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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. &amp; Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="70EEF32D59F72F60B94181F34E4C5D06" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum pubescens Ruiz &amp; Pav., Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz &amp; Pavon] 2: 30. 1799." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292705827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina &amp; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-06-14</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>200</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>423</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-200-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:70EEF32D59F72F60B94181F34E4C5D06" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/70EEF32D59F72F60B94181F34E4C5D06" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
36.
<taxonomicName authority="Ruiz &amp; Pav., Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz &amp; Pavon] 2: 30. 1799." authorityName="Ruiz &amp; Pav., Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz &amp; Pavon] 2: 30. 1799." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Capsicum pubescens Ruiz &amp; Pav., Fl. Peruv. [Ruiz &amp; Pavon] 2: 30. 1799.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 103" captionStartId="F103" captionText="Figure 103. Capsicum pubescens A reproductive branch B trichome of the leaf C calyx D section of the calyx showing the venation E flower, upper view F sector of opened corolla G, H anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively I, J, K gynoecium with short, medium and long style, respectively L anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) M seed N seed, in cross section O structure of seed coat at the seed margin P structure of seed coat at the seed body Q embryo. From Hunziker 25484. Drawn by J. de Ugarte." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695518" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 103</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 104" captionStartId="F104" captionText="Figure 104. Capsicum pubescens A plant B reproductive nodes C young leaves, adaxial surface D flower bud on geniculate pedicel E-H flowers, in front view, showing 4 - 7 - merous corollas I, J flowers, seen from behind K flower, in lateral view L-O mature fruits from different provenance (L, N from Bolivia, M from Peru, O from Mexico) P fruit, in longitudinal section, showing the black seeds A-D, G Barboza et al. 4889 E, P from Barboza et al. 4890 F from Palombo 21 H from Barboza et al. 1847 I from Palombo 22 J from Palombo 23 K, L no specimen vouchers (cult. Cordoba, Argentina) M no specimen voucher (cult. Huancayo-Peru) N from Carrizo Garcia et al. 35 O no voucher specimen (bought in Mexico) A-D, G, H, L, M, O, P photos by G. E. Barboza E, F, I-K, N photos by N. Palombo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695519" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 104</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="violaceum">Capsicum violaceum</taxonomicName>
Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. [H.B.K.] 3: 49. 1818. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: Quito, [no date],
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.W.H.A. von Humboldt</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.J.A. Bonpland 3027</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00670654]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum quitense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="quitense">Capsicum quitense</taxonomicName>
Willd. ex Roem. &amp; Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer &amp; Schultes] 4: 809. 1819. Type. Ecuador. Pichincha: In Quito (holotype: B [B-W04433-01-0]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brachistus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brachistus</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus lanceifolius" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceifolius">Brachistus lanceifolius</taxonomicName>
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, 3(16): 267. 1849, as &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lanceaefolius</emphasis>
&quot;. Type. Ecuador. Loja: Loja, Aug 1847,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B.C. Seemann 879</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: K [K000585923]; isolectotype: BM [BM000992131].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum maximowiczii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximowiczii">Capsicum maximowiczii</taxonomicName>
Regel &amp; Rach, Index Seminum [St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus)]: 40. 1859. Type. Cultivated in St. Petersburg, Russia [protologue &quot;Cultum in hortis circa Valparaiso sub nomine &quot;Agi dulce&quot;. Semina misit Maximowicz. (Rch.)&quot;] &quot;Ex horto bot. Petropolitano&quot;, 27 May 1858,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L.T. Rach</emphasis>
(no specimens cited; lectotype, designated here: LE).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens subsp. var. var. oviforme" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pubescens" subSpecies="var." variety="oviforme">Capsicum pubescens Ruiz &amp; Pav. var. oviforme</taxonomicName>
Hassk., Bonplandia (Hanover) 8(6): 95. 1860. Type. &quot;Ab incolis Peruviae&quot; (no specimens cited; no original material found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum lanceifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceifolium">Capsicum lanceifolium</taxonomicName>
(Miers) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 449. 1891, as &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lanceaefolium</emphasis>
&quot;. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brachistus</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus lanceifolius" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceifolius">Brachistus lanceifolius</taxonomicName>
Miers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum annuum subsp. var. var. violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="annuum" subSpecies="var." variety="violaceum">Capsicum annuum L. var. violaceum</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) Alef., Landw. Fl.: 134. 1866. Type. Based on
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum violaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="violaceum">Capsicum violaceum</taxonomicName>
Kunth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="H. Ruiz, J. Pavon" country="Peru" location="Pasco" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pasco" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Peru">Peru</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Pasco">Pasco</collectingRegion>
: &quot;Ex Pozuzo&quot; [protologue - &quot;Habitat affatim in Peruviae cultis, praesertim ad Panatahuarum Provinciam et in Andium nemoribus&quot;],
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>H. Ruiz</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>
J.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated here: MA [MA-815154]; isolectotypes: CORD [CORD 00101751, fragment from G], G, MA [MA-815153, MA-815155])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect and scandent shrubs or perennial herbs, 1-3 (-4) m tall, with the main stem ca. 3 cm in diameter at base, much branched above, the branches in a typical
<normalizedToken originalValue="“zig-zag”">&quot;zig-zag&quot;</normalizedToken>
appearance. Young stems angled, fragile, green or green with purple spots and dark brown ridges, glabrescent to densely pubescent with a soft whitish pubescence of long, spreading, simple, uniseriate, 4-11-celled, eglandular trichomes (some forked) 0.5-1.5 mm long; nodes frequently dark purple; bark of older stems dark brown, smooth or striate, glabrescent to densely pubescent; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair markedly unequal in size, similar or dissimilar in shape. Leaves membranous, concolorous or discolorous, green above, light green beneath, rugose (the youngest leaves) or somewhat smooth with the mid-vein and primary veins raised abaxially, glabrescent to densely pubescent on both surfaces and margins, with similar trichomes like those on stems; blades of major leaves 6-12 (-16) cm long, 2.4-4 (-7) cm wide, ovate or more rarely elliptic, the major veins 4-6 on each side of mid-vein, the base asymmetric and attenuate or cuneate, the margins entire, the apex acuminate; petioles 1.5-2 cm long, densely pubescent to glabrescent; blades of minor leaves (2.5-) 3.5-5 (-6) cm long, 1.8-2.4 cm wide, ovate, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base rounded, the margins entire, the apex acute or acuminate; petioles 0.5-0.7 cm long, densely pubescent to glabrescent. Inflorescences axillary, 1-2 flowers per axil, rarely up to four flowers; flowering pedicels 15-25 mm long, angled, erect, geniculate at anthesis, green or purple-ribbed, moderately to densely pubescent, the eglandular trichomes long, spreading; pedicels scars conspicuous. Buds globose or ovoid, dark purple. Flowers 4-8-merous. Calyx 2-3 mm long, ca. 4-4.3 mm wide, cup-shaped, thick, green, moderately to densely pubescent with the same trichomes as pedicels, sometimes sparse forked trichomes, the calyx appendages 4-8, (0.3-) 0.5-1.5 (-1.7) mm long, subequal or somewhat unequal, thin, erect, cylindrical, green, inserted close to the margin, pubescent with the same trichomes as calyx tube. Corolla 10-15 mm long, 15-22 (-25) mm in diameter, thick, dark purple or violet with a white centre outside and within (sometimes with a weak yellowish-green centre within), rotate to stellate, with thin interpetalar membrane, lobed 1/3 or a little more of the way to the base, pubescent adaxially with short glandular trichomes (stalk 1-2-celled; head globose, unicellular) in the throat and base of the lobes, the tube 5-8 mm long, glabrous abaxially, the lobes 3.5-6.5 (-7.2) mm long, 4.7-7.4 (-8.5) mm wide, broadly triangular, spreading, with eglandular trichomes abaxially especially on the veins, the margins pubescent with very short purple eglandular trichomes, the tips acute or obtuse, cucullate or not, sometimes papillate. Stamens 4-8, equal; filaments 2-3.3 (-4.25) mm long, purple or lilac, inserted on the corolla 1.4-1.6 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at the point of insertion; anthers 2-2.8 mm long, ellipsoid or ovoid, purple with a wide cream connective, not connivent at anthesis. Gynoecium with ovary 2-3-carpelar, 2-2.5 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter, light green, ovoid or pear-shaped; ovules more than two per locule; nectary ca. 1.2 mm tall; styles heteromorphic, short, 3-3.5 mm, not exceeding the anthers, medium near the same length as the anthers or long 4.5-5.2 mm, exserted 1-1.5 mm beyond the anthers, lilac or purple, clavate; stigma 0.3 mm long, 0.7 mm wide, discoid or slightly globose, light green. Berry 20-40 mm long, 17-25 mm in diameter (semi-domesticated plants) or larger up to 50 mm long, 55 mm in diameter (cultivated plants), round, blocky or elongate-curved or not, the base obtuse, truncate or lobate, sometimes narrowed forming a neck-like, the apex blunt or sunken, rarely pointed, green when immature, brightly coloured at maturity (from red to light yellow or blackish), persistent, very pungent, the pericarp thick, opaque, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 35-50 (-55) mm long, pendent, stout, curved or not, strongly angled, widened distally, usually green; fruiting calyx 8-13 mm in diameter, persistent, slightly accrescent, discoid, green, the appendages 0.8-2.1 mm long, ca. 0.3-0.4 mm wide, spreading. Seeds 15-45 per fruit, 5.5-7 mm long, 4.8-6 mm wide, C-shaped, subglobose or irregular, brownish-black to black, the seed coat reticulate (SM), reticulate-cerebelloid (SEM), the cells polygonal or irregular in shape, the lateral walls wavy to sinuate in the seed body, straight at margins; embryo imbricate.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695518" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 103" startId="F103">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 103.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
reproductive branch
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
trichome of the leaf
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
calyx
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
section of the calyx showing the venation
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
flower, upper view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
sector of opened corolla
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H</emphasis>
anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I, J, K</emphasis>
gynoecium with short, medium and long style, respectively
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
seed
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
seed, in cross section
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
structure of seed coat at the seed margin
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P</emphasis>
structure of seed coat at the seed body
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q</emphasis>
embryo. From
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hunziker 25484</emphasis>
. Drawn by J. de Ugarte.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695519" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 104" startId="F104">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 104.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
plant
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
reproductive nodes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
young leaves, adaxial surface
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
flower bud on geniculate pedicel
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-H</emphasis>
flowers, in front view, showing 4-7-merous corollas
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I, J</emphasis>
flowers, seen from behind
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
flower, in lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L-O</emphasis>
mature fruits from different provenance (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L, N</emphasis>
from Bolivia,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
from Peru,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
from Mexico)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P</emphasis>
fruit, in longitudinal section, showing the black seeds
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D, G</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 4889</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, P</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 4890</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palombo 21</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barboza et al. 1847</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palombo 22</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palombo 23</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K, L</emphasis>
no specimen vouchers (cult.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
, Argentina)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
no specimen voucher (cult. Huancayo-Peru)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
from
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 35
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
no voucher specimen (bought in Mexico)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D, G, H, L, M, O, P</emphasis>
photos by G.E. Barboza
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F, I-K, N</emphasis>
photos by N. Palombo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is native to Bolivia and Peru (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 105" captionStartId="F105" captionText="Figure 105. Distribution of C. pubescens and C. rabenii." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695520" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">105</figureCitation>
), probably originating in mid-elevation southern Andes (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="396 - 403" refId="B140" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1976. Genetic and biochemical systematic studies of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102 (6): 396 - 403, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" title="Genetic and biochemical systematic studies of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2484766" volume="102" year="1976">Eshbaugh 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" editor="Janick, J" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley and Sons, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="132 - 139" refId="B145" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1993. Peppers: History and exploitation of a Serendipitous new crop discovery. In: Janick, J, Simon, JE, Eds., New Crops. John Wiley and Sons, New York: 132 - 139" title="Peppers: History and exploitation of a Serendipitous new crop discovery." volumeTitle="New Crops." year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Pickersgill, B" editor="Stone, D" journalOrPublisher="Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 123" refId="B370" refString="Pickersgill, B, 1984. Migration of chili peppers, Capsicum spp. in the Americas. In: Stone, D, Ed., Pre-Columbian Plant Migration. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology 76: 105 - 123" title="Migration of chili peppers, Capsicum spp. in the Americas." volume="76" volumeTitle="Pre-Columbian Plant Migration." year="1984">Pickersgill 1984</bibRefCitation>
), but confirmed wild populations have not been recorded. Currently, this species is confined to the Americas being moderately cultivated in North America (mainly in Mexico) and Central America and more intensively along the Andean Region of South America, especially from Colombia to Bolivia and less in northern Argentina (Salta and Jujuy), Chile (Arica and Parinacota, cf.
<bibRefCitation author="Tapia, FF" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Arica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 132" refId="B464" refString="Tapia, FF, Campos, MA [Eds], 2016. Tumbo y Locoto en la region de Arica y Parinacota. Boletin del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Arica 329: 1 - 132" title="Tumbo y Locoto en la region de Arica y Parinacota." volume="329" year="2016">Tapia and Campos 2016</bibRefCitation>
) and Venezuela. Cultivation of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
outside the Americas is very restricted. A few populations have been reported for Asia (north-western China and Tibetan mountains,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420009569.ch6" author="Djian-Caporalino, C" editor="Singh, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Vegetable Crops. Vol. 3. CRC Press, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, Boca Raton" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="185 - 235" refId="B127" refString="Djian-Caporalino, C, Lefebvre, V, Sage-Daubeze, A-M, Palloix, A, 2007. Capsicum. In: Singh, RJ, Ed., Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement. Vegetable Crops. Vol. 3. CRC Press, Taylor &amp; Francis Group, Boca Raton: 185 - 235, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420009569.ch6" title="Capsicum." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420009569.ch6" volumeTitle="Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement." year="2007">Djian-Caporalino et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and an introduction was confirmed in Java, Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" author="Yamamoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="161 - 170" refId="B505" refString="Yamamoto, S, Djarwaningsih, T, Wiriadinata, H, 2013. Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution. Economic Botany 67 (2): 161 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" title="Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" volume="67" year="2013">Yamamoto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Recent introductions as cash crops were recorded in Nagano, Japan (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2503/hrj.9.243" author="Matsushima, K" journalOrPublisher="Horticultural Research (Japan)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="243 - 248" refId="B280" refString="Matsushima, K, Saritnum, O, Hamauzu, Y, Adachi, R, Harada, K, Minami, M, Nemoto, K, 2010. Evaluation of the functional properties of chili pepper varieties 'rocoto' (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz &amp; Pav.) and 'botankoshou' (C. annuum L.), which are suitable for growing in cool areas. Horticultural Research (Japan) 9 (2): 243 - 248, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2503/hrj.9.243" title="Evaluation of the functional properties of chili pepper varieties ' rocoto' (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz &amp; Pav.) and ' botankoshou' (C. annuum L.), which are suitable for growing in cool areas." url="https://doi.org/10.2503/hrj.9.243" volume="9" year="2010">Matsushima et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and a mention as a potential crop in the United Kingdom (
<bibRefCitation author="Samuels, J" journalOrPublisher="The Organic Grower" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="10 - 12" refId="B420" refString="Samuels, J, 2014. The rocoto pepper: a novel crop Capsicum. The Organic Grower 28: 10 - 12" title="The rocoto pepper: a novel crop Capsicum." volume="28" year="2014">Samuels 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure105" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695520" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 105" startId="F105">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 105.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rabenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rabenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rabenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is frequently found in the Andean mid-elevations to highlands from (800-) 1,200-3,500 m and rarely below 500 m elevation. In Indonesia, the cultivation of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs also in highlands, over 1,400 m elevation (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" author="Yamamoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="161 - 170" refId="B505" refString="Yamamoto, S, Djarwaningsih, T, Wiriadinata, H, 2013. Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution. Economic Botany 67 (2): 161 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" title="Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" volume="67" year="2013">Yamamoto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Probably flowering and fruiting all year, depending on the cultivation area.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
2
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
= 2x = 24 (
<bibRefCitation author="Pickersgill, B" editor="Pochard, E" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendues 3 eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 37" refId="B369" refString="Pickersgill, B, 1977. Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum. In: Pochard, E, Ed., Capsicum 77. Comptes Rendues 3eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon: 27 - 37" title="Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum." volumeTitle="Capsicum 77." year="1977">Pickersgill 1977</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-88260-8.50013-6" author="Pickersgill, B" editor="Tsuchiya, T" journalOrPublisher="Part B. Elsevier, Amsterdam" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="139 - 160" refId="B373" refString="Pickersgill, B, 1991. Cytogenetics and evolution of Capsicum L. In: Tsuchiya, T, Gupta, PK, Eds., Chromosome engineering in plants: Genetics, breeding, evolution. Part B. Elsevier, Amsterdam: 139 - 160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-88260-8.50013-6" title="Cytogenetics and evolution of Capsicum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-88260-8.50013-6" volumeTitle="Chromosome engineering in plants: Genetics, breeding, evolution." year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940799" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="213 - 229" refId="B313" refString="Moscone, EA, Lambrou, M, Hunziker, AT, Ehrendorfer, F, 1993. Giemsa C-banded karyotypes in Capsicum (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 213 - 229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940799" title="Giemsa C-banded karyotypes in Capsicum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00940799" volume="186" year="1993">Moscone et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11495.x" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="276 - 287" refId="B314" refString="Moscone, EA, Loidl, J, Ehrendorfer, F, Hunziker, AT, 1995. Analysis of active nucleolus organizing regions in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by silver staining. American Journal of Botany 82: 276 - 287, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11495.x" title="Analysis of active nucleolus organizing regions in Capsicum (Solanaceae) by silver staining." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11495.x" volume="82" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985817" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 63" refId="B311" refString="Moscone, EA, Lambrou, M, Ehrendorfer, F, 1996a. Fluorescent chromosome banding in the cultivated species of Capsicum (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 202: 37 - 63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985817" title="Fluorescent chromosome banding in the cultivated species of Capsicum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985817" volume="202" year="1996 a">1996a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae (ISHS)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 170" refId="B317" refString="Moscone, EA, Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Cecchini, NM, Sanchez Garcia, Y, Jarret, R, Davina, JR, Ducasse, DA, Barboza, GE, Ehrendorfer, F, 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 137 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" title="The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" volume="745" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia</emphasis>
: Locato (La Paz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Heiser C272</emphasis>
), Locoto (La Paz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lewis 88629</emphasis>
; Santa Cruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saldías">Saldias</normalizedToken>
P. 563
</emphasis>
), Locote (La Paz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Duke &amp; Winters 17330</emphasis>
), Locotito (Santa Cruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vargas C. 932</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colombia</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nariño">Narino</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
Jurado
</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Riascos 613</emphasis>
; Putumayo,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bristol 1115</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
rocoto (Huila,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Romero
<normalizedToken originalValue="Castañeda">Castaneda</normalizedToken>
6674
</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecuador</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(Chimborazo,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Moina Z 23</emphasis>
; Loja,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ellemann 66689</emphasis>
; Tungurahua,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cascante 6</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
rocoto (Azuay,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Steyermark 52690</emphasis>
; Pichincha,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mejía">Mejia</normalizedToken>
002
</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Guatemala</emphasis>
: Siete caldos, Caballo (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" author="Meckelmann, SW" journalOrPublisher="European Food Research and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="817 - 825" refId="B290" refString="Meckelmann, SW, Jansen, C, Riegel, DW, van Zonneveld, M, Rios, L, Pena, K, Mueller-Seitz, E, Petz, M, 2015. Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto). European Food Research and Technology 241 (6): 817 - 825, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" title="Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" volume="241" year="2015">Meckelmann et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), Chile cuadrocaldo (San Marcos,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Steyermark 36930</emphasis>
), Chile caballo (San Marcos,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Steyermark 36930</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Honduras</emphasis>
: Chile garrapata (Alta Verapaz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Standley 91227</emphasis>
), Chile petenero (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Morazán">Morazan</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Valerio R. 3237</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mexico</emphasis>
: Chile (Morelos,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aguilar P. s.n.</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jalapeño">Jalapeno</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Perón">Peron</normalizedToken>
, Manzano, Ciruelo (Laborde et al. 1982), Chile cera (Veracruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ventura A. 9739</emphasis>
), Chile manzano (
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Monsalvo J. 12</emphasis>
;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Michoacán">Michoacan</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Soto
<normalizedToken originalValue="Núñez">Nunez</normalizedToken>
et al. 6369
</emphasis>
), Chile pimiento (
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bonilla Beas 346</emphasis>
), Chile canario (Oaxaca,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
R. &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Montaño">Montano</normalizedToken>
M. 348
</emphasis>
; Veracruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Castillo C. et al. 1757</emphasis>
), Chile de cepa (Veracruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chazaro B. 2558</emphasis>
), Chile de cera (Veracruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Calzada 10856</emphasis>
), Chile gordo (Veracruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Castillo C. et al. 214</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Morrón">Morron</normalizedToken>
(Veracruz,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Castillo C. et al. 1757</emphasis>
), Moro Ich (Chiapas,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="León">Leon</normalizedToken>
1139
</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Peru</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Alú">Alu</normalizedToken>
, ahi (Loreto,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Killip &amp; Smith 28864</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(Loreto,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Williams 3405</emphasis>
), Locoto (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Junín">Junin</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ochoa 602</emphasis>
), Rocobo (Pasco,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2305" author="Ruiz, H" journalOrPublisher="Intechopen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B412" refString="Ruiz, H, 1940. Travels of Ruiz, Pavon, and Dombey in Peru and Chile (1777-1788), with an epilogue and official documents added by Agustin Jesus Barreiro. Botanical Series Field Museum of Natural History 21: 1-372[Publication 467]. [Translation by B.E. Dahlgren] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2305" title="Travels of Ruiz, Pavon, and Dombey in Peru and Chile (1777 - 1788), with an epilogue and official documents added by Agustin Jesus Barreiro. Botanical Series Field Museum of Natural History 21: 1 - 372 [Publication 467]. [Translation by B. E. Dahlgren]" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2305" year="1940">Ruiz 1940</bibRefCitation>
), Rocoto (Ancash,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gamarra 439</emphasis>
; Cajamarca,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Campos</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nuñez">Nunez</normalizedToken>
4266
</emphasis>
; Cuzco,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cook</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gilbert 1017</emphasis>
; Lima,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cerrate de Ferreyra 7644</emphasis>
; San
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Quipuscoa</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bardales 979</emphasis>
; Pasco,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chuck 137</emphasis>
), Roccoto (
<bibRefCitation author="Ruiz, H" journalOrPublisher="Gabrielis de Sancha, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B413" refString="Ruiz, H, Pavon, JJA, 1799. Flora peruviana et chilensis. Vol. 2. Gabrielis de Sancha, Madrid" title="Flora peruviana et chilensis. Vol. 2." year="1799">
Ruiz and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
1799
</bibRefCitation>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
rocoto (Andahuaylas,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">West 3739</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Venezuela</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mérida">Merida</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pittier 12707</emphasis>
),
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ají">Aji</normalizedToken>
vocato (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Humboldt</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bonpland &amp; 3027</emphasis>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="indigenous names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Indigenous names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolivia</emphasis>
: Uchu rocoto (=
<normalizedToken originalValue="ají">aji</normalizedToken>
globoso) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rentzell s.n.</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colombia</emphasis>
: Totsha (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kamsá">Kamsa</normalizedToken>
, Putumayo,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bristol 1115</emphasis>
);
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecuador</emphasis>
: Huchu (Quechua, Loja,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ellemann 66689</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The fruits of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are one of the most appreciated in the Andean cuisine for their unique aroma, flavour, meatiness, juiciness and pungency (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" author="Meckelmann, SW" journalOrPublisher="European Food Research and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="817 - 825" refId="B290" refString="Meckelmann, SW, Jansen, C, Riegel, DW, van Zonneveld, M, Rios, L, Pena, K, Mueller-Seitz, E, Petz, M, 2015. Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto). European Food Research and Technology 241 (6): 817 - 825, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" title="Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" volume="241" year="2015">Meckelmann et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Fruits are used fresh, cooked or in powder (as condiment) in different ways in traditional and popular meals (&quot;rocoto relleno&quot;,
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ceviche”">&quot;ceviche&quot;</normalizedToken>
, &quot;picante de gallina&quot;, &quot;pique macho&quot;, cfr.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" author="Meckelmann, SW" journalOrPublisher="European Food Research and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="817 - 825" refId="B290" refString="Meckelmann, SW, Jansen, C, Riegel, DW, van Zonneveld, M, Rios, L, Pena, K, Mueller-Seitz, E, Petz, M, 2015. Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto). European Food Research and Technology 241 (6): 817 - 825, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" title="Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" volume="241" year="2015">Meckelmann et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Tapia, FF" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Arica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 132" refId="B464" refString="Tapia, FF, Campos, MA [Eds], 2016. Tumbo y Locoto en la region de Arica y Parinacota. Boletin del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Arica 329: 1 - 132" title="Tumbo y Locoto en la region de Arica y Parinacota." volume="329" year="2016">Tapia and Campos 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Barboza, pers. obs.). In Mexico, fruits are also consumed as a spice and in a great variety of industrial products (
<bibRefCitation author="Montes Hernandez, S" journalOrPublisher="Campo Experimental Bajio, INIFAP" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B304" refString="Montes Hernandez, S, 2010. Recopilacion y analisis de la informacion existente de las especies del genero Capsicum que crecen y se cultivan en Mexico. Informe final. Campo Experimental Bajio, INIFAP" title="Recopilacion y analisis de la informacion existente de las especies del genero Capsicum que crecen y se cultivan en Mexico. Informe final." year="2010">
Montes
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hernández">Hernandez</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). In South America, indigenous communities (Saraguro people, Ecuador) have attributed medicinal properties to leaves and fruits; in Peru, fruits are used in veterinary practice (see Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Medicinal uses attributed to Capsicum species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EA09D0128E47907025CB96BFC187AD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="0EA09D0128E47907025CB96BFC187AD1">3</tableCitation>
for details). In Indonesia, immature and mature fruits are consumed as vegetables and spices (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" author="Yamamoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="161 - 170" refId="B505" refString="Yamamoto, S, Djarwaningsih, T, Wiriadinata, H, 2013. Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution. Economic Botany 67 (2): 161 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" title="Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" volume="67" year="2013">Yamamoto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
EOO (7,150,643 km2); AOO (536 km2).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread cultivated species across the Americas and can be assigned the Least Concern (LC) status.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the Pubescens clade (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). The origin and affinities of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are being analysed in depth and preliminary results (using genome-wide SNP data obtained through RAD-sequencing) show
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sister to a clade formed by
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eximium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eximium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eximium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. eshbaughii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="eshbaughii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. eshbaughii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="- nasii" family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. carde" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="carde">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. carde -nasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B80" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Palombo, N, Weiss-Schneeweiss, H, 2019. Tracing the origin of the locoto chile (Capsicum pubescens): insights through RAD-seq data. Plants, People, Planet Symposium, London." title="Tracing the origin of the locoto chile (Capsicum pubescens): insights through RAD-seq data. Plants, People, Planet Symposium, London." year="2019">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
; CCG, pers. obs.). Therefore, the circumscription of the Pubescens and Purple corolla clades (after
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
et al. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
) is being re-assessed (Carrizo
<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
and Palombo 2019; CCG, pers. obs.).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was domesticated and has been highly appreciated by early Peruvian peoples for 4,000 years before the present (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136914" author="Perry, L" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="986 - 988" refId="B363" refString="Perry, L, Dickau, R, Zarrillo, S, Holst, I, Pearsall, DM, Piperno, DR, Berman, MJ, Cooke, RG, Rademaker, K, Ranere, AJ, Raymond, JS, Sandweiss, DH, Scaramelli, F, Tarble, K, Zeidler, JA, 2007. Starch fossils and the domestication and dispersal of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) in the Americas. Science 315: 986 - 988, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136914" title="Starch fossils and the domestication and dispersal of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) in the Americas." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136914" volume="315" year="2007">Perry et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), while its introduction in Central America and Mexico has occurred in the twentieth century (Laborde et al. 1982;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862689" author="McLeod, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="361 - 368" refId="B284" refString="McLeod, MJ, Guttman, SI, Eshbaugh, WH, 1982. Early evolution of Chili Peppers (Capsicum). Economic Botany 36 (4): 361 - 368, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862689" title="Early evolution of Chili Peppers (Capsicum)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862689" volume="36" year="1982">McLeod et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very distinctive in the combination of the following characters, with minor differences in cultivars: habit, general pubescence, shape, size and colour of flowers and seeds and heteromorphic style (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 103" captionStartId="F103" captionText="Figure 103. Capsicum pubescens A reproductive branch B trichome of the leaf C calyx D section of the calyx showing the venation E flower, upper view F sector of opened corolla G, H anthers, dorsal and ventral views, respectively I, J, K gynoecium with short, medium and long style, respectively L anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) M seed N seed, in cross section O structure of seed coat at the seed margin P structure of seed coat at the seed body Q embryo. From Hunziker 25484. Drawn by J. de Ugarte." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure103" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695518" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">103</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 104" captionStartId="F104" captionText="Figure 104. Capsicum pubescens A plant B reproductive nodes C young leaves, adaxial surface D flower bud on geniculate pedicel E-H flowers, in front view, showing 4 - 7 - merous corollas I, J flowers, seen from behind K flower, in lateral view L-O mature fruits from different provenance (L, N from Bolivia, M from Peru, O from Mexico) P fruit, in longitudinal section, showing the black seeds A-D, G Barboza et al. 4889 E, P from Barboza et al. 4890 F from Palombo 21 H from Barboza et al. 1847 I from Palombo 22 J from Palombo 23 K, L no specimen vouchers (cult. Cordoba, Argentina) M no specimen voucher (cult. Huancayo-Peru) N from Carrizo Garcia et al. 35 O no voucher specimen (bought in Mexico) A-D, G, H, L, M, O, P photos by G. E. Barboza E, F, I-K, N photos by N. Palombo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695519" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">104</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an erect to scandent shrub up to 4 m high, with a dense white, soft pubescence covering stems, leaves, pedicels and calyx (sometimes plants are glabrescent), with rugose young leaves, large rotate or rotate-stellate 4-8-merous corollas that are usually deep purple, heteromorphic styles with three different lengths and the largest brownish-black to black seeds (5.5-7 mm long, 4.8-6 mm wide) in the genus. Variations in corolla colour have been observed throughout its distribution, from dark purple to lighter tonalities (near rose colour) or completely lacking purple pigmentation (
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1979. Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143-162." title="Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143 - 162." year="1979">Eshbaugh 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Pure white corollas (filaments and style white) have also been observed as a rare mutant in cultivated
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants in Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" author="Yamamoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="161 - 170" refId="B505" refString="Yamamoto, S, Djarwaningsih, T, Wiriadinata, H, 2013. Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution. Economic Botany 67 (2): 161 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" title="Capsicum pubescens (Solanaceae) in Indonesia: its history, taxonomy, and distribution." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-013-9230-y" volume="67" year="2013">Yamamoto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The fruit is the most variable character in this species and its different common names refer to this (Heiser and Smith 1948;
<bibRefCitation author="Rick, CM" journalOrPublisher="Missouri Botanical Garden, Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="36 - 42" refId="B397" refString="Rick, CM, 1950. Capsicum pubescens, a little-known pungent pepper from Latin America. Missouri Botanical Garden, Bulletin 38: 36 - 42" title="Capsicum pubescens, a little-known pungent pepper from Latin America." volume="38" year="1950">Rick 1950</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Eshbaugh, WH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B141" refString="Eshbaugh, WH, 1979. Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143-162." title="Biosystematic and evolutionary study of the Capsicum pubescens complex. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects: 143 - 162." year="1979">Eshbaugh 1979</bibRefCitation>
). In the Andean highlands, the most popular names (and some deviations of these words), are
<normalizedToken originalValue="“locoto”">&quot;locoto&quot;</normalizedToken>
, an Aymara word (luqutu), meaning
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘piquant’">'piquant'</normalizedToken>
, used in Bolivia (also in Argentina and Chile) and
<normalizedToken originalValue="“rocoto”">&quot;rocoto&quot;</normalizedToken>
, a Quechua word (rukutu) meaning 'pepper very
<normalizedToken originalValue="piquant’">piquant'</normalizedToken>
as is mostly known in Peru and Ecuador. In Central America and Mexico, the common names refer to fruit shapes and colours, to the sensation caused by capsaicinoids in humans or to a particular use in the cuisine (
<bibRefCitation author="DeWitt, D" journalOrPublisher="Timber Press, Inc., Portland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="DeWitt, D, Bosland, PW, 2009. The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A gardener's guide to choosing, growing, preserving, and cooking. Timber Press, Inc., Portland" title="The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A gardener's guide to choosing, growing, preserving, and cooking." year="2009">DeWitt and Bosland 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" author="Meckelmann, SW" journalOrPublisher="European Food Research and Technology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="817 - 825" refId="B290" refString="Meckelmann, SW, Jansen, C, Riegel, DW, van Zonneveld, M, Rios, L, Pena, K, Mueller-Seitz, E, Petz, M, 2015. Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto). European Food Research and Technology 241 (6): 817 - 825, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" title="Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y" volume="241" year="2015">Meckelmann et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Fruits are large as in the other cultivated species and very attractive at maturity because of their shape and bright colours (red, orange-red, orange, orange-yellow, yellow, light yellow, nearly black). They can be more or less spherical, blocky or elongate (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 104" captionStartId="F104" captionText="Figure 104. Capsicum pubescens A plant B reproductive nodes C young leaves, adaxial surface D flower bud on geniculate pedicel E-H flowers, in front view, showing 4 - 7 - merous corollas I, J flowers, seen from behind K flower, in lateral view L-O mature fruits from different provenance (L, N from Bolivia, M from Peru, O from Mexico) P fruit, in longitudinal section, showing the black seeds A-D, G Barboza et al. 4889 E, P from Barboza et al. 4890 F from Palombo 21 H from Barboza et al. 1847 I from Palombo 22 J from Palombo 23 K, L no specimen vouchers (cult. Cordoba, Argentina) M no specimen voucher (cult. Huancayo-Peru) N from Carrizo Garcia et al. 35 O no voucher specimen (bought in Mexico) A-D, G, H, L, M, O, P photos by G. E. Barboza E, F, I-K, N photos by N. Palombo." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure104" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695519" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">104L-P</figureCitation>
); in the first case, they are depressed with the apex truncate or rounded, such as in the
<normalizedToken originalValue="“canario”">&quot;canario&quot;</normalizedToken>
(bird canary, fruit roundish and yellow),
<normalizedToken originalValue="“manzano”">&quot;manzano&quot;</normalizedToken>
(apple-shaped and red) and
<normalizedToken originalValue="“peron”">&quot;peron&quot;</normalizedToken>
(large pear-shaped and yellow fruit) varietals (
<bibRefCitation author="DeWitt, D" journalOrPublisher="Timber Press, Inc., Portland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B121" refString="DeWitt, D, Bosland, PW, 2009. The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A gardener's guide to choosing, growing, preserving, and cooking. Timber Press, Inc., Portland" title="The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A gardener's guide to choosing, growing, preserving, and cooking." year="2009">DeWitt and Bosland 2009</bibRefCitation>
); the elongate fruits can be ovoid or elliptic, curved or not, with the apex truncate, rounded or acute and the base sometimes narrowed forming a conspicuous neck-like shape. In Mexico,
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fruits are also called &quot;chile de cera&quot; (cera = wax) in allusion to the soft and brilliant pericarp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In the protologue of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Ruiz, H" journalOrPublisher="Gabrielis de Sancha, Madrid" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B413" refString="Ruiz, H, Pavon, JJA, 1799. Flora peruviana et chilensis. Vol. 2. Gabrielis de Sancha, Madrid" title="Flora peruviana et chilensis. Vol. 2." year="1799">
Ruiz and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
(1799)
</bibRefCitation>
stated &quot;Habitat affatim in Peruviae cultis, praesertim ad Panatahuarum Provinciam et in Andium nemoribus&quot;. The three specimens of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Ruiz and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pavón">Pavon</normalizedToken>
Herbarium at MA (MA-815153, MA-815154, MA-815155) are labelled as being collected in Pozuzo (&quot;Ex Pozuzu&quot;) and are not in exact agreement with the protologue of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In his posthumously published journals, however,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2305" author="Ruiz, H" journalOrPublisher="Intechopen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B412" refString="Ruiz, H, 1940. Travels of Ruiz, Pavon, and Dombey in Peru and Chile (1777-1788), with an epilogue and official documents added by Agustin Jesus Barreiro. Botanical Series Field Museum of Natural History 21: 1-372[Publication 467]. [Translation by B.E. Dahlgren] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2305" title="Travels of Ruiz, Pavon, and Dombey in Peru and Chile (1777 - 1788), with an epilogue and official documents added by Agustin Jesus Barreiro. Botanical Series Field Museum of Natural History 21: 1 - 372 [Publication 467]. [Translation by B. E. Dahlgren]" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2305" year="1940">Ruiz (1940)</bibRefCitation>
clearly states the record of the travels of the expedition &quot;Among the plants that I described while we remained in Puzuzo are the following [p. 175]
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum frutescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="frutescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum frutescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., arnaucho and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum pubescens" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rocobo; both species very abundant in Peru&quot; [p. 176]. We, therefore, assume that all of these specimens labelled as coming from
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Pozuzu”">&quot;Pozuzu&quot;</normalizedToken>
belong to the type gathering of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. From amongst these three sheets, we have selected the best fertile specimen as the lectotype (MA-815154). A sheet at G from &quot;herb. Pavon&quot; appears to be a duplicate of MA-815154 and a fragment taken from the sheet at G is housed at CORD.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485909494760" author="Miers, J" journalOrPublisher="II," pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 269" refId="B295" refString="Miers, J, 1849. Contributions to the botany of South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. II, 3 (16): 261 - 269, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485909494760" title="Contributions to the botany of South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485909494760" volume="3" year="1849">Miers (1849)</bibRefCitation>
cited two collections in the protologue of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus lanceifolius" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceifolius">Brachistus? lanceifolius</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seemann 879</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">McLean s.n.</emphasis>
that he saw in &quot;herb. Hook.&quot;, now held at Kew. The Seemann collection (K000585923) consists of two flowering branches and has
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seemann’s">Seemann's</normalizedToken>
original label with the collecting locality; the McLean collection (K000585921) has mounted on it another branch collected near Lima by W. Nation (K000585922) that also fits within the circumscription of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is not part of the type material. We select the Seemann collection (K000585923) as the lectotype of
<taxonomicName genus="B." lsidName="B. lanceifolius" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lanceifolius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. lanceifolius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as it is the most complete and best-preserved of the specimens cited by Miers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The protologue of
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. maximowiczii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="maximowiczii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. maximowiczii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Kuester, B" journalOrPublisher="Petersburg (Petropolitanus)]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 54" refId="B247" refString="Kuester, B, Regel, E, Rach, L, Herder, F [Eds], 1859. Annotationes Botanicae. Index Seminum [St. Petersburg (Petropolitanus)] 1858: 23 - 54" title="Annotationes Botanicae. Index Seminum [St." volume="1858" year="1859">Kuester et al. 1859</bibRefCitation>
) provides a complete description for this species, based on a specimen grown in St. Petersburg from seeds sent to Karl Maximowicz (at the time curator of the Herbarium in St. Petersburg) of a plant cultivated in Valparaiso (Chile). No specimens are indicated and it is likely the description was based on living plants. The corollas are said to be hexamerous and violet and the seeds black, which matches with
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the common name &quot;agi dulce&quot; referring to a sweet pepper is not usually used in reference to
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and could be an error. We found a sterile branch with the script &quot;v.v. Rach&quot; [seen alive by Rach] dated 27 May 1858 at LE; this is certainly original material and we designate it the lectotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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