271 lines
25 KiB
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271 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" ID-PMC="PMC8930920" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e76050" ID-Pensoft-UUID="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" ID-PubMed="35437414" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e76050" checkinTime="1647039089382" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Simon, Andrew D. F., Adamczyk, Emily M., Basman, Antranig, Chu, Jackson W. F., Gartner, Heidi N., Fletcher, Karin, Gibbs, Charles J., Gibbs, Donna M., Gilmore, Scott R., Harbo, Rick M., Harris, Leslie H., Humphrey, Elaine, Lamb, Andy, Lambert, Philip, McDaniel, Neil, Scott, Jessica & Starzomski, Brian M." docDate="2022" docId="BE50B721CF24532B9950A8D7A7E75883" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e76050" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" docTitle="Leptasterias Verrill 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" lastPageNumber="76050" masterDocId="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" masterDocTitle="Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology" masterLastPageNumber="76050" masterPageNumber="76050" pageNumber="76050" updateTime="1668121969866" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Simon, Andrew D. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-8974</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">adfsimon@imerss.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Adamczyk, Emily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Basman, Antranig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Chu, Jackson W. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-9446</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gartner, Heidi N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fletcher, Karin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Port Orchard 98366, Port Orchard, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Charles J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Donna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gilmore, Scott R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>7494 Andrea Cres, Lantzville, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harbo, Rick M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Harris, Leslie H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Humphrey, Elaine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lamb, Andy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lambert, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>McDaniel, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>McDaniel Photography, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Scott, Jessica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ocean Wise, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Starzomski, Brian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>76050</mods:start>
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<mods:end>76050</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BE50B721CF24532B9950A8D7A7E75883" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BE50B721CF24532B9950A8D7A7E75883" lastPageNumber="76050" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName LSID="BE50B721-CF24-532B-9950-A8D7A7E75883" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="subPhylum" subPhylum="Tunicata">Tunicata Lamarck, 1816</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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[
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">1 class: 3 orders: 12 families: 24 genera: 33 species</emphasis>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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The name '
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="subPhylum" subPhylum="Tunicata">Tunicata</taxonomicName>
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' comes from the Latin
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">tunicatus</emphasis>
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, past particle of the verb
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">tunicare</emphasis>
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, "to clothe with a tunic."
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Tunicates are filter-feeding marine animals that derive their name from their protective exoskeleton, called the tunic, which is formed of proteins and carbohydrates. A subphylum of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="phylum">Chordata</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="subPhylum" subPhylum="Tunicata">Tunicata</taxonomicName>
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are traditionally divided into three classes-
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" class="Ascidiacea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Ascidiacea</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" class="Thaliacea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Thaliacea</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" class="Appendicularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Appendicularia</taxonomicName>
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-though recent evidence suggests this group is paraphyletic (
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<bibRefCitation author="Delsuc, Frederic" journalOrPublisher="BMC Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination=": 39" refId="B7630714" refString="Delsuc, Frederic, Philippe, Herve, Tsagkogeorga, Georgia, Simion, Paul, Tilak, Marie-Ka, Turon, Xavier, Lopez-Legentil, Susanna, Piette, Jacques, Lemaire, Patrick, Douzery, Emmanuel, 2018. A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates. BMC Biology 16 (1): 39" title="A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates" volume="16" year="2018">Delsuc et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1866" class="Ascidiacea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Ascidiacea</taxonomicName>
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, or ascidians, are the most diverse and common class of tunicates and are, indeed, the most well represented class in this dataset. There are around 2,815 described ascidian species worldwide (
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<bibRefCitation author="Shenkar, Noa" journalOrPublisher="PLOS One" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination=": e 20657" refId="B6747745" refString="Shenkar, Noa, Swalla, Billie J., 2011. Global diversity of Ascidiacea. PLOS One 6 (6): e20657" title="Global diversity of Ascidiacea" volume="6" year="2011">Shenkar and Swalla 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Four of the 71 taxa reported from the coast of British Columbia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Rosenberg, Gary" journalOrPublisher="American Malacological Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6747754" refString="Museum Royal British Columbia Natural history collection http://search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/ 2021-02-13T00:00:00+02:00" year="2014">Royal British Columbia Museum 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) are extremely deep-water species, while five are restricted to northern BC and are, thus, not expected for Galiano Island. Of the 62 species that might be expected to occur locally, 33 species have been documented to date.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Ascidians are sessile organisms found at all ocean depths worldwide, attaching to natural surfaces such as rocky outcrops and invertebrate shells, as well as artificial structures such as pilings, docks and boat hulls. Notable reports for Galiano Island include several non-native species that have a long history of invasion, often resulting in measurable impacts in other parts of Canada and around the world (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, G." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="3 - 4" refId="B6747762" refString="Lambert, G., 2007. Invasive sea squirts: a growing global problem. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342 (1): 3 - 4" title="Invasive sea squirts: a growing global problem" volume="342" year="2007">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Lambert 2007</emphasis>
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Arsenault, G." journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="189 - 194" refId="B6747771" refString="Arsenault, G., Davidson, J., Ramsay, A., 2009. Temporal and spatial development of an infestation of Styela clava on mussel farms in Malpeque Bay, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Aquatic Invasions 4 (1): 189 - 194" title="Temporal and spatial development of an infestation of Styela clava on mussel farms in Malpeque Bay, Prince Edward Island, Canada" volume="4" year="2009">Arsenault et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Arens, Collin" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="465 - 476" refId="B6638874" refString="Arens, Collin, Paetzold, Christine, Ramsay, Aaron, Davidson, Jeff, 2011. Pressurized seawater as an antifouling treatment against the colonial tunicates Botrylloides violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri in mussel aquaculture. Aquatic Invasions 6 (4): 465 - 476" title="Pressurized seawater as an antifouling treatment against the colonial tunicates Botrylloides violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri in mussel aquaculture" volume="6" year="2011">Arens et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhan, Aibin" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="2449 - 2470" refId="B6747791" refString="Zhan, Aibin, Briski, Elizabeta, Bock, Dan G., Ghabooli, Sara, MacIsaac, Hugh J., 2015. Ascidians as models for studying invasion success. Marine Biology 162 (12): 2449 - 2470" title="Ascidians as models for studying invasion success" volume="162" year="2015">Zhan et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). Native to Japan,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Oka" authorityYear="1927" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Botrylloides" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Botrylloides violaceus" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violaceus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Botrylloides violaceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Oka, 1927 (lined compound ascidian) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F6748184" captionText="Figure 19. Botrylloides violaceus (lined compound ascidian) - Photograph by Jennifer Grant." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/509706" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">19</figureCitation>
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) was first introduced to the Pacific coast in California in 1973 and spread northwards along the coast to Canada (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, G." journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="665 - 679" refId="B6747845" refString="Lambert, G., 2003. New records of ascidians from the NE Pacific: a new species of Trididemnum, range extension and redescription of Aplidiopsis pannosum (Ritter, 1899) including its larva, and several non-indigenous species. Zoosystema 25 (4): 665 - 679" title="New records of ascidians from the NE Pacific: a new species of Trididemnum, range extension and redescription of Aplidiopsis pannosum (Ritter, 1899) including its larva, and several non-indigenous species." volume="25" year="2003">Lambert 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="2002" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Didemnum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Didemnum vexillum" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vexillum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Didemnum vexillum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kott, 2002 (carpet sea squirt) is also thought to be native to Japan and was first reported for British Columbian waters in 2003 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, Gretchen" journalOrPublisher="Aquatic Invasions" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="5 - 28" refId="B6747801" refString="Lambert, Gretchen, 2009. Adventures of a sea squirt sleuth: unraveling the identity of Didemnum vexillum, a global ascidian invader. Aquatic Invasions 4 (1): 5 - 28" title="Adventures of a sea squirt sleuth: unraveling the identity of Didemnum vexillum, a global ascidian invader" volume="4" year="2009">Lambert 2009</bibRefCitation>
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). Other reported taxa, such as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1882" class="Ascidiacea" family="Cionidae" genus="Ciona" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ciona savignyi" order="Phlebobranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savignyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Ciona savignyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Herdman, 1882 (sea vase) and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Milne Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Chondrichthyes" family="Didemnidae" genus="Diplosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diplosoma listerianum" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="listerianum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Diplosoma listerianum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Milne Edwards, 1841) (grey encrusting compound tunicate), have unknown provenance and may, thus, be described as cryptogenic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Tunicates are generally under-represented in this study as they are easily overlooked; new species are still being discovered in British Columbia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, G." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="401 - 436" refId="B6747810" refString="Lambert, G., 2019. The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz. Zootaxa 4657 (3): 401 - 436" title="The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz" volume="4657" year="2019">Lambert 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). The
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<taxonomicName class="Thaliacea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Thaliacea</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Appendicularia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Appendicularia</taxonomicName>
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, in particular, are poorly represented-the former limited to a singular dive observation that has not been identified beyond the level of class and the latter not represented at all. Unlike ascidians, these groups include exclusively pelagic species that are more abundant in warmer waters, with low probability of being detected in surveys around Galiano Island.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Identification of tunicates is often based on gross morphological features, though dissection is occasionally required. Ascidians may be categorised as solitary, social or colonial according to variations on a basic body plan. The individuals, called zooids, are very small (measuring a few mm), but the colonies can be up to several metres large. Though tunicates are generally easily overlooked, often confused with other groups and challenging to identify to species, there are excellent resources available to support their identification, including: popular field guides (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gotshall, D. W." journalOrPublisher="Sea Challengers, Monterey" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6747819" refString="Gotshall, D. W., Laurent, L. L., 1980. Pacific coast subtidal marine invertebrates. Sea Challengers, Monterey" title="Pacific coast subtidal marine invertebrates" year="1980">Gotshall and Laurent 1980</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lamb, A." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662869" refString="Lamb, A., Hanby, B. P., 2005. Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Marine life of the Pacific Northwest: a photographic encyclopedia of invertebrates, seaweeds and selected fishes" year="2005">Lamb and Hanby 2005</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Harbo, R. M." journalOrPublisher="Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662898" refString="Harbo, R. M., 2011. Whelks to whales. Harbour Publishing, Maideira Park" title="Whelks to whales" year="2011">Harbo 2011</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Jensen, G. C." journalOrPublisher="MolaMarine, Bremerton" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662971" refString="Jensen, G. C., Gotshall, D. W., Miller, R. E. F., 2018. Beneath Pacific tides: subtidal invertebrates of the West Coast. MolaMarine, Bremerton" title="Beneath Pacific tides: subtidal invertebrates of the West Coast" year="2018">Jensen et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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); taxonomic keys (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kozloff, E. N." journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Press, Seattle" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662860" refString="Kozloff, E. N., 1996. Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle" title="Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest" year="1996">Kozloff 1996</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Carlton, JT" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6662886" refString="Carlton, JT, 2007. The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon. University of California Press, Berkeley" title="The Light and Smith Manual, intertidal invertebrates from Central California to Oregon" year="2007">Carlton 2007</bibRefCitation>
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); published journal articles (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Name, V." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="1 - 476" refId="B6747827" refString="Name, V., Willard, G., 1945. The North and South American ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 84: 1 - 476" title="The North and South American ascidians" volume="84" year="1945">Name and Willard 1945</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, G." journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="1766 - 1781" refId="B6747836" refString="Lambert, G., Sanamyan, K., 2001. Distaplia alaskensis sp. nov. (Ascidiacea, Aplousobranchia) and other new ascidian records from south-central Alaska, with a redescription of Ascidia columbiana (Huntsman, 1912). Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1766 - 1781" title="Distaplia alaskensis sp. nov. (Ascidiacea, Aplousobranchia) and other new ascidian records from south-central Alaska, with a redescription of Ascidia columbiana (Huntsman, 1912)" volume="79" year="2001">Lambert and Sanamyan 2001</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, G." journalOrPublisher="Zoosystema" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="665 - 679" refId="B6747845" refString="Lambert, G., 2003. New records of ascidians from the NE Pacific: a new species of Trididemnum, range extension and redescription of Aplidiopsis pannosum (Ritter, 1899) including its larva, and several non-indigenous species. Zoosystema 25 (4): 665 - 679" title="New records of ascidians from the NE Pacific: a new species of Trididemnum, range extension and redescription of Aplidiopsis pannosum (Ritter, 1899) including its larva, and several non-indigenous species." volume="25" year="2003">Lambert 2003</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Lambert, G." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="401 - 436" refId="B6747810" refString="Lambert, G., 2019. The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz. Zootaxa 4657 (3): 401 - 436" title="The Ascidiacea collected during the 2017 British Columbia Hakai MarineGEO BioBlitz" volume="4657" year="2019">Lambert 2019</bibRefCitation>
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); and online summaries (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Austin, W. C." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6747862" refString="Baldwin A. Checklist of the invertebrate chordata and the hemichordata of British Columbia (tunicates and acorn worms) https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/TunicatesInvertebrateChordatesofBCBaldwin2009.pdf 2021-02-13T00:00:00+02:00" year="2014">Baldwin 2009f</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gardner, G. A." journalOrPublisher="Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1979, Ottawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6747854" refString="Gartner H. N. BC tunicates http://taxonomy.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Taxonomy/viewer/BC_Tunicates.aspx 2021-02-13T00:00:00+02:00" year="1982">Gartner 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). For annotated records of tunicates reported for Galiano Island, see supplementary materials (Suppl. material 17).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |