" authorityName="Bruand" authorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini Bruand, 1846</taxonomicName>
, in the treatment of the latter by 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A7405FF185EAB1B45" author="Inoue" box="[608,764,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, or in its broader concept, including Jodini 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A7362FF1859C01B45" author="Inoue" box="[1287,1431,232,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Inoue, H. (1961) Lepidoptera: Geometridae (1). Insecta Japonica, ser. 1, pt. 4. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, 106 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1961">Inoue, 1961</bibRefCitation>
, following 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A7776FEE05D8A1B6D" author="Viidalepp" box="[275,477,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Viidalepp, J (1981) [On the suprageneric systematics of geometrids of the subfamily Geometrinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)]. Voprosy obschei entomologii. Trudy Vsesouznogo entomologicheskogo obtchestva (Horae Societas entomologica Unionis Sovieticae), 63, 90 - 95. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1981">Viidalepp (1981)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A747EFEE058621B6D" author="Holloway" box="[539,1077,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1996) The Moths of Borneo: family Geometridae, subfamilies Oenochrominae, Desmobahrinae and Geometrinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 49, 147 - 326." type="journal article" year="1996">Holloway (1996, but as subtribe Hemitheiti)</bibRefCitation>
. Alternatively, all enumerated Palaearctic genera, except 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77AAFEC85E161B16" box="[463,577,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hemithea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77AAFEC85E161B16" box="[463,577,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hemithea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, should be transferred to Thalerini.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2FE905808185D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
For North 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B305F82A7720FE905DFD1B3D" box="[325,426,352,378]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
geometrids, 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A7420FE905F571B3D" author="Ferguson" box="[581,768,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson (1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A756BFE905F1D1B3D" author="Ferguson" box="[782,842,352,378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1985) Geometroidea, Geometridae (Part), Geometrinae. In Dominick, R. B. et al. (eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico, fascicle 18.1, i-xxi + 1 - 131, pls 1 - 4. E. W. Classey Ltd., London, England." type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
) included in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A758DFE90583B1B3D" box="[1000,1132,352,378]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
5 genera: 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A728FFE905D741BE5" authority="Hulst, 1896" authorityName="Hulst" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A728FFE9059CB1B3E" box="[1258,1436,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorochlamys</emphasis>
Hulst, 1896
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A774AFE785E231BE5" authority="Ferguson, 1969" authorityName="Ferguson" authorityYear="1969" box="[303,628,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Xerochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A774AFE785DE31BE6" box="[303,436,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Xerochlora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A77DEFE785E231BE5" author="Ferguson" box="[443,628,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A74E5FE785FF91BE5" authority="Hulst, 1896" authorityName="Hulst" authorityYear="1896" box="[640,942,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chloropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A74E5FE785F4C1BE6" box="[640,795,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chloropteryx</emphasis>
Hulst, 1896
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A75DFFE7858BB1BE5" authority="Ferguson, 1969" authorityName="Ferguson" authorityYear="1969" box="[954,1260,392,418]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A75DFFE78587B1BE6" box="[954,1068,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A7256FE7858BB1BE5" author="Ferguson" box="[1075,1260,392,418]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A734FFE785D6E1B8D" authority="Warren, 1901" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A734FFE7859CB1BE6" box="[1322,1436,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
Warren, 1901
</taxonomicName>
. The first three have a wide transtilla similar to that in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A75D1FE4058711B8E" box="[948,1062,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hemithea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A75D1FE4058711B8E" box="[948,1062,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hemithea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the last two possess a transtilla of the 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7742FE285DDC1BB6" box="[295,395,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Clorissa</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B305F82A77F1FE285D9D1BB5" box="[404,458,472,498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
. Hence, Ferguson’s treatment of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7531FE285F8F1BB5" box="[852,984,472,498]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
corresponds to its broad concept. For Neotropical 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A774DFDF05D94185D" box="[296,451,512,538]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geometrinae">Geometrinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A77ABFDF05E3D185D" author="Pitkin" box="[462,618,512,538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="68" refString="Pitkin, L. M. (1996) Neotropical emerald moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118 (4), 309 - 440." type="journal article" year="1996">Pitkin (1996)</bibRefCitation>
also accepted a broad concept of the tribe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B305F82A76A2FDD85FBB1C45" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2FDD858C618A5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76A2FDD85E211805" authority="Han &amp; Stuning, 2007" authorityName="Han &amp; Stuning" authorityYear="2007" box="[199,630,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76A2FDD85D321806" box="[199,357,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A770AFDD85E211805" author="Han" box="[367,630,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Han, H. - G., Stuning, D. &amp; Xue, D. - Y. (2007) Epichrysodes gen. n., a new genus of Geometrinae from the West Tianmu mountains, China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), with description of a new species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 54 (1), 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2007">Han &amp; Stüning, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, recently was described from the mountains of southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B305F82A7333FDD859CB1805" box="[1366,1436,552,578]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A76FAFDA05D9D182D" author="Han" box="[159,458,592,618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Han, H. - G., Stuning, D. &amp; Xue, D. - Y. (2007) Epichrysodes gen. n., a new genus of Geometrinae from the West Tianmu mountains, China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), with description of a new species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 54 (1), 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2007">Han, Stüning, Xue, 2007</bibRefCitation>
), and according to the authors, it exhibits characters of both Thalerini and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A735FFDA05C9418D5" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76B6FD885D4318D6" box="[211,276,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">sensu</emphasis>
Hausmann), supporting the larger concept of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A754FFD885FE518D5" box="[810,946,632,658]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
. Here I agree with the opinion of previous authors and include 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77E0FD505E5018FE" ID-CoL="94M6D" box="[389,519,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77E0FD505E5018FE" box="[389,519,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the broad concept of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A754DFD505FE718FD" box="[808,944,672,698]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
. However, the tribe needs to be evaluated in regards to its possible paraphyly in relation to Hemistolini, Jodini, and Microloxiini.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2FD005FBB1C45" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
Within the discussed group of genera, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A74FEFD005F4A194E" ID-CoL="94M6D" box="[667,797,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A74FEFD005F4A194E" box="[667,797,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may form a monophyletic group with 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7292FD0059C2194E" box="[1271,1429,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7292FD0059C2194E" box="[1271,1429,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76F2FCE85CA91976" ID-CoL="926CT" box="[151,254,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76F2FCE85CA91976" box="[151,254,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7768FCE85D281976" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[269,383,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7768FCE85D281976" box="[269,383,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for male and female genitalia of East Asian species see 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A7243FCE858B41975" author="Beljaev" box="[1062,1251,792,818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Beljaev, E. A. (1987) [Geometrid moths of the genus Chlorissa Stephens (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from the Far East of USSR]. In Lehr, A. P. (ed.), Cheshuekrylye Dal'nego Vostoka SSSR. FEB AS USSR, Vladivostok, 74 - 78. [In Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1987">Beljaev (1987))</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7295FCE859351976" ID-CoL="92BL5" box="[1264,1378,792,817]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7295FCE859351976" box="[1264,1378,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76F2FCB05D5E191E" ID-CoL="92FF9" box="[151,265,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76F2FCB05D5E191E" box="[151,265,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for morphology of the last two see 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A74A3FCB05FD3191D" author="Ferguson" box="[710,900,832,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson (1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B305F82A75F7FCB05F87191D" author="Ferguson" box="[914,976,832,858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1985) Geometroidea, Geometridae (Part), Geometrinae. In Dominick, R. B. et al. (eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico, fascicle 18.1, i-xxi + 1 - 131, pls 1 - 4. E. W. Classey Ltd., London, England." type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
)). With them, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A721AFCB0594A191E" box="[1151,1309,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A721AFCB0594A191E" box="[1151,1309,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A734BFCB059C3191E" ID-CoL="926CT" box="[1326,1428,832,857]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A734BFCB059C3191E" box="[1326,1428,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76AFFC985D6B19C6" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[202,316,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76AFFC985D6B19C6" box="[202,316,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(species related to 
<typeStatus id="E917CCD0B305F82A7440FC985E0019C5" box="[549,599,872,898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus) share a pointed, scobinate dorsal process on the valva, spinules on the apex of the aedeagus, and a W-shaped postvaginal plate, which in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72A6FC60597D19EE" ID-CoL="926CT" box="[1219,1322,912,937]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72A6FC60597D19EE" box="[1219,1322,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has rudimentary lateral branches (the female of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A740FFC485F5F1996" box="[618,776,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A740FFC485F5F1996" box="[618,776,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown). Also, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7590FC4858301996" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[1013,1127,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7590FC4858301996" box="[1013,1127,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72C5FC4859501996" ID-CoL="926CT" box="[1184,1287,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72C5FC4859501996" box="[1184,1287,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share a similar apomorphic convex projection on the dorsal side at the middle of aedeagus, which could be an early development of the long scooplike process of the aedeagus present in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A726FFBF858DB1E66" ID-CoL="94M6D" box="[1034,1164,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A726FFBF858DB1E66" box="[1034,1164,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72B4FBF859381E66" box="[1233,1391,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72B4FBF859381E66" box="[1233,1391,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76F2FBC05D5E1E0E" ID-CoL="92FF9" box="[151,265,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76F2FBC05D5E1E0E" box="[151,265,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the male has a characteristic knoblike median basal process on the valva that probably is homologous and synapomorphic with that in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A743FFBA85E9B1E36" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[602,716,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A743FFBA85E9B1E36" box="[602,716,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the costal process of the valva in the former is smooth, not scobinate. However, a smooth costal process is present in some 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A75D2FB70587E1EDE" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[951,1065,1152,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A75D2FB70587E1EDE" box="[951,1065,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well (e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72AAFB705D911E85" ID-CoL="5Y8D4" authority="Oberthur, 1879" authorityName="Oberthur" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphitritaria">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72AAFB705CBB1E86" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa amphitritaria</emphasis>
(Oberthür, 1879))
</taxonomicName>
. The structure of the sclerites of the osteal area in females of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72F4FB5859541E86" ID-CoL="92FF9" box="[1169,1283,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72F4FB5859541E86" box="[1169,1283,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is somewhat similar to that in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7703FB205E7F1EAE" ID-CoL="5Y8D4" box="[358,552,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphitritaria">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7703FB205E7F1EAE" box="[358,552,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">C. amphitritaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and suggests a potential close relationship between the two genera. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A733CFB205C871F56" ID-CoL="92BL5" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A733CFB205C871F56" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also may be monophyletic with 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7428FB085EE81F56" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[589,703,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7428FB085EE81F56" box="[589,703,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A749DFB085F3D1F56" ID-CoL="92FF9" box="[760,874,1272,1297]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A749DFB085F3D1F56" box="[760,874,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the female genitalia, which are almost identical with those of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77C1FAD05E411F7E" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[420,534,1312,1337]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77C1FAD05E411F7E" box="[420,534,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and possess a putatively synapomorphic setose processes on the postvaginal area. However, the last genus lacks the knoblike median basal process on the valva (probable plesiomorphy) and has the costal sclerite reduced and completely fused with the valva; however, the costal sclerite retains scobination. In addition, the putative close relationship among 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A751BFA68584B1FF6" box="[894,1052,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A751BFA68584B1FF6" box="[894,1052,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A724EFA6858C51FF6" ID-CoL="926CT" box="[1067,1170,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A724EFA6858C51FF6" box="[1067,1170,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72C4FA6859441FF6" ID-CoL="9259F" box="[1185,1299,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72C4FA6859441FF6" box="[1185,1299,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7346FA6859C21FF6" ID-CoL="92BL5" box="[1315,1429,1432,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7346FA6859C21FF6" box="[1315,1429,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76ADFA305D6D1F9E" ID-CoL="92FF9" box="[200,314,1472,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76ADFA305D6D1F9E" box="[200,314,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is supported by the presence of a unique scooplike sclerotization on the vesica of the aedeagus; but this sclerotization is absent in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7440FA185EF01C46" ID-CoL="94M6D" box="[549,679,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7440FA185EF01C46" box="[549,679,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(possibly secondarily lost).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7EB621F9B305F82876A2F9E05E2919BD" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2F9E05DB71D5D" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
In the discussed group of genera, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7431F9E05EED1C6E" box="[596,698,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7431F9E05EED1C6E" box="[596,698,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be the earliest derived. 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A726AF9E058C61C6E" box="[1039,1169,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A726AF9E058C61C6E" box="[1039,1169,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A72C4F9E059681C6E" box="[1185,1343,1552,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A72C4F9E059681C6E" box="[1185,1343,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A732BF9E05C921C16" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A732BF9E05C921C16" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76B0F9C85D101C16" box="[213,327,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76B0F9C85D101C16" box="[213,327,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77EEF9C85DAA1C16" box="[395,509,1592,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77EEF9C85DAA1C16" box="[395,509,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the following putative synapomorphies: a conical, spinelike process on the eighth abdominal sternite in the male (bifurcate in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A757BF9905FC71C3E" box="[798,912,1632,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A757BF9905FC71C3E" box="[798,912,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); narrow lateral branches (fused caudally in 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76F2F9785D5E1CE6" box="[151,265,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76F2F9785D5E1CE6" box="[151,265,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A777EF9785DDA1CE6" box="[283,397,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A777EF9785DDA1CE6" box="[283,397,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77A8F9785E681CE6" box="[461,575,1672,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77A8F9785E681CE6" box="[461,575,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) derived from the postvaginal plate; and an asymmetric corpus bursae with an inflated posterior wall lateroventrad from the ductus bursae. However, the presence in the male of a conical spinelike process on the eighth abdominal sternite is not unique as it also occurs in some 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7345F92859CC1CB6" box="[1312,1435,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Idiochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7345F92859CC1CB6" box="[1312,1435,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Idiochlora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A76ADF8F05D1E1D5E" box="[200,329,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Microloxia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A76ADF8F05D1E1D5E" box="[200,329,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Microloxia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2F8D85FCE1DD5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
The putative sister relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A74CDF8D85F7D1D06" box="[680,810,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A74CDF8D85F7D1D06" box="[680,810,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7503F8D858531D06" box="[870,1028,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7503F8D858531D06" box="[870,1028,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is supported by the characteristic mesally-curved socii and the unique, long, posteriorly-directed, scooplike projection on the dorsal side of aedeagus. Unfortunately, the female of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7401F8885F551DD6" box="[612,770,1912,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7401F8885F551DD6" box="[612,770,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Epichrysodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B305F82A76A2F85058D31DA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
The putative phylogeny of the group is shown in 
<figureCitation id="AE976EF7B305F82A7576F8505F3D1DFD" box="[787,874,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="11.[151,254,934,958]" captionTargetBox="[410,1197,199,933]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[379,1208,168,967]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 21. Putative phylogeny of the selected genera of Hemitheini. Numbers right of internodes correspond to numbers of apomorphies in Table 1. Position of Aoshakuna Matsumura indicated by bold." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/178409/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
; apomorphies are enumerated in 
<tableCitation id="7B2E47C9B305F82A7290F85059191DFD" box="[1269,1358,1952,1978]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,208,2007]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Apomorphies in the selected genera of Hemitheini." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62D322FAB304F82B76F2FF675F661AE8" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" tableUuid="62D322FAB304F82B76F2FF675F661AE8">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Relationships among 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A773AF8385DEB1DA6" box="[351,444,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A773AF8385DEB1DA6" box="[351,444,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Thalera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A77AFF8385E261DA6" box="[458,625,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Dyschloropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A77AFF8385E261DA6" box="[458,625,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Dyschloropsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A74E5F8385EAB1DA6" box="[640,764,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Idiochlora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A74E5F8385EAB1DA6" box="[640,764,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Idiochlora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B305F82A7559F8385F9D1DA6" box="[828,970,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Pamphlebia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B305F82A7559F8385F9D1DA6" box="[828,970,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Pamphlebia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unresolved.
</paragraph>
<caption id="62D322FAB304F82B76F2FF675F661AE8" ID-Table-UUID="62D322FAB304F82B76F2FF675F661AE8" box="[151,817,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/62D322FAB304F82B76F2FF675F661AE8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[159,1429,208,2007]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="36137272B304F82B76F2FF675F661AE8" blockId="5.[151,817,151,175]" box="[151,817,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B76F2FF675D5F1AE8" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Apomorphies in the selected genera of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B74D7FF685F791AE8" box="[690,814,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="36137272B304F82B76FAFF2059731DF3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<table id="44AC80D2B30407D176FAFF2059C21D90" box="[159,1429,208,2007]" gridcols="8" gridrows="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFF2059C21BD3" box="[159,1429,208,404]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFF205D821BD3" box="[159,469,208,404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Apomorpies</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FF205E091BD3" box="[484,606,208,404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B7781FF205E591B6B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B7781FF205E6C1AA0" box="[484,571,208,231]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Thalera</taxonomicName>
, Dyschloro- psis
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B744FFEE55E511BD3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Idio- chlora, Pamphle- bia</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFF205E9C1BD3" box="[622,715,208,404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B740BFF205E9C1AA0" box="[622,715,208,231]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B740BFF205E9C1AA0" box="[622,715,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFF205F391BD3" box="[760,878,208,404]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B749DFF205F4B1B4E" box="[760,877,208,265]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Epichryso- des</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFF205FAF1BD3" box="[894,1016,208,404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B751BFF205FA21AA0" box="[894,1013,208,231]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B751BFF205FA21AA0" box="[894,1013,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FF2058291BD3" box="[1037,1150,208,404]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B7268FF2058231AA0" box="[1037,1140,208,231]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B7268FF2058231AA0" box="[1037,1140,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Hethemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FF2059521BD3" box="[1181,1285,208,404]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B72F8FF2059521AA0" box="[1181,1285,208,231]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B72F8FF2059521AA0" box="[1181,1285,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FF2059C21BD3" box="[1301,1429,208,404]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B304F82B7370FF20592A1AA0" box="[1301,1405,208,231]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mesothea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B304F82B7370FF20592A1AA0" box="[1301,1405,208,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">Mesothea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFE5859C21860" box="[159,1429,424,551]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFE585D821860" box="[159,469,424,551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">1. Transtilla solidly con- nected with valvae, narrow, arched, has prominent &quot;lat- eral lobes&quot;</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FE585E091860" box="[484,606,424,551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFE585E9C1860" box="[622,715,424,551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFE585F391860" box="[760,878,424,551]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFE585FAF1860" box="[894,1016,424,551]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FE5858291860" box="[1037,1150,424,551]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FE5859521860" box="[1181,1285,424,551]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FE5859C21860" box="[1301,1429,424,551]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFDCA59C218FE" box="[159,1429,570,697]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFDCA5D8218FE" box="[159,469,570,697]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">2. Dorsal sclerotization on valva with free distal process</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FDCA5E0918FE" box="[484,606,570,697]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFDCA5E9C18FE" box="[622,715,570,697]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFDCA5F3918FE" box="[760,878,570,697]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFDCA5FAF18FE" box="[894,1016,570,697]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FDCA582918FE" box="[1037,1150,570,697]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">- (second- arily reduced?)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FDCA595218FE" box="[1181,1285,570,697]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FDCA59C218FE" box="[1301,1429,570,697]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFD3D59C2190B" box="[159,1429,717,844]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFD3D5D82190B" box="[159,469,717,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">3. Dorsal process on valva pointed, scobinate</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FD3D5E09190B" box="[484,606,717,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFD3D5E9C190B" box="[622,715,717,844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFD3D5F39190B" box="[760,878,717,844]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFD3D5FAF190B" box="[894,1016,717,844]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FD3D5829190B" box="[1037,1150,717,844]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">- (scobinate costal bulge)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FD3D5952190B" box="[1181,1285,717,844]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+/-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FD3D59C2190B" box="[1301,1429,717,844]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">- (second- arily modi- fied?)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFC9059C219DE" box="[159,1429,864,921]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFC905D8219DE" box="[159,469,864,921]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">4. Apex of aedeagus with spinules</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FC905E0919DE" box="[484,606,864,921]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFC905E9C19DE" box="[622,715,864,921]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFC905F3919DE" box="[760,878,864,921]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFC905FAF19DE" box="[894,1016,864,921]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FC90582919DE" box="[1037,1150,864,921]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FC90595219DE" box="[1181,1285,864,921]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FC9059C219DE" box="[1301,1429,864,921]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFC5D59C219A0" box="[159,1429,941,999]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFC5D5D8219A0" box="[159,469,941,999]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">5. Postvaginal plate W- shaped</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FC5D5E0919A0" box="[484,606,941,999]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFC5D5E9C19A0" box="[622,715,941,999]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFC5D5F3919A0" box="[760,878,941,999]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">?</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFC5D5FAF19A0" box="[894,1016,941,999]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FC5D582919A0" box="[1037,1150,941,999]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FC5D595219A0" box="[1181,1285,941,999]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FC5D59C219A0" box="[1301,1429,941,999]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFC0A59C21E3E" box="[159,1429,1018,1145]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFC0A5D821E3E" box="[159,469,1018,1145]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">6. Aedeagus with convex projection on the dorsal side at the middle</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FC0A5E091E3E" box="[484,606,1018,1145]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFC0A5E9C1E3E" box="[622,715,1018,1145]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFC0A5F391E3E" box="[760,878,1018,1145]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+ (modified, see Ap. 12)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFC0A5FAF1E3E" box="[894,1016,1018,1145]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+ (modified, see Ap. 12)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FC0A58291E3E" box="[1037,1150,1018,1145]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">?</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FC0A59521E3E" box="[1181,1285,1018,1145]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FC0A59C21E3E" box="[1301,1429,1018,1145]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFB7D59C21F4B" box="[159,1429,1165,1292]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFB7D5D821F4B" box="[159,469,1165,1292]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">7.Vesica of aedeagus with scoop-like sclerotization</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FB7D5E091F4B" box="[484,606,1165,1292]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFB7D5E9C1F4B" box="[622,715,1165,1292]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFB7D5F391F4B" box="[760,878,1165,1292]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+ (small)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFB7D5FAF1F4B" box="[894,1016,1165,1292]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">- (second- arily reduced?)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FB7D58291F4B" box="[1037,1150,1165,1292]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FB7D59521F4B" box="[1181,1285,1165,1292]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FB7D59C21F4B" box="[1301,1429,1165,1292]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFAD059C21F3B" box="[159,1429,1312,1404]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFAD05D821F3B" box="[159,469,1312,1404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">8.Eighth abdominal sternite in male with conic spine-like process</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FAD05E091F3B" box="[484,606,1312,1404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFAD05E9C1F3B" box="[622,715,1312,1404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFAD05F391F3B" box="[760,878,1312,1404]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFAD05FAF1F3B" box="[894,1016,1312,1404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FAD058291F3B" box="[1037,1150,1312,1404]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+ (bifurcate)</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FAD059521F3B" box="[1181,1285,1312,1404]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FAD059C21F3B" box="[1301,1429,1312,1404]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFA6059C21F8E" box="[159,1429,1424,1481]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFA605D821F8E" box="[159,469,1424,1481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">9. Postvaginal plate with narrow lateral branches</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FA605E091F8E" box="[484,606,1424,1481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFA605E9C1F8E" box="[622,715,1424,1481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFA605F391F8E" box="[760,878,1424,1481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">?</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFA605FAF1F8E" box="[894,1016,1424,1481]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FA6058291F8E" box="[1037,1150,1424,1481]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FA6059521F8E" box="[1181,1285,1424,1481]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FA6059C21F8E" box="[1301,1429,1424,1481]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAFA2D59C21C1B" box="[159,1429,1501,1628]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAFA2D5D821C1B" box="[159,469,1501,1628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">10. Corpus bursae asymmet- ric, with inflated posterior wall lateroventrad from duc- tus bursae</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781FA2D5E091C1B" box="[484,606,1501,1628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BFA2D5E9C1C1B" box="[622,715,1501,1628]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DFA2D5F391C1B" box="[760,878,1501,1628]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">?</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BFA2D5FAF1C1B" box="[894,1016,1501,1628]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268FA2D58291C1B" box="[1037,1150,1501,1628]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8FA2D59521C1B" box="[1181,1285,1501,1628]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370FA2D59C21C1B" box="[1301,1429,1501,1628]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAF98059C21CEE" box="[159,1429,1648,1705]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAF9805D821CEE" box="[159,469,1648,1705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">11. Socii curved at the mid- dle</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781F9805E091CEE" box="[484,606,1648,1705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BF9805E9C1CEE" box="[622,715,1648,1705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DF9805F391CEE" box="[760,878,1648,1705]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BF9805FAF1CEE" box="[894,1016,1648,1705]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268F98058291CEE" box="[1037,1150,1648,1705]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8F98059521CEE" box="[1181,1285,1648,1705]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370F98059C21CEE" box="[1301,1429,1648,1705]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAF94D59C21D5E" box="[159,1429,1725,1817]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAF94D5D821D5E" box="[159,469,1725,1817]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">12. Aedeagus with long, posteriorly directed, scoop- like projection on dorsal side</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781F94D5E091D5E" box="[484,606,1725,1817]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BF94D5E9C1D5E" box="[622,715,1725,1817]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DF94D5F391D5E" box="[760,878,1725,1817]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BF94D5FAF1D5E" box="[894,1016,1725,1817]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268F94D58291D5E" box="[1037,1150,1725,1817]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8F94D59521D5E" box="[1181,1285,1725,1817]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370F94D59C21D5E" box="[1301,1429,1725,1817]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAF8DD59C21DCE" box="[159,1429,1837,1929]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAF8DD5D821DCE" box="[159,469,1837,1929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">13. Postvaginal aria with pair of setose processes</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781F8DD5E091DCE" box="[484,606,1837,1929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BF8DD5E9C1DCE" box="[622,715,1837,1929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DF8DD5F391DCE" box="[760,878,1837,1929]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">?</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BF8DD5FAF1DCE" box="[894,1016,1837,1929]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268F8DD58291DCE" box="[1037,1150,1837,1929]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8F8DD59521DCE" box="[1181,1285,1837,1929]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+/-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370F8DD59C21DCE" box="[1301,1429,1837,1929]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+ (rudimen- tary)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="889C7030B30407D176FAF86D59C21D90" box="[159,1429,1949,2007]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">
<th id="CB4D194CB30407D176FAF86D5D821D90" box="[159,469,1949,2007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">14. Valva with knob-like median basal process</th>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17781F86D5E091D90" box="[484,606,1949,2007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1740BF86D5E9C1D90" box="[622,715,1949,2007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1749DF86D5F391D90" box="[760,878,1949,2007]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D1751BF86D5FAF1D90" box="[894,1016,1949,2007]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17268F86D58291D90" box="[1037,1150,1949,2007]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">-</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D172F8F86D59521D90" box="[1181,1285,1949,2007]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
<td id="CB4D194CB30407D17370F86D59C21D90" box="[1301,1429,1949,2007]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="60">+</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B307F82876A2FF685D0C18FD" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,1018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F82876A2FF685DC61AF5" author="Viidalepp" box="[199,401,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Viidalepp, J (1981) [On the suprageneric systematics of geometrids of the subfamily Geometrinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)]. Voprosy obschei entomologii. Trudy Vsesouznogo entomologicheskogo obtchestva (Horae Societas entomologica Unionis Sovieticae), 63, 90 - 95. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1981">Viidalepp (1981)</bibRefCitation>
suspected a sister relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287513FF685FAF1AF6" box="[886,1016,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F8287513FF685FAF1AF6" box="[886,1016,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“ 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F828727CFF6858881AF6" box="[1049,1247,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nipponogelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F828727CFF6858881AF6" box="[1049,1247,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Nipponogelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” of the author) and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82876AEFF305D851A9D" authority="Moore, 1887" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1887" box="[203,466,192,218]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Maxates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F82876AEFF305D791A9E" box="[203,302,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Maxates</emphasis>
Moore, 1887
</taxonomicName>
(” 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287797FF305E0D1A9E" box="[498,602,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gelasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F8287797FF305E0D1A9E" box="[498,602,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Gelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” of the author) based on the shared possession of one additional cell between the Sc and R veins of the forewing (character 8 of the author). However, the additional cell occurs in many unrelated genera throughout 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F828744BFEE05E911B6D" box="[558,710,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geometrinae">Geometrinae</taxonomicName>
(clearly shown in fig. 1 of Viidalepp's paper where a phylogenetic tree with plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters are represented), thus the presence of the cell appears to be homoplastic. Other genera from the discussed group included by 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F828722DFE9059351B3D" author="Viidalepp" box="[1096,1378,352,378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Viidalepp, J (1981) [On the suprageneric systematics of geometrids of the subfamily Geometrinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)]. Voprosy obschei entomologii. Trudy Vsesouznogo entomologicheskogo obtchestva (Horae Societas entomologica Unionis Sovieticae), 63, 90 - 95. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1981">Viidalepp (1981: fig. 1)</bibRefCitation>
, i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82876F2FE785CA31BE6" box="[151,244,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F82876F2FE785CA31BE6" box="[151,244,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Thalera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287766FE785D3D1BE6" box="[259,362,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Culpinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F8287766FE785D3D1BE6" box="[259,362,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Culpinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82877CFFE785E4B1BE6" box="[426,540,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorissa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F82877CFFE785E4B1BE6" box="[426,540,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Chlorissa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are distributed on different branches. His phylogeny was based on external features, such as presence/absence of a frenulum, characters of wing venation, and presence of an elongation of the hind tibia in males. The distribution of these characters conflicts with the distribution of the genitalic features. Hence, it is likely that external features are of less value than genitalia for identifying phylogenetic relationships within 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82877EAFDD85E7D1805" box="[399,554,552,578]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geometrinae">Geometrinae</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F828745FFDD85F571805" author="Ferguson" box="[570,768,552,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson (1969)</bibRefCitation>
emphasized the importance of genitalic characters for 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82876F2FDA05D79182D" box="[151,302,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geometrinae">Geometrinae</taxonomicName>
systematics and stressed that “loss of the frenulum cannot be assumed to imply relationship” (
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F82876FAFD885D2718D5" author="Ferguson" box="[159,368,632,658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson 1969: 3</bibRefCitation>
). I suggest that this statement applies to most other external characters at taxonomic levels above the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="36137272B307F82876A2FD385E2919BD" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,1018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
Coloration and maculation of adults of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82874F5FD38589618A5" authority="Han &amp; Stuning, 2007" authorityName="Han &amp; Stuning" authorityYear="2007" box="[656,1217,712,738]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tienmuensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F82874F5FD385FE818A6" box="[656,959,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Epichrysodes tienmuensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F82875A0FD38589618A5" author="Han" box="[965,1217,712,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Han, H. - G., Stuning, D. &amp; Xue, D. - Y. (2007) Epichrysodes gen. n., a new genus of Geometrinae from the West Tianmu mountains, China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), with description of a new species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 54 (1), 127 - 135." type="journal article" year="2007">Han &amp; Stüning, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, are quite different from those of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287721FD005D91194E" box="[324,454,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Aoshakuna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F8287721FD005D91194E" box="[324,454,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Aoshakuna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other members of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287484FD005F32194D" box="[737,869,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hemitheini">Hemitheini</taxonomicName>
- the species has a nearly yellow ground color with pinkish-brown maculation. This could be the result of the early spring activity of the imago (March– April) primarily in deciduous high-mountain dwarf forests, when the predominant color of the vegetation is not green. It should be noted that North 
<collectingCountry id="4EBB32E2B307F82874E6FC985EBF19C5" box="[643,744,872,898]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">America</collectingCountry>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287511FC9858DD19C5" authority="Hubner, 1818" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" box="[884,1162,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Nemoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F8287511FC985F8C19C6" box="[884,987,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Nemoria</emphasis>
Hübner, 1818
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82872FCFC985C8319ED" authority="Hulst, 1896" authorityName="Hulst" authorityYear="1896" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Chlorochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F82872FCFC98591C19C6" box="[1177,1355,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Chlorochlamys</emphasis>
Hulst, 1896
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F8287777FC605E1419ED" authority="Ferguson, 1969" authorityName="Ferguson" authorityYear="1969" box="[274,579,912,938]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hethemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F8287777FC605DD319EE" box="[274,388,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Hethemia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F82877EEFC605E1419ED" author="Ferguson" box="[395,579,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, have a brownish spring form (
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F82875D5FC60583D19ED" author="Ferguson" box="[944,1130,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1969) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Geometrinae of America north of Mexico. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of natural History, 29, 1 - 251." type="journal article" year="1969">Ferguson, 1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="523D0F83B307F8287213FC6058E519ED" author="Ferguson" box="[1142,1202,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Ferguson, D. C. (1985) Geometroidea, Geometridae (Part), Geometrinae. In Dominick, R. B. et al. (eds.), The Moths of America North of Mexico, fascicle 18.1, i-xxi + 1 - 131, pls 1 - 4. E. W. Classey Ltd., London, England." type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
) that is unknown in the Palaearctic 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F828772EFC485DB01995" box="[331,487,952,978]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geometrinae">Geometrinae</taxonomicName>
. Possibly the unusual coloration of 
<taxonomicName id="F1AC09F1B307F82875EEFC4858ED1996" box="[907,1210,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epichrysodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tienmuensis">
<emphasis id="04D8AE60B307F82875EEFC4858ED1996" box="[907,1210,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Epichrysodes tienmuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be the result of a similar adaptation to the cool season.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>