240 lines
29 KiB
XML
240 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="34D79B8168E375DB1F747E25B94B8CDD">Amphibians of Togo: taxonomy, distribution and conservation status</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1A9FB5DAC9DCE6C4BA02AFE315EB96BE">Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoudé</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2ECC5A82EF68F4A121C3D3D75191B208">Laboratory of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, BP 6057 Lomé, Togo, BP 1515, Lomé (Togo) and Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Rome (Italy) gsegniagbeto @ gmail. com (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7ED038BBEB6D4F4F8217457D58CB0B62">Mark-Oliver, Annemarie Ohler</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A4EBFD4B395E8D77FE5DDEB91A4C1AA4">Luca, Mark-Oliver Rödel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D3B9A37FF035792BF07CD7E456A486F8">Alain, Luca Luiselli</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8995C2B1D97589DC34DAD44B86C5D4C">Dubois, Alain</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="36F7E45E69627BEFDC906E79EE36AD2B">Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE-PSL, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 30, F- 75005, Paris (France) alain. dubois @ mnhn. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1ECA1AFA27403FCCCD40050C5082836B" type="email">dubois@mnhn.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="60955BBC79BD1098D8E0E82616241049">Zoosystema</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="54A19D142C42D70DA30B4FB72A938DAA">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="31E655DE597166D439A88C3FB4C979E9">2024-10-08</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B035ED916EFA3CCB65D2C2A6461E9427" type="DOI">10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a25</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1E0847E59A9468D46F80A4E8209D107A" type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFAB47FF6AFDB7FEDE" ID-CoL="4Q9QX" authority="(Dumeril & Bibron, 1841)" authorityName="Kovie" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mascareniensis">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAB47FF6AFDB8FF3E" bold="true" box="[308,599,215,242]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena mascareniensis</emphasis>
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(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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(
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)
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. —
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<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFABEBFEE4FE22FEBE" box="[408,461,345,369]" name="Togo" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Togo</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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•
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFA851FEE4FDB8FEBB" box="[546,599,345,372]" count="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="female">24 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Agoé; MNHN- RA-2006.2108-2112, MNHN-RA-2006.2118-2123, MNHN- RA-2006.2140-2155 •
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAB11FE33FE68FE66" box="[354,391,398,425]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFABE1FE33FE5BFE66" box="[402,436,398,425]" count="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="female">6 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Djagblé; MNHN-RA-2006.2105, MNHN-RA-2006.2101-2104, MNHN-RA-2006.2106, MNHN- RA-2006.2107 •
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAB52FE7EFEAAFE11" box="[289,325,451,478]" count="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAB3DFE7EFE94FE11" box="[334,379,451,478]" count="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="female">24 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Kovié; MNHN-RA-1995.1999, MNHN- RA-1995.2000, MNHN-RA-1995.2018, MNHN-RA-1995.2024, MNHN-RA-1995.2027, MNHN-RA-1995.1233-1235, MNHN- RA-1995.1940, MNHN-RA-1995.1985, MNHN-RA-1995.1987, MNHN-RA-1995.1989-1996, MNHN-RA-1995.2019-2023, MNHN-RA-1995.2026, MNHN-RA-1995.2033, MNHN- RA-1995.2034, MNHN-RA-1995.2039, MNHN-RA-1995.2044 •
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAAE0FDC1FF57FD58" box="[147,184,636,663]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAAB0FDC1FF1DFD58" box="[195,242,636,663]" count="24" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="female">24 ♀</specimenCount>
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; Togblékopé; MNHN-RA-2006.2113-2118, MNHN- RA-2006.2125-2139.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3426539FFA9FFFFAAF7FD6DFADFFE41" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="description">
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. — Frog of moderate size (SVL
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<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFA8B0FD69FD38FD24" box="[707,727,724,747]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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,
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), usually slender and elongated body. Snout pointed, protruding beyond mouth slit. Head longer than broad HW 25-33% SVL; HL 34-44% SVL). Tympanum distinct (TYD 6-9% SVL). Hind legs long (TL 51-68% SVL). Webbing small, leaving three phalanges free; webbing formula: I 1 ½ – 2 ½ II 1 ½ – (2 ½ or 3) III (1 ½ or 2) – 3 IV 3 – 1 ½ V. Back with four pairs of continuous glandular folds, the innermost pair bordering the medio-dorsal line from the palpebral region to the vent, the fourth outermost pair of folds constituting the dorsolateral folds; finely granular skin on the back; some glandular granules on the flanks; belly smooth.
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</paragraph>
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. — The dorsal colouration is essentially brown, sometimes gray, the glandular folds are darker. The vertebral line is whitish for most specimens, sometimes green in some living specimens. The ventral side is white and the posterior side of the thighs has large dark transverse spots.
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</paragraph>
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. — The males have a pair of laterally opening vocal sacks, with the external opening parallel to the lower jaw, and nuptial pads on first to third fingers.
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</paragraph>
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. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFABBDFA9CFD29FAF7" authorityName="Kovie" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[462,710,1313,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mascareniensis">
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<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFABBDFA9CFD29FAF7" box="[462,710,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena mascareniensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is present throughout the country. In the suburbs of Lomé, individuals sometimes enter houses during the rainy season. The species is very abundant in the wetlands around Lomé (Zio, Haho, Lake
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<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFA8A7FACDFCE9FA47" box="[724,774,1392,1416]" name="Togo" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Togo</collectingCountry>
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and the small ponds around these rivers). We observed specimens in ecological zones I, II, III and IV of the country. The species was reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFAA8FFA7DFE7CFA18" author="BOURGAT R." box="[252,403,1471,1496]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" pagination="597 - 624" refId="ref33022" refString="BOURGAT R. 1979. - Trematodes d'amphibiens du Togo. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4 e serie) 3: 597 - 624." type="journal article" year="1979">Bourgat (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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from Lomé, Kovié and Kloto, and by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFAAF7FA67FE97FA3D" author="SEGNIAGBETO G. H. & DEKAWOLE J. K. & KETOH G. K. & DENDI D. & LUISELLI L." box="[132,376,1498,1522]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" refId="ref38700" refString="SEGNIAGBETO G. H., DEKAWOLE J. K., KETOH G. K., DENDI D. & LUISELLI L. 2022. - Herpetofaunal diversity in a Dahomey Gap savannah of Togo (West Africa): effects of seasons on the populations of amphibians and reptiles. Diversity 14, 964." type="journal volume" year="2022">
|
||
Segniagbeto
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAB73FA67FEDFFA3D" box="[256,304,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Tetetou to Nagbeto dam along the Mono River.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE736B2FFA9FFFFAAF7F990FADFFE41" blockId="29.[131,778,1581,2028]" lastBlockId="29.[811,1455,215,398]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">
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||
<smallCapsWord id="8D01A06EFFA9FFFFAB79F98FFEAEF98C" baselines="1599" box="[266,321,1586,1603]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="note" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">NOTE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. — This nominal taxon consists of a species complex.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFAA97F9F5FE63F9AF" author="LAMOTTE M." box="[228,396,1607,1632]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" pagination="647 - 656" refId="ref35750" refString="LAMOTTE M. 1967 b. - Le probleme des Ptychadena (̿ am. Ranidae) du groupe mascareniensis dans l'Ouest Africain. Bulletin du Museum national l'histoire naturelle (2 e Serie) 39: 647 - 656." type="journal article" year="1967">Lamotte (1967b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished two forms on the size of the individuals. He considered the West African form described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFAAF7F9C0FDBCF95B" authority="Schmidt & Inger, 1959" authorityName="Schmidt & Inger" authorityYear="1959" box="[132,595,1660,1685]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hylaea" subGenus="Ptychadena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAAF7F9C0FF5AF95B" box="[132,181,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Rana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAAB1F9C1FEC4F95B" box="[194,299,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAB44F9C1FE9EF95B" box="[311,369,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">hylaea</emphasis>
|
||
Schmidt & Inger, 1959
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a larger form (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFA880F93CFCE8F957" box="[755,775,1665,1688]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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<quantity id="4CA09B57FFA9FFFFAAF7F92AFF02F961" box="[132,237,1687,1711]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" unit="mm" value="52.5" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="49.0">49-56 mm</quantity>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAA86F926FEE9F97D" box="[245,262,1691,1714]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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||
<quantity id="4CA09B57FFA9FFFFAB78F92AFE9AF960" box="[267,373,1687,1711]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.55" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" unit="mm" value="65.5" valueMax="72.0" valueMin="59.0">59-72 mm</quantity>
|
||
), specifically related to forest ecosystems in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFAAF0F90CFEECF906" box="[131,259,1713,1737]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFAB78F90CFEBAF906" box="[267,341,1713,1737]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFAB2EF90CFE4BF906" box="[349,420,1713,1737]" name="Liberia" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFABDFF90CFDC9F906" box="[428,550,1713,1737]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the smaller species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFAAF0F971FE02F92B" authority="(Boulenger, 1920)" authorityName="Mango" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[131,493,1740,1764]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAAF0F971FED5F92B" box="[131,314,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena pumilio</emphasis>
|
||
(Boulenger, 1920)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFAB8AF96DFDE2F928" box="[505,525,1744,1767]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
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||
<quantity id="4CA09B57FFA9FFFFA861F971FD95F92C" box="[530,634,1740,1764]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" unit="mm" value="32.5" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="29.0">29-36 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD3BFFA9FFFFA8F0F96DFD7BF928" box="[643,660,1744,1767]" count="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
<quantity id="4CA09B57FFA9FFFFA8EAF971FCEFF92B" box="[665,768,1740,1764]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" unit="mm" value="38.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="36.0">36-40 mm</quantity>
|
||
) related to savannah ecosystems in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFA878F95BFD66F931" box="[523,649,1766,1790]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFA8C4F95BFF5EF8D7" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFAB53F8BCFE36F8D6" authorityName="Mango" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[288,473,1793,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilio">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAB53F8BCFE36F8D6" box="[288,473,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena pumilio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
applies to small frogs, and may comprise several species, living in degraded rainforest and savannah areas of West Africa, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFABAAF888FDA1F881" author="RODEL M. - O." box="[473,590,1845,1870]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" refId="ref37146" refString="RODEL M. - O. 2000. - Herpetofauna of West Africa. Vol 1. Amphibians of theWest African savanna. ̿ rankfurt am Main, Chimaira, 335 p." type="book" year="2000">Rödel 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and M.-O. Rödel unpubl. data).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFAB68F8EDFDFBF8A7" authorityName="Kovie" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[283,532,1872,1896]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mascareniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAB68F8EDFDFBF8A7" box="[283,532,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena mascareniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger and also occurs in both ecosystems, but is usually best observed in rice paddies. Several morphological and colour morphs have been observed (see e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFAADEF822FE9EF878" author="RODEL M. - O. & GLOS J." box="[173,369,1951,1975]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" pagination="15 - 35" refId="ref37389" refString="RODEL M. - O. & GLOS J. 2019. - Herpetological surveys in two proposed protected areas in Liberia, West Africa. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95 (1): 15 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 95.31726" type="journal article" year="2019">Rödel & Glos 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; M.-O. Rödel unpubl. data). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34F7622FFA9FFFFA8C7F81DFD09F877" box="[692,742,1952,1976]" name="Togo" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Togo</collectingCountry>
|
||
we observed specimens that do not resemble the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFA85EF807FD88F81D" authorityName="Schmidt & Inger" authorityYear="1959" box="[557,615,1978,2002]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hylaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFA85EF807FD88F81D" box="[557,615,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">hylaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFA8C4F807FF3DF823" author="LAMOTTE M." pageId="29" pageNumber="658" pagination="647 - 656" refId="ref35750" refString="LAMOTTE M. 1967 b. - Le probleme des Ptychadena (̿ am. Ranidae) du groupe mascareniensis dans l'Ouest Africain. Bulletin du Museum national l'histoire naturelle (2 e Serie) 39: 647 - 656." type="journal article" year="1967">Lamotte (1967b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with regard to size. Some examined specimens that are adult males and females have an intermediate size (SVL) ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA09B57FFA9FFFFA95DFF4CFC5CFEC6" box="[814,947,241,265]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="40.0">40 to 52 mm</quantity>
|
||
. It has been shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C584D31FFA9FFFFAED3FF4CFA78FEC6" authorityName="Kovie" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1184,1431,241,265]" class="Amphibia" family="Ptychadenidae" genus="Ptychadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mascareniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAED3FF4CFA78FEC6" box="[1184,1431,241,265]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">Ptychadena mascareniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as currently understood is a complex of species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFAE87FEB1FA46FEEB" author="VENCES M. & KOSUCH J. & RODEL M. - O. & LOTTERS S. & CHANNING A. & GLAW F. & BOHME W." box="[1268,1449,268,292]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" pagination="593 - 601" refId="ref39039" refString="VENCES M., KOSUCH J., RODEL M. - O., LOTTERS S., CHANNING A., GLAW F. & BOHME W. 2004. - Phylogeography of Ptychadena mascareniensis suggests transoceanic dispersal in a widespread African-Malagasy frog lineage. Journal of Biogeography 31 (4): 593 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2699.2003.01031. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Vences
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFAF4CFEB0FA80FEEB" box="[1343,1391,268,292]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B43FFA9FFFFA95EFE9BFC09FEF1" author="ZIMKUS B. M. & LAWSON L. P. & BAREJ M. F. & BARRATT C. D. & CHANNING A. & DASH K. M. & DEHLING J. M. & DU PREEZ L. & GEHRING P. - S. & GREENBAUM E. & GVOZDIK V. & HARVEY J. & KIELGAST J. & KUSAMBA C. & NAGY Z. T. & PABIJAN M. & PENNER J. & RODEL M. - O. & VENCES M. & LOTTERS S." box="[813,998,294,318]" pageId="29" pageNumber="658" pagination="254 - 269" refId="ref39273" refString="ZIMKUS B. M., LAWSON L. P., BAREJ M. F., BARRATT C. D., CHANNING A., DASH K. M., DEHLING J. M., DU PREEZ L., GEHRING P. - S., GREENBAUM E., GVOZDIK V., HARVEY J., KIELGAST J., KUSAMBA C., NAGY Z. T., PABIJAN M., PENNER J., RODEL M. - O., VENCES M. & LOTTERS S. 2017. - Leapfrogging into new territory: how Mascarene ridged frogs diversified across Africa and Madagascar to maintain their ecological niche. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106: 254 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.09.018" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Zimkus
|
||
<emphasis id="B92CEAA0FFA9FFFFA90DFE9AFC42FEF1" box="[894,941,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="658">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter publication revealed a high level of genetic differentiation, i.e., 10 distinct lineages or operational taxonomic units. Further morphological and molecular work is needed to clarify the taxonomy of West African populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |