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<document id="AEA0EA5AACD3180482F782EF1F464F02" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5555.3.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14594721" ID-ZooBank="8F553C98-CA9F-4D5B-8EA0-17BCE87986B4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1735929772831" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Xue, Guo-Xi, Liu, Zhi-Fa, Li, Xiao-Juan &amp; Li, Meng" docDate="2024" docId="03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5555.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5555 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5555.3.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lethe gemina subsp. bicolor Xue &amp; Liu &amp; Li &amp; Li 2024, subsp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="328" masterDocId="FF9EFFE00044FF89E042013EFFE1FFDD" masterDocTitle="Description of a new subspecies of Lethe gemina Leech, 1891 from northern Guangdong of China (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="330" masterPageNumber="320" pageNumber="323" updateTime="1736505004791" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="8B257215972ED4B2DCDCD75884ED92FA">Description of a new subspecies of Lethe gemina Leech, 1891 from northern Guangdong of China (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="1CE90A8DD7797D23D97F686CD00E05AA">Xue, Guo-Xi</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7C3547686425DA6C249DCCD5DFBC4003" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7263-9271</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="1C10504734672EA6BE3D517BFFEEC6C7">College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136 Ke Xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D0126E93C46C162350DE8F160A93B188">Liu, Zhi-Fa</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B95B95F22D146BAC670C0025F6ABCFE1" type="ORCID">0009-0008-0717-4587</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="463972C7BC3D058E43BA2371BD572619" type="email">13580137642@qq.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="AB5CD8B18EAAB30A6ED06CBAC30D9FCC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0217841D411AE0C4738B3DCFB58D98A9">
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<mods:namePart id="373AAA4346AAB77222D87D8F507ABE6C">Li, Xiao-Juan</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2FB90FFF4C37F7C3C52BC03B5937D0E7" type="ORCID">0009-0006-7042-7212</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="793E8F3A0B91D47C1B1F7B1161E953A3">College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136 Ke Xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D11EEF38493ACB810AF754AFB2E5636E">Li, Meng</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5612D81ABCD96EF11834012C4C7CF57F" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2625-9024</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="C6AD8A40FAF3A6A5B3D00D5BE2157013">College of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136 Ke Xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="E65AD249261E6AB6CFE4CBF2FA5E7E5F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E6D8717EC31CF3892CED02616CE6AC6B">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="16D0C208A153EBDA6FB4985ADC425012">2024-12-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="39057A59C04FDEB3735CD86FC4E0DE64">5555</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="80A2C8D3F0C1ACE2A13F63BF10570521">3</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="24046DB4F3651A7DD004BF85091E7F48" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5555.3.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FB43F7DD482EA3066D933C4399318B05" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<subSubSection id="C31465050047FF8AE0D50525FD82FBEB" box="[151,611,1051,1078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE0D50525FD82FBEB" blockId="3.[151,611,1051,1114]" box="[151,611,1051,1078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<heading id="D0F981E20047FF8AE0D50525FD82FBEB" bold="true" box="[151,611,1051,1078]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE0D50525FD82FBEB" bold="true" box="[151,611,1051,1078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0047FF8AE0D50525FE32FBEB" authority="Xue" authorityName="Xue &amp; Liu &amp; Li &amp; Li" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,467,1051,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE0D50525FE78FBEB" bold="true" box="[151,409,1051,1078]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Lethe gemina bicolor</emphasis>
Xue
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24957E70047FF8AE1980522FD82FBEB" box="[474,611,1052,1078]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" rank="subSpecies">subsp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31465050047FF8AE0D5057EFF0DFB87" box="[151,236,1088,1114]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE0D5057EFF0DFB87" blockId="3.[151,611,1051,1114]" box="[151,236,1088,1114]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
(
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0047FF8AE0DD057EFF02FB87" box="[159,227,1088,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[191,1394,184,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-17@4.[186,1401,181,1918]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Adults of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. A. male, holotype (Specimen ID E21). B. male, paratype (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). C. female, paratype (Specimen ID 2024-41). D. female, paratype (Specimen ID E23). d. dorsal side. v. ventral side. Scale bar = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594725/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31465050047FF8AE0D505BAFCCDFB66" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE0D505BAFCCDFB66" blockId="3.[151,1437,1156,1211]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0047FF8AE0D505BAFEC1FB41" ID-CoL="722KL" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,288,1156,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE0D505BAFEC1FB41" box="[151,288,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Lethe gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE16E05BAFDEFFB41" author="Harada, M. &amp; Oshima, Y. &amp; Yosida, Y." box="[300,526,1156,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="19 - 24" refId="ref4407" refString="Harada, M., Oshima, Y. &amp; Yosida, Y. (2005) Early stages of butterflies from surrounding area of Nanling, North Guangdong, China. Butterflies, 40, 19 - 24." type="journal article" year="2005">
Harada
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE13905BBFE46FB41" box="[379,423,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">et al</emphasis>
. 2005: 24
</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 1, 2 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2DA05BBFD4CFB41" box="[664,685,1157,1180]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, figs. 3, 4 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE37505BBFCABFB41" box="[823,842,1157,1180]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
from
<location id="8ED160550047FF8AE3C505BAFBEAFB41" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08:8ED160550047FF8AE3C505BAFBEAFB41" box="[903,1035,1156,1180]" name="Nanling area" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Guangdong">Nanling area</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C0047FF8AE45705BAFB6FFB41" box="[1045,1166,1156,1180]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE4DA05BAFAAFFB41" author="Gu, M. B. &amp; Chen, X. C. &amp; Zhou, G. Y. &amp; Gong, Y. N. &amp; Wu, Z. M. &amp; Chen, Y. Q." box="[1176,1358,1156,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref4264" refString="Gu, M. B., Chen, X. C., Zhou, G. Y., Gong, Y. N., Wu, Z. M. &amp; Chen, Y. Q. (Eds) (2018) Ecological illustrated handbook of butterflies in Guangdong Nanling National Nature Reserve. Guangdong Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Guangzhou, 234 pp." type="book" year="2018">
Gu
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE4FE05BBFB09FB41" box="[1212,1256,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 53
</bibRefCitation>
, photos for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE0A9059DFEE0FB67" box="[235,257,1187,1210]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE140059DFEF3FB67" box="[258,274,1187,1210]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
from
<location id="8ED160550047FF8AE10D059DFD45FB67" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08:8ED160550047FF8AE10D059DFD45FB67" box="[335,676,1187,1211]" name="Nanling National Nature Reserve" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Guangdong">Nanling National Nature Reserve</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C0047FF8AE2EC059DFCC9FB66" box="[686,808,1187,1211]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31465050047FF8EE0D505D7FBE1F90F" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE0D505D7FD46FAFA" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE0D505D7FEA3FADE" bold="true" box="[151,322,1257,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B663CD30047FF8AE10505D7FD43FAFA" collectingDate="2024-06-28" collectionCode="ID" collectorName="Xue Guoxi &amp; Li Fang" country="China" elevation="1000" location="Nanling National Nature Reserve" municipality="Ruyuan" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" specimenCode="ID E21" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Guangdong" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54B5882C0047FF8AE10505D7FE3AFADE" box="[327,475,1257,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE19D05D4FE16FAD9" box="[479,503,1258,1284]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
:
<location id="8ED160550047FF8AE24205D7FC90FAD9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787980047FF80E0D50525FBC3FF08:8ED160550047FF8AE24205D7FC90FAD9" box="[512,881,1257,1284]" country="China" municipality="Ruyuan" name="Nanling National Nature Reserve" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" stateProvince="Guangdong">Nanling National Nature Reserve</location>
,
<quantity id="4CF69B6B0047FF8AE33B05D7FC2FFAD9" box="[889,974,1257,1284]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="1000.0">
<elevation id="0023D1BD0047FF8AE33B05D7FC2FFAD9" box="[889,974,1257,1284]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACF40047FF8AE39505D4FBD0FAD9" box="[983,1073,1258,1284]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Ruyuan</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C0047FF8AE47B05D7FB5EFADE" box="[1081,1215,1257,1283]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F319761E0047FF8AE48505D7FAECFADE" box="[1223,1293,1257,1283]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">China</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE55405D7FA79FADE" box="[1302,1432,1257,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-28">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE55405D7FA79FADE" box="[1302,1432,1257,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-28">28.VI.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg.
<collectorName id="26FB53580047FF8AE0850430FEA2FAFA" box="[199,323,1293,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Xue Guoxi</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26FB53580047FF8AE1250433FE5EFAF5" box="[359,447,1293,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Li Fang</collectorName>
[Specimen
<specimenCode id="DBA89EF50047FF8AE2060430FD7AFAFA" box="[580,667,1293,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">ID E21</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE085040FFC25FA4E" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<materialsCitation id="3B663CD30047FF8AE085040FFE30FAAD" collectingDate="2023-07-14" collectionCode="ID" collectorName="Xue Guoxi &amp; Li Fang" country="China" elevation="1000" location="Nanling National Nature Reserve" municipality="Ruyuan" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" specimenCode="ID E22" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Guangdong" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54B5882C0047FF8AE085040FFE87FA96" box="[199,358,1329,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
: the same locality and collectors as the holotype.
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE3DB040FFC32FA96" box="[921,979,1329,1355]" count="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">2♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE3A2040FFB16FA96" box="[992,1271,1329,1355]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE3A2040FFB8AFA96" box="[992,1131,1329,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2023-07-14">14.VII.2023</date>
,
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE435040FFB16FA96" box="[1143,1271,1329,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">27.VI.2024</date>
</collectingDate>
[Specimen
<specimenCode id="DBA89EF50047FF8AE53D040CFF26FAB2" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">ID E22</specimenCode>
, Genitalia No. GD75];
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="3B663CD30047FF8AE19E046BFC21FA4E" collectingDate="2023-07-13" collectingDateMax="2024-07-03" collectingDateMin="2023-07-13" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5">
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE19E046BFDF4FAAD" box="[476,533,1365,1392]" count="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">5♀♀</specimenCount>
,
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE264046BFD50FAB2" box="[550,689,1365,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2023-07-13">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE264046BFD50FAB2" box="[550,689,1365,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2023-07-13">13.VII.2023</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE282046BFCA1FAB2" box="[704,832,1365,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE282046BFCA1FAB2" box="[704,832,1365,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">27.VI.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
[Specimen ID 2024-41],
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE42C046BFB0FFAB2" box="[1134,1262,1365,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE42C046BFB0FFAB2" box="[1134,1262,1365,1391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">27.VI.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
[Genitalia No. GD76],
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE0B10447FE92FA4E" box="[243,371,1401,1427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE0B10447FE92FA4E" box="[243,371,1401,1427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-06-27">27.VI.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
[Specimen ID E24],
<date id="FFB0104E0047FF8AE2230447FD3DFA4E" box="[609,732,1401,1427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-07-03">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9A60047FF8AE2230447FD3DFA4E" box="[609,732,1401,1427]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" value="2024-07-03">3.VII.2024</collectingDate>
</date>
[Specimen ID E23]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE08504A3FE1CFA06" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE08504A3FEA3FA6A" bold="true" box="[199,322,1437,1463]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0047FF8AE10B04A3FE00FA6A" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[329,481,1437,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE10B04A3FE00FA6A" box="[329,481,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">Lethe gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is rare in the field. Literature providing photos and descriptions of the seven known subspecies are listed as follows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE08504D8FBBEF9DD" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" box="[199,1119,1509,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0047FF8AE08504D8FEF8FA22" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[199,281,1510,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE08504D8FEF8FA22" box="[199,281,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Lang 2017: 102, pl. XII, fig. 1 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2E804D8FD23F9DD" box="[682,706,1510,1536]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE28F04D8FC21F9DD" author="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F." box="[717,960,1509,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5431" refString="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F. (Eds.) (2017) Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 459</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE40104D8FBB8F9DD" box="[1091,1113,1510,1536]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE0850737FCB4F995" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE0850737FE85F9FE" box="[199,356,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">chekiangensis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE1310734FDCEF9FE" author="Tong, X. S." box="[371,559,1545,1572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5361" refString="Tong, X. S. (Ed.) (1993) Butterfly fauna of Zhejiang. Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishing House, Hongzhou, 87 pp. + 62 pls." type="book" year="1993">
Tong
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE1F10734FE04F9FE" box="[435,485,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">et al</emphasis>
. 1993
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 18, figs. 134, 135 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE3100734FC8BF9F9" box="[850,874,1546,1572]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE3340737FBD5F9FE" author="Jiang, F. &amp; Qi, S. C. &amp; Huang, B. K. &amp; Yao, L. H." box="[886,1076,1545,1572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref4653" refString="Jiang, F., Qi, S. C., Huang, B. K. &amp; Yao, L. H. (2001) Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera. In: Huang, B. K. (Ed.), Fauna of insects in Fujian Province of China, Vol. 4. Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House, Fuzhou, 165 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Jiang
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE3FB0734FC0BF9FE" box="[953,1002,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 51, fig. 26–121 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE57D0734FAB6F9F9" box="[1343,1367,1546,1572]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
; Lang 2017: pl. XII, fig. 2 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE1E20710FE59F995" box="[416,440,1582,1608]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE1860710FD56F99A" author="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F." box="[452,695,1581,1608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5431" refString="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F. (Eds.) (2017) Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 460</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 13 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE37B0710FCB0F995" box="[825,849,1582,1608]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE085076FFB43F9B1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" box="[199,1186,1617,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE085076FFEEAF9B6" box="[199,267,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">gafuri</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE158076FFDFEF9B6" author="Shizuya, H. &amp; Watanabe, Y. &amp; Saito, M. &amp; Soe, T." box="[282,543,1617,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="29 - 39" refId="ref5218" refString="Shizuya, H., Watanabe, Y., Saito, M. &amp; Soe, T. (2005) Basic information on butterflies of Kachin state, Myanmar (PART 2). Butterflies, (39), 29 - 39." type="journal article" year="2005">
Shizuya
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE13E076CFE4CF9B6" box="[380,429,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">et al</emphasis>
. 2005: 32
</bibRefCitation>
, 38 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE234076CFD6FF9B1" box="[630,654,1618,1644]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
; Lang 2017: 103, pl. XII, figs. 3 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE464076CFBDCF9B1" box="[1062,1085,1618,1644]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 4 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE4C4076CFB7DF9B1" box="[1158,1180,1618,1644]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE085074BFB13F94D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" box="[199,1266,1653,1680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE085074BFEEAF952" box="[199,267,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">zaitha</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE158074BFE01F952" author="Igarashi, S." box="[282,480,1653,1680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="19 - 25" refId="ref4629" refString="Igarashi, S. (2005) Life history and taxonomic position of Lethe gemina. Butterflies, 39, 19 - 25." type="journal article" year="2005">Igarashi 2005: 23</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 5 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2140748FD91F94D" box="[598,624,1654,1680]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2320748FD63F94D" box="[624,642,1654,1680]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE2CC0748FC60F94D" author="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F." box="[654,897,1653,1680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5431" refString="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F. (Eds.) (2017) Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 459</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 11 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE4410748FBFBF94D" box="[1027,1050,1654,1680]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 460, fig. 12 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE4940748FB0DF94D" box="[1238,1260,1654,1680]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE08507A4FBA3F921" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE08507A4FF0EF96E" box="[199,239,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">yao</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE0BD07A7FE52F96E" author="Sugiyama, H." box="[255,435,1689,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref5264" refString="Sugiyama, H. (1996) New Butterflies from Western China (IV). Pallarge, 5, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1996">Sugiyama 1996</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 1, 2 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE21107A4FD8AF969" box="[595,619,1690,1716]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE23A07A7FC66F96E" author="Monastyrskii, A. L." box="[632,903,1689,1716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5123" refString="Monastyrskii, A. L. (2005) Butterflies of Vietnam 1. Nymphalidae: Satyrinae. Cartographic Publishing House, Hanoi, 198 pp." type="book" year="2005">Monastyrskii 2005: 181</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 3a, 3b for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE40107A4FBBAF969" box="[1091,1115,1690,1716]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE42507A4FA93F96E" author="Wang, M. &amp; Tang, D. M." box="[1127,1394,1689,1716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5395" refString="Wang, M. &amp; Tang, D. M. (2012) Butterflies of Guangxi Maoershan National Nature Reserve. Guangxi Nationalities Publishing House, Nanning, 194 pp., 113 pls." type="book" year="2012">Wang &amp; Tang 2012: 18</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 56, figs. 1, 2 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE1100780FE88F905" box="[338,361,1726,1752]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, figs. 3, 4 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2470780FDFAF905" box="[517,539,1726,1752]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE26B0780FCCBF90A" author="Lang, S. Y. &amp; Ding, L." box="[553,810,1725,1752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="38 - 40" refId="ref4879" refString="Lang, S. Y. &amp; Ding, L. (2017) A new subspecies of Lethe gemina Leech, 1891 from Hainan Island, China (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 127 (1), 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2017">Lang &amp; Ding 2017: 39</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 5–8 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE3840780FC01F905" box="[966,992,1726,1752]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE3A20780FC13F905" box="[992,1010,1726,1752]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
; Lang 2017: 103, pl. XII, fig. 7 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE5C20780FA76F905" box="[1408,1431,1726,1752]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 8 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE09607DCFF0BF921" box="[212,234,1762,1788]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE0B507DCFE0BF921" author="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F." box="[247,490,1761,1788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5431" refString="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F. (Eds.) (2017) Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 459</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 9 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE21D07DCFD94F921" box="[607,629,1762,1788]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE2C107DCFCA9F921" author="Huang, H." box="[643,840,1761,1788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="345 - 413" refId="ref4509" refString="Huang, H. (2021) New or little known butterflies from China - 4 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae et Hesperiidae). Atalanta, 52 (3), 345 - 413." type="journal article" year="2021">Huang 2021: 352</bibRefCitation>
, 388, fig. 180 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE45307DCFBDFF921" box="[1041,1086,1762,1788]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE085063BFE2CF899" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE085063BFEAAF8C2" box="[199,331,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">shanshanae</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE11B0638FDB7F8C2" author="Lang, S. Y. &amp; Ding, L." box="[345,598,1797,1824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="38 - 40" refId="ref4879" refString="Lang, S. Y. &amp; Ding, L. (2017) A new subspecies of Lethe gemina Leech, 1891 from Hainan Island, China (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 127 (1), 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="2017">Lang &amp; Ding 2017: 39</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 1–4 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2AC0638FCE9F8FD" box="[750,776,1798,1824]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE34A0638FCFBF8FD" box="[776,794,1798,1824]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
; Lang 2017: 103, pl. XII, fig. 5 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE4DC0638FB54F8FD" box="[1182,1205,1798,1824]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 6 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE4B90638FAF0F8FD" box="[1275,1297,1798,1824]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE55F063BFA7DF8C2" author="Gu, M. B. &amp; Chen, P. Z." box="[1309,1436,1797,1823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref4233" refString="Gu, M. B. &amp; Chen, P. Z. (1997) Butterflies in Hainan Island. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 355 pp." type="book" year="1997">Gu &amp; Chen</bibRefCitation>
1997: 148, fig. 123 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE1DE0614FE57F899" box="[412,438,1834,1860]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE1F40614FE29F899" box="[438,456,1834,1860]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0047FF8AE0850670FE40F851" blockId="3.[151,1437,1257,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE0850670FEC8F8BA" box="[199,297,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">yongreni</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE1780670FDE3F8B5" author="Huang, H." box="[314,514,1869,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="345 - 413" refId="ref4509" refString="Huang, H. (2021) New or little known butterflies from China - 4 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae et Hesperiidae). Atalanta, 52 (3), 345 - 413." type="journal article" year="2021">Huang 2021: 352</bibRefCitation>
, 388, fig. 179 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE2900670FD1EF8B5" box="[722,767,1870,1896]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE34E0673FBDAF8BA" author="Saito, K. &amp; Inayoshi, Y." box="[780,1083,1869,1895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" pagination="28 - 57" refId="ref5188" refString="Saito, K. &amp; Inayoshi, Y. (2018) New taxa and new records of butterflies from Indochina. Butterflies, 79, 28 - 57." type="journal article" year="2018">Saito &amp; Inayoshi 2018: 29</bibRefCitation>
, 43, fig. 13 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE4AD0670FAE6F8B5" box="[1263,1287,1870,1896]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0047FF8AE5570673FA7DF8B5" author="Osada, S. &amp; Umura, Y. &amp; Uehara, J." box="[1301,1436,1869,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" refId="ref5150" refString="Osada, S., Umura, Y. &amp; Uehara, J. (1999) An Illustrated Checklist of the Butterflies of Laos P. D. R. Mokuyo-sha, Tokyo, 240 pp." type="book" year="1999">
Osada
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0047FF8AE5210670FA74F8BA" box="[1379,1429,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="323">et al</emphasis>
.
</bibRefCitation>
1999: 144, pl. 90 for
<specimenCount id="9D08FD070047FF8AE1C6064CFE7BF851" box="[388,410,1906,1932]" count="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="323" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7166060040FF8DE0DA06A9FDF9F82A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594725" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14594725" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594725/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="324" startId="4.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[191,1394,184,1915]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0040FF8DE0DA06A9FDF9F82A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1943,2039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="324">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0040FF8DE0DA06A9FEF8F872" bold="true" box="[152,281,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="324">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0040FF8DE1C706A9FDBEF872" authorityName="Xue &amp; Liu &amp; Li &amp; Li" authorityYear="2024" box="[389,607,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="324" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0040FF8DE1C706A9FDBEF872" box="[389,607,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="324">Lethe gemina bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0040FF8DE22406A9FD3CF872" bold="true" box="[614,733,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="324">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24957E70040FF8DE22406A9FD3CF872" box="[614,733,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="324" rank="subSpecies">subsp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A. male, holotype (Specimen ID E21). B. male, paratype (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). C. female, paratype (Specimen ID 2024-41). D. female, paratype (Specimen ID E23). d. dorsal side.
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0040FF8DE08F06DEFECBF82A" box="[205,298,2015,2039]" pageId="4" pageNumber="324" rank="variety" variety="ventral">v. ventral</taxonomicName>
side. Scale bar = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7166060041FF8CE0D506A9FD4BF82A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594727" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14594727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594727/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="325" startId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[199,1396,181,1919]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0041FF8CE0D506A9FD4BF82A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1943,2039]" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE0D506A9FEF2F872" bold="true" box="[151,275,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Wing patterns of subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0041FF8CE21A06A9FD03F872" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[600,738,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE21A06A9FD03F872" box="[600,738,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">Lethe gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE34F06A9FC7AF872" box="[781,923,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">chekiangensis</emphasis>
, male; B.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE44606A9FBD3F872" box="[1028,1074,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">ditto</emphasis>
, ♀; C.
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0041FF8CE43C06A6FB28F872" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[1150,1225,1944,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="325" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE43C06A6FB28F872" box="[1150,1225,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ♀ (from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0041FF8CE56D06A6FEE1F80E" author="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F." pageId="5" pageNumber="325" refId="ref5431" refString="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F. (Eds.) (2017) Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 459</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 10); D.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE1C50682FE01F80E" box="[391,480,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">yongreni</emphasis>
, ♂, paratype; E.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE2D00682FD56F80E" box="[658,695,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">yao</emphasis>
, ♂ (Specimen ID E19, Genitalia No. GXNG75); F.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE4920685FB1FF80E" box="[1232,1278,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">ditto</emphasis>
, ♀ (from Lang 2017: pl. XII, fig. 8); G.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE1D006E1FDEBF82A" box="[402,522,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">shanshanae</emphasis>
, ♂; H.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0041FF8CE21706E1FD62F82A" box="[597,643,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="325">ditto</emphasis>
, ♀.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0042FF8FE08501A9FEF6FE70" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">
Judging from the information provided in the above listed literature and the examined specimens and photos in the present study (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE1240185FE48FF08" box="[358,425,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[199,1396,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-27@5.[192,1396,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Wing patterns of subspecies of Lethe gemina. A. chekiangensis, male; B. ditto, ♀; C. gemina, ♀ (from Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 459, fig. 10); D. yongreni, ♂, paratype; E. yao, ♂ (Specimen ID E19, Genitalia No. GXNG75); F. ditto, ♀ (from Lang 2017: pl. XII, fig. 8); G. shanshanae, ♂; H. ditto, ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594727/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), the new subspecies can be distinguished by wing color and wing patterns of both sexes: in the new subspecies, the ground color on the dorsal side of the wings is tawny in the male and dark brown in the female, while in both sexes of the seven subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0042FF8FE34E003DFC45FEC1" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[780,932,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE34E003DFC45FEC1" box="[780,932,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Lethe gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(except for the female of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE493003DFAD5FEC1" box="[1233,1332,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">yongreni</emphasis>
which is unknown), it is fulvous in the nominate subspecies, dirt yellow in
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE3D50019FBD5FE9C" box="[919,1076,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">chekiangensis</emphasis>
(according to Lang 2017: 103, but see the
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE1630074FE7EFEB9" bold="true" box="[289,415,330,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Discussion</emphasis>
below), orange in
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE2C20075FD25FEB8" box="[640,708,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">gafuri</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE3400075FCA7FEB8" box="[770,838,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">zaitha</emphasis>
, and greyish in
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE44B0075FBD0FEB9" box="[1033,1073,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">yao</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE4010075FB26FEB8" box="[1091,1223,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">shanshanae</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE5470075FA86FEB9" box="[1285,1383,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">yongreni</emphasis>
; the prominent silver color on the ventral side of the wings in the female of the new subspecies obviously differs to other subspecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0042FF8FE0850089FB0AFD10" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">
In terms of distribution (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE19D0089FDC4FE0C" box="[479,549,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1679]" captionTargetId="figure-329@6.[151,1436,741,1679]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution of subspecies of Lethe gemina. T. type locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594729" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594729/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), the new subspecies is close to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0042FF8FE3DA0089FB80FE0D" authorityName="Sugiyama" authorityYear="1996" box="[920,1121,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" subSpecies="yao">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE3DA0089FB80FE0D" box="[920,1121,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Lethe gemina yao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the following external characters: 1) in the male, the subapical ocellus on the forewing is vestigial on the dorsal side and much smaller than that of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE2FC00C1FD07FDC5" box="[702,742,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">yao</emphasis>
on the ventral side; on the dorsal side of the hindwing, ocelli in spaces M
<subScript id="178A34CB0042FF8FE15F030BFEC4FD9E" attach="left" box="[285,293,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="178A34CB0042FF8FE136030BFE9DFD9E" attach="left" box="[372,380,565,579]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">3</subScript>
are well developed, the rings surrounding the postdiscal ocelli are orange, and the pupil of the ocellus in space CuA
<subScript id="178A34CB0042FF8FE1C70367FE6CFDBA" attach="left" box="[389,397,601,615]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">1</subScript>
may be disappeared; 2) in the female, the postdiscal series of ocelli on the dorsal side of the hindwing are surrounded by orange rings, with the two in spaces M
<subScript id="178A34CB0042FF8FE3D10343FC7AFD56" attach="left" box="[915,923,637,651]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="178A34CB0042FF8FE3AE0343FC15FD56" attach="left" box="[1004,1012,637,651]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">3</subScript>
well developed, and the one in space CuA
<subScript id="178A34CB0042FF8FE08E039FFF35FD72" attach="left" box="[204,212,673,687]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">1</subScript>
without pupil; on the ventral side, the silver white area between the postdiscal fascia and the submarginal line is diffused toward wing base and gradually darken, forming a lighter ground color than that of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE4FE038DFB05FD11" box="[1212,1252,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">yao</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7166060042FF8FE0D50798FC96F963" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14594729" box="[151,887,1702,1726]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594729/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326" startId="6.[151,250,1702,1726]" targetBox="[151,1436,741,1679]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0042FF8FE0D50798FC96F963" blockId="6.[151,887,1702,1726]" box="[151,887,1702,1726]" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE0D50798FEF2F963" bold="true" box="[151,275,1702,1726]" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Distribution of subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0042FF8FE2060798FD2CF963" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[580,717,1702,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE2060798FD2CF963" box="[580,717,1702,1726]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Lethe gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. T. type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0042FF8FE085062EFCFEF867" blockId="6.[151,1436,1808,1979]" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">
Judging from the male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE202062EFD70F8F6" box="[576,657,1808,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetId="figure-27@7.[151,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. ditto, lateral view. D. ditto, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H. ditto, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594731/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE2DC062EFD4FF8F7" box="[670,686,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1407,1431]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1384]" captionTargetId="figure-58@8.[151,1436,273,1384]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male genitalia of Lethe gemina yao Sugiyama, 1996 (Specimen ID E18, Genitalia No. DYS5). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. ditto, lateral view. D. ditto, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H. ditto, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594733/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">6</figureCitation>
), the following characters of the new subspecies differ to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0042FF8FE0D5060AFEBCF893" authorityName="Sugiyama" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,349,1844,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="326" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" subSpecies="yao">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0042FF8FE0D5060AFEBCF893" box="[151,349,1844,1870]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Lethe gemina yao</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE259060AFD81F892" box="[539,608,1844,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetId="figure-27@7.[151,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. ditto, lateral view. D. ditto, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H. ditto, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594731/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
: C, E), the top of the tegumen is flat, the distal part of the uncus is slightly tilted up, and the saccus is shorter; in dorsal view, the apical part of the uncus is laterally expanded (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE5420666FAA7F8AE" box="[1280,1350,1880,1907]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetId="figure-27@7.[151,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. ditto, lateral view. D. ditto, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H. ditto, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594731/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
: F); the distal half of the valva is wider in lateral view, and the apical part after the thorn is longer (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE4D40642FB3DF84A" box="[1174,1244,1916,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetId="figure-27@7.[151,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. ditto, lateral view. D. ditto, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H. ditto, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594731/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
: A–D, G, H); the suprazonal sheath of the aedeagus is shorter (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0042FF8FE2D0069EFD36F866" box="[658,727,1952,1979]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1361,1385]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetId="figure-27@7.[151,1436,181,1337]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Male genitalia of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. (Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. ditto, lateral view. D. ditto, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H. ditto, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594731/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="326">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
: D, I).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7166060043FF8EE0D5046FFACBFA6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594731" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14594731" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594731/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" startId="7.[151,250,1361,1385]" targetBox="[159,1436,181,1337]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0043FF8EE0D5046FFACBFA6C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1361,1458]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE0D5046FFEF5FAB7" bold="true" box="[151,276,1361,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0043FF8EE192046FFD4BFAB4" authorityName="Xue &amp; Liu &amp; Li &amp; Li" authorityYear="2024" box="[464,682,1361,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE192046FFD4BFAB4" box="[464,682,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Lethe gemina bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE2F0046CFCC8FAB7" bold="true" box="[690,809,1362,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24957E70043FF8EE2F0046CFCC8FAB7" box="[690,809,1362,1386]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" rank="subSpecies">subsp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(Specimen ID E22, Genitalia No. GD75). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE174044BFE85FA50" box="[310,356,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">ditto</emphasis>
, ventral view. C.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE258044BFDA9FA50" box="[538,584,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">ditto</emphasis>
, lateral view. D.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE2B5044BFCC4FA50" box="[759,805,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">ditto</emphasis>
, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE2BD04A7FCCCFA6C" box="[767,813,1433,1457]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">ditto</emphasis>
, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0043FF8EE085073AFD61F99F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1540,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
Since the female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0043FF8EE25A073AFD50F9C0" authorityName="Leech" authorityYear="1891" box="[536,689,1540,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE25A073AFD50F9C0" box="[536,689,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Lethe gemina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have not been described, the following description of the female genitalia of the new subspecies is provided.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0043FF8EE0850772FBE1F90F" blockId="7.[151,1437,1540,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE0850772FE6FF9B8" bold="true" box="[199,398,1611,1638]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0043FF8EE1DC0772FE05F9BB" box="[414,484,1612,1638]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1424,1448]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1401]" captionTargetId="figure-57@9.[151,1436,237,1401]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Female genitalia of Lethe gemina bicolor subsp. nov. (Genitalia No. GD76). A. lateral view. B. ditto, ventral view. C. signa, enlarged. D. lamella antevaginalis (la) and lamella postvaginalis (lp), ventral view, enlarged. E. ditto, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594735" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594735/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Papillae anales flabellate in lateral view. Lamella postvaginalis nearly rectangular in ventral view, its central part swollen in lateral view. Lamella antevaginalis flat in lateral view, much wider and longer than lamella postvaginalis in ventral view, basal margin arched. Ductus bursae long and thin. Bursa copulatrix bursiform, membranous, with two signa composed of numerous tiny spinules.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31465050043FF8EE08507E5FD29F92B" box="[199,712,1755,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0043FF8EE08507E5FD29F92B" blockId="7.[151,1437,1540,2034]" box="[199,712,1755,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE08507E5FE80F928" bold="true" box="[199,353,1755,1781]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Distribution.</emphasis>
Ruyuan (northern
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C0043FF8EE27707E2FD5CF92B" box="[565,701,1756,1782]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31465050043FF8EE085063EFD6DF8E3" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0043FF8EE085063EFD6DF8E3" blockId="7.[151,1437,1540,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE085063EFEAFF8C7" bold="true" box="[199,334,1792,1818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Etymology.</emphasis>
The subspecific name “
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE225063EFD59F8C7" box="[615,696,1792,1818]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">bicolor</emphasis>
” means that the two sexes of the new subspecies bear different ground color on the dorsal side of the wings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31465050043FF80E0850679FBC3FF08" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E0043FF81E0850679FEF6FF24" blockId="7.[151,1437,1540,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="328" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE0850679FEADF8BC" bold="true" box="[199,332,1863,1889]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D0043FF8EE1100676FD6AF8BF" authorityName="Mell" authorityYear="1935" box="[338,651,1864,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" subSpecies="chekiangensis">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE1100676FD6AF8BF" box="[338,651,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Lethe gemina chekiangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from East Tianmushan of
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C0043FF8EE4100676FB58F8BF" box="[1106,1209,1864,1890]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
. Based upon a photo of the
<typeStatus id="54B5882C0043FF8EE09F0652FEA3F85B" box="[221,322,1900,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, Lang (2017: 103) stated that the ground color of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE3240652FBE2F85B" box="[870,1027,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">chekiangensis</emphasis>
is dirt yellow on both surfaces, paler than in the nominate subspecies. Judging from the photos of other specimens (
<figureCitation id="13352A0B0043FF8EE44206AEFBA4F877" box="[1024,1093,1936,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[199,1396,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-27@5.[192,1396,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Wing patterns of subspecies of Lethe gemina. A. chekiangensis, male; B. ditto, ♀; C. gemina, ♀ (from Wu &amp; Hsu 2017: 459, fig. 10); D. yongreni, ♂, paratype; E. yao, ♂ (Specimen ID E19, Genitalia No. GXNG75); F. ditto, ♀ (from Lang 2017: pl. XII, fig. 8); G. shanshanae, ♂; H. ditto, ♀." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594727/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
: A, B;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0043FF8EE4D306AEFAAAF877" author="Tong, X. S." box="[1169,1355,1936,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" refId="ref5361" refString="Tong, X. S. (Ed.) (1993) Butterfly fauna of Zhejiang. Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishing House, Hongzhou, 87 pp. + 62 pls." type="book" year="1993">
Tong
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE49306AEFAE3F877" box="[1233,1282,1936,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">et al</emphasis>
. 1993
</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 18, figs. 134, 135;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F0043FF8EE106068AFE1FF813" author="Chou, I." box="[324,510,1972,1998]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" refId="ref4206" refString="Chou, I. (Ed.) (1994) Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 854 pp." type="book" year="1994">Chou 1994: 342</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 4), the ground color of the population from
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C0043FF8EE46F068AFB70F813" box="[1069,1169,1972,1998]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
is similar to that of the nominate subspecies, not as pale as that of the
<typeStatus id="54B5882C0043FF8EE2DC06E6FCE1F82F" box="[670,768,2008,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="327" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C0043FF8EE36706E6FC23F82F" box="[805,962,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="327">chekiangensis</emphasis>
(Lang 2017: pl. XII, fig. 2). A character to separate
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E0BB01A9FE77FF6C" box="[249,406,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">chekiangensis</emphasis>
from the nominate subspecies may be: on the dorsal side of the hindwing, rings surrounding the postdiscal ocelli in spaces M
<subScript id="178A34CB004CFF81E24E01F3FDF5FF06" attach="left" box="[524,532,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="178A34CB004CFF81E22501F3FD8EFF06" attach="left" box="[615,623,205,219]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">3</subScript>
are merged into the ground color, but they are present in the nominate subspecies.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF716606004CFF81E0D50441FACBFA02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14594733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14594733" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14594733/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="328" startId="8.[151,250,1407,1431]" targetBox="[151,1436,273,1384]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB1368E004CFF81E0D50441FACBFA02" blockId="8.[151,1436,1407,1504]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E0D50441FEF2FA4A" bold="true" box="[151,275,1407,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D0D004CFF81E18F0441FCCCFA4A" authority="Sugiyama, 1996" authorityName="Sugiyama" authorityYear="1996" box="[461,813,1407,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="328" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gemina" subSpecies="yao">
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E18F0441FD63FA4A" box="[461,642,1407,1431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Lethe gemina yao</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F004CFF81E2CA0441FCCCFA4A" author="Sugiyama, H." box="[648,813,1407,1431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref5264" refString="Sugiyama, H. (1996) New Butterflies from Western China (IV). Pallarge, 5, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1996">Sugiyama, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Specimen ID E18, Genitalia No. DYS5). A. genital capsule, dorsal view. B.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E174049DFE85FA66" box="[310,356,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">ditto</emphasis>
, ventral view. C.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E258049DFDA9FA66" box="[538,584,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">ditto</emphasis>
, lateral view. D.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E2B5049DFCC4FA66" box="[759,805,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">ditto</emphasis>
, dorsal view, ring removed. E. ring, lateral view. F. distal half of uncus enlarged, dorsal view. G. right valva, inner side. H.
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E2BD04F9FCCCFA02" box="[767,813,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">ditto</emphasis>
, oblique inner side. I. aedeagus, left side. J. juxta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB1368E004CFF80E085070CFBC3FF08" blockId="8.[151,1437,1586,2008]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="329" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F004CFF81E085070CFE6EF991" author="Chou, I." box="[199,399,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328" refId="ref4206" refString="Chou, I. (Ed.) (1994) Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 854 pp." type="book" year="1994">Chou (1994: 342)</bibRefCitation>
included
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004CFF81E1BC070CFD83F991" box="[510,610,1586,1612]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
into the distribution of the nominate subspecies without any explanation. However, Lang (2017: 103) recorded the distributional range of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E3240768FBE2F9AD" box="[870,1027,1622,1648]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">chekiangensis</emphasis>
as
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004CFF81E46A0768FB6DF9AD" box="[1064,1164,1622,1648]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004CFF81E4800768FAECF9AD" box="[1218,1293,1622,1648]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, although no information of any specimen from
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004CFF81E25E0744FD85F949" box="[540,612,1658,1684]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Fujian</collectingRegion>
was provided. Male specimens from Shunchang and Nanping of northern
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004CFF81E0D507A0FF3EF965" box="[151,223,1694,1720]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Fujian</collectingRegion>
were illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F004CFF81E1FB07A0FD45F965" author="Jiang, F. &amp; Qi, S. C. &amp; Huang, B. K. &amp; Yao, L. H." box="[441,676,1694,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328" refId="ref4653" refString="Jiang, F., Qi, S. C., Huang, B. K. &amp; Yao, L. H. (2001) Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera. In: Huang, B. K. (Ed.), Fauna of insects in Fujian Province of China, Vol. 4. Fujian Science and Technology Publishing House, Fuzhou, 165 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Jiang
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E1B807A0FDCBF965" box="[506,554,1694,1720]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">et al</emphasis>
. (2001: 46
</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 51, fig. 26–121) and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B7F004CFF81E3F507A0FB4EF965" author="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F." box="[951,1199,1694,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328" refId="ref5431" refString="Wu, C. S. &amp; Hsu, Y. F. (Eds.) (2017) Butterflies of China. The Straits Publishing House, Fuzhou, 2036 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wu &amp; Hsu (2017: 460</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 13) respectively. Judging from these photos, the ground color on the dorsal side of the wings is darker than that of
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E4BD07FCFA7DF901" box="[1279,1436,1730,1756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">chekiangensis</emphasis>
but similar to the new subspecies described in the present paper, and the rings of the ocelli in spaces M
<subScript id="178A34CB004CFF81E57B07C6FAA0F8DB" attach="left" box="[1337,1345,1784,1798]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="178A34CB004CFF81E5D607C6FA7DF8DB" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,1784,1798]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">3</subScript>
on the dorsal side of the hindwing are present, not merged into the ground color as in
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E4380634FAF6F8F9" box="[1146,1303,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">chekiangensis</emphasis>
. Therefore, the population from northern
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004CFF81E1B30610FDD8F895" box="[497,569,1838,1864]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">Fujian</collectingRegion>
should not belong to
<emphasis id="B97AEA9C004CFF81E37C0610FC3AF895" box="[830,987,1838,1864]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">chekiangensis</emphasis>
. It can be distinguished from the new subspecies by the combination of the following characters: in the male, the subapical ocellus on the dorsal side of the forewing is better developed; on the dorsal side of the hindwing, the ocelli in spaces M
<subScript id="178A34CB004CFF81E4D006B6FB7BF84B" attach="left" box="[1170,1178,1928,1942]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">1</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="178A34CB004CFF81E4A806B6FB13F84B" attach="left" box="[1258,1266,1928,1942]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">3</subScript>
and their rings are obscure, not as clearly defined as in the new subspecies; the ground color on the ventral side of the wings is somewhat darker. However, these differences are based upon a comparison of the
<typeStatus id="54B5882C004CFF81E4690680FBBAF805" box="[1067,1115,1982,2008]" pageId="8" pageNumber="328">type</typeStatus>
series of the new subspecies and photos of only
<specimenCount id="9D08FD07004DFF80E12C01A9FE34FF6C" box="[366,469,151,177]" count="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="329" type="male">two male</specimenCount>
specimens from northern
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004DFF80E2B801A9FCA4FF6C" box="[762,837,151,177]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="9" pageNumber="329">Fujian</collectingRegion>
. More materials, especially the female, from northern
<collectingRegion id="49CAF86C004DFF80E0D50185FF3EFF08" box="[151,223,187,213]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="9" pageNumber="329">Fujian</collectingRegion>
need to be examined to determine the taxonomic status of this population.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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