292 lines
42 KiB
XML
292 lines
42 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="78D062DAC97C0300CBB3C468B1CE9B1A">The first Permian Diaphanopterodea (Insecta, Megasecopteromorpha) from China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="405F5D3B7CF97F12EC65C32258DDC268">Yang, Nan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C0CE18E750E789F50A3EF4ACC016900">College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E4B227AFC958E4D25C212BB429A4E98A">Cui, Yingying</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DAA8C0D424FB0D3B24704573C3747333">College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4AE74648DF36646E092288A110933D81">Xu, Ziqiang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B981A22DE245D8F49E279722FD649F0F">College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="598F3C60AD325FDA777DD2F59BED6981">Xu, Yanqi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FCEA99A1D02C732C001EF40BA8BFADAB">Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D8D1DD3A1603DC8CB558AE460D3EB5F7">Ren, Dong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="51731626BACC2EC002D65063F32B2644">College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DAAC9CF9FF1E8ACF6FF1270F89184AD9">Béthoux, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="560781F2C87BE48394D276245B0C36E0">CR 2 P (Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Paris), MNHN – CNRS – Sorbonne Université, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="D0C52B4EE5081763F059B45762842D7C">Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="79C8C19999BD59F54B04BDB1ADDF0F6B">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B0838EE8DB5DFFF15328E282DF597FF8">2024-08-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="11CE13EB6BD625C3DF190A849D4A9347">27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FE0C759B16E20F39F950F15E72DE42C2">2</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="DF6794D0F5E9092D99CB4FA16CD5E646">247</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="88F84EF39626DFE7A82BCF96EE189CB4">258</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="BD648AABB35B478DADF870BFB9058BF4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BF3269863FBAA41F70E95C3C84675C79" type="DOI">10.3897/fr.27.e128892</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1ACB42B9927AA0D63C407F105D8B1F9E" type="ZooBank">E93DEB3D-DFFF-4BE5-8B06-E79DB3F271F7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="829176BCFFF9562B98113DE63DF04AEB" ID-arpha="829176BC-FFF9-562B-9811-3DE63DF04AEB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:829176BCFFF9562B98113DE63DF04AEB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/829176BCFFF9562B98113DE63DF04AEB">
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<subSubSection id="C38E4311CE101D1DC7EB46EA0ACF895A" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F4AAB654AE1030F2D7FC98AAD383289F">
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<heading id="7F70EE871BB4A1088EEB400E90926C02" reason="label">Family</heading>
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<taxonomicName id="14A5C201184E74E91EE39E7201335823" ID-CoL="34G" authority="Rohdendorf, 1962" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Parelmoidae
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<bibRefCitation id="25BB92688ADD51F4E12D97FEAF687F66" author="Rohdendorf BB" editor="Rohdendorf BB" journalOrPublisher="Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR" pagination="17-374" refId="B19" refString="Rohdendorf BB (1962) Podtip Mandibulata zhvalonosnye chlenistonogie [Subphylum Mandibulata or Prototracheata] In: Rohdendorf BB (Ed.) Osnovy Paleontologii [Fundamentals of Palaeontology]. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 17 - 374." title="Podtip Mandibulata zhvalonosnye chlenistonogie [Subphylum Mandibulata or Prototracheata]" volumeTitle="Osnovy Paleontologii [Fundamentals of Palaeontology]." year="1962">Rohdendorf, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0E4DAE" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="73FE4E4803D60EC7985366526BECBF10">
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<heading id="A1479709D10CB52F131D6E366D1DDA17" reason="title">Type genus.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3FE3EC61430DB6D478E0ADEBF6E7C531">
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<taxonomicName id="5ACF70988CCCF8D2DF71C4F34653A418" authority="Carpenter, 1947" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1947" class="Insecta" genus="Parelmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megasecoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="4D375ED5D27AA6D99F0BEECE645FAC9C" italics="true">Parelmoa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="113F248CD45425036C7E87205A3C6F29" DOI="10.2307/20023497" author="Carpenter FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pagination="25-54" refId="B7" refString="Carpenter FM (1947) Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 76: 25 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023497" title="Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata." volume="76" year="1947">Carpenter, 1947</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="SECID0EKEAE" type="Included genera">
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<paragraph id="49FA5AD54375BEAC8F82F523831B292B">
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<heading id="43FA54AA546C128DD695F1956807EC55" reason="title">Included genera.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="674D3DA5D1351B2FAF077BD98EA1A12B">
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<taxonomicName id="C0061504970F209FDAA6ECB6D7C498E2" authority="Kukalova-Peck, 1974" authorityName="Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Diapha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1F7A7AC16C53C5D08D7BAD5C031F8E86" italics="true">Diapha</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="144D42D4FA9FC7D6F6F86B6949145CC3" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalová-Peck J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalova-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1974 / 49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="8C1BBFB4860AF4D6551F0C0E2E09431A" authority="Kukalova-Peck, 1974" authorityName="Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Elmodiapha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="69BD850DB61CF806FBB36C56BC9B6D72" italics="true">Elmodiapha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6C4CC4B6EA5218F55244E29CEADA4B2F" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalová-Peck J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalova-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1974 / 49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<taxonomicName id="8630F39992249BFB2189C9CE9249B5DC" authority="Kukalova-Peck, 1974" authorityName="Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Paradiapha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="A91D53D2FC387B9101E83D85CB3AB0FB" italics="true">Paradiapha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="DA75A4B70C868CA44203C92C2BC9AAF3" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalová-Peck J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalova-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1974 / 49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="6D6BDA504F167C43C456C87FCEEE744F" authority="Prokop & Nel, 2011" authorityName="Prokop & Nel" authorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" genus="Permelmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9F16A6C4E0FB995DD5EED5F6F16DFEEE" italics="true">Permelmoa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="19429AB97DD2BEC7B2505FF5A1D08A67" DOI="10.3897/zookeys.130.1311" author="Prokop J & Nel A" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pagination="41-55" refId="B18" refString="Prokop J, Nel A (2011) New Middle Permian palaeopteran insects from Lodeve Basin in southern France (Ephemeroptera, Diaphanopterodea, Megasecoptera). Zookeys 130: 41 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 130.1311" title="New Middle Permian palaeopteran insects from Lodève Basin in southern France (Ephemeroptera, Diaphanopterodea, Megasecoptera)." volume="130" year="2011">Prokop & Nel, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="608645C6209FC4EA53491D0ECCD06E42" authority="Kukalova-Peck, 1974" authorityName="Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Permodiapha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2DEBE330132A143A087ADA42E14DCD9E" italics="true">Permodiapha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92166FCE79C4111AAEB580F62CBC40B4" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalová-Peck J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalova-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1974 / 49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<taxonomicName id="F5CF3D39DE8FDB4979A61F7863ACC5FE" authority="Sinichenkova & Kukalova-Peck, 1997" authorityName="Sinichenkova & Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" genus="Permuralia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="76F76FC66EFE2C8E7F55AADE9239F193" italics="true">Permuralia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FEA93318482F258A39BA872D722F1248" author="Sinichenkova ND & Kukalová-Peck J" refId="B22" refString="Sinichenkova ND, Kukalova-Peck J (1997) Permuralia - a new name for Uralia Kukalova-Peck and Sinichenkova, 1992 (Insecta: Diaphanopterida = Diaphanopteridea). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 31: 95." year="1997">Sinichenkova & Kukalová-Peck, 1997</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<taxonomicName id="4FD6166EE10E9A3D3982B389A5CB648F" authority="Kukalova-Peck, 1974" authorityName="Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Protodiapha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="9BB859488C9F60CA2CB8DE96D9133785" italics="true">Protodiapha</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D1774DA238AE2A9BB92FFDA8BE8088CB" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalová-Peck J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalova-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1974 / 49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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<taxonomicName id="D8BA44FBD178695B83BC527C7E27D2EC" authority="Carpenter, 1947" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1947" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudelmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megasecoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="36BF3319B9FDF4F13CCCF960462BA230" italics="true">Pseudelmoa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3E5CF41033A193537BFB443992E7BF11" DOI="10.2307/20023497" author="Carpenter FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pagination="25-54" refId="B7" refString="Carpenter FM (1947) Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 76: 25 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023497" title="Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata." volume="76" year="1947">Carpenter, 1947</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
;
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||
<taxonomicName id="29DA05A821CC597723F987F2CD629CEB" authority="Kukalova-Peck, 1974" authorityName="Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Stenodiapha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="AECA7CEA2FFD13A05581B5094932DF94" italics="true">Stenodiapha</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B994753D3D6483023CD8E3085C13F70" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalová-Peck J" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalova-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1974 / 49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BF5944F4B7B968FB38CD57AA1C1E651" authorityName="Yang & Cui & Xu & Xu & Ren & Béthoux" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" genus="Sinoelmoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9190B25B029C24D32DBBC20457283C3" italics="true">Sinoelmoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="08AA435E6BCE86AFEE80BD9C25AC3DAA" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0EWGAE" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph id="EBEC101A49E4460C521ADDE11E6DBA82">
|
||
<heading id="14070E30A4258FA4E6EBDCF16874C650" reason="title">Commented diagnosis.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="40F19292827EC584E38F9F4202D944EE">
|
||
ScP long, ending beyond the first fork of
|
||
<collectionCode id="9AA9ED7EC8883D134E33A10BA7657CC5">RP</collectionCode>
|
||
(plesiomorphy within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="684445C9DFD33739140BE09BF603774C" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
); near wing base, shortly after its origin, CuA fused for some distance with, or running closely along,
|
||
<collectionCode id="69616165BCEEEC83460D136F19855353" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
|
||
+ M (apomorphy; as currently documented, shared with all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64052EBEFD6A610F49311B2E7A2793E0" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50DB9954F0FFFCF2BA8909F63CF7A248" class="Insecta" family="Sinodiaphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sinodiaphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which CuA is connected with M by a short cross-vein, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CB9656F6F39E2AB8BD76F6D05CA75CE5" class="Insecta" family="Diaphanopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaphanopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the connection of CuA and M is very brief); first cross-vein in the CuA – CuP area very short and oblique, with CuA displaying a clear inflexion at the point of connection with this cross-vein [also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B87FCF4275418F46ECAF7C6B6895BC3" class="Insecta" family="Diaphanopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaphanopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D78C905FC215662BC809B994D90D26E" authorityName="Prokop & Kukalová-Peck" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Diaphanopteridae" genus="Carrizodiaphanoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB9628AF46A66E359C6A6005C25E8133" italics="true">Carrizodiaphanoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, to some extent,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="01B16D24C10E377BC46A234C534BAE55" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="FDAB6AC066A2F6AF7C44B4D01EE478D2" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Wing venation of Elmoa trisecta Tillyard, 1937 (Elmoidae Tillyard, 1937). A. Specimen MCZ 4590, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, reversed, light-mirrored). B. Specimen MCZ 4593, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint, light-mirrored). C. Specimen MCZ 4606, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally). D. Specimen MCZ 4592, drawing of right forewing (positive imprint). E. Specimen MCZ 4591, drawing of wings and photograph (positive imprint). F. Specimen MCZ 4594, drawing of left forewing and photograph (positive imprint). Abbreviations: LFW, left forewing; LHW, left hind wing; RFW, right forewing; RHW, right hind wing. All photographs, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, © President and Fellows of Harvard College, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e128892.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1114490">3</figureCitation>
|
||
); possibly an apomorphy of the entire
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93579304B48708D7705D007EED1F166D" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
– except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C32D6C080E72CFB835BFA4351F05AAB" class="Insecta" family="Sinodiaphidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sinodiaphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which this state is primarily absent –, and with presumed secondary losses in various families, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9E52E8CD8FF282928C2F4752ECBDDFA" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Martynoviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Martynoviidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
];
|
||
<collectionCode id="F0D8D2DE17FF6A63CC0A9BF142F68786" country="0" name="Mohonk Preserve, Inc.">MP</collectionCode>
|
||
branched (plesiomorphy within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76D2D0C1B9C9971D327436CAD294F651" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
); CuP with 1–3 distal branches (plesiomorphy within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CADC5DF02F1090E0968E7402F4E77349" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
); developed anal area (putative apomorphy for the family).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="SECID0E5IAE" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="ADB9F51037BC52DBA4AFA1092BD71407">
|
||
<heading id="1F1C9DD9EAC68DA77BAD11A1EA02B01C" reason="title">Remarks.</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C6B265904B4A824C62C09A98EDD4090">
|
||
The combination of (i) an overall rich venation, (ii) a long fusion of CuA with
|
||
<collectionCode id="A0EEB2FF854649BEDCCF64EA496E7ED2" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
|
||
+ M (or, CuA running very close to
|
||
<collectionCode id="8C2C99263570302EE945FF1FA975BC16" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile">R</collectionCode>
|
||
+ M for some distance), and (iii) a cua-cup cross-vein very short, is generally used to identify members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D4A1111EBAD64FC84ED6DF21CEF0933" authorityName="Rohdendorf" authorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parelmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Pennsylvanian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E59F71FE724E5117AD3176ED4CEF61BA" class="Insecta" family="Diaphanopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaphanopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from this family only by lacking character state (ii) (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BDA9A39E5EC03E3494600AA772B54FEF" DOI="10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077%3C1016:RODSAN%3E2.0.CO;2" author="Bethoux and Nel" firstAuthor="Bethoux" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pagination="1016-1020" refId="B3" refString="Béthoux O, Nel A (2003) Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea). Journal of Paleontology 77: 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360 (2003) 077 % 3 C 1016: RODSAN % 3 E 2.0. CO; 2" title="Revision of Diaphanoptera species and new diagnosis of Diaphanopteridae (Insecta: Palaeoptera: Diaphanopterodea)." volume="77" year="2003">Béthoux and Nel 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the polarity of several character states listed as diagnostic of the family, it is not excluded that this taxonomic concept might represent a paraphyletic entity, to include other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="838C4D9F4D31F6B9A85A1A63BEE8C518" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diaphanopterodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
families, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="436BC4422FF506563A4E724947555A35" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F25CA0E3DE5B2BA4FD64D8ABACF4064">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF2574EB4CA728F5986E96FB675C0FF5" author="Carpenter FM" firstAuthor="Carpenter" refId="B9" refString="Carpenter FM (1992) Superclass Hexapoda. In: Kaesler RL (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas, Boulder, [xxii +] 655 pp." year="1992">Carpenter (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the six genera and 10 species reported from the Obora locality (Permian, Cisuralian, Sakmarian), and originally assigned to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB7A8FA0824CBABD63F6CC5DF2993340" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91C11AECF546CC34D0088F8687AB1D0A" authority="(Kukalova-Peck 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Kukalova-Peck" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Parelmoidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC9C371A3CDA0FCF80E03872440D3705" DOI="10.1155/1974/49489" author="Kukalova-Peck" firstAuthor="Kukalova-Peck" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pagination="315-333" refId="B11" refString="Kukalová-Peck J (1974) Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae. Psyche 81: 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1155/1974/49489" title="Wing-folding in the Paleozoic insect order Diaphanopterodea (Paleoptera), with a description of new representatives of the family Elmoidae." volume="81" year="1974">Kukalová-Peck 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as of uncertain Parelmoidael affinities. Addressing aspects of species delimitation, and the systematics of these species, is made difficult by post-depositional deformations this material endured. Nevertheless, wing venation character states they display tend to indicate a placement to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5ADD567332A988741E2B4C665A7F14B6" baseAuthorityName="Kukalova-Peck" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parelmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as delimited above, in particular the well-developed anal area. Also, despite deformation, this comparatively large sample allows appreciating variation in character states variability (in other words, how the extent of variability varies within families), likely to differ among (and within) the closely related families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="622CBC176E02C9246A397BA99D40AB7F" class="Insecta" family="Diaphanopteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Diaphanopteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="788D771423998FEEA334C6EFCD367D4C" baseAuthorityName="Kukalova-Peck" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parelmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CF41581F7B98052DF4DB5CBE513FFCA" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9744B35D4BCDBBDE995B199B2CF34316" DOI="10.1139/z92-036" author="Kukalova-Peck and Sinichenkova" firstAuthor="Kukalova-Peck" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Zoology" pagination="229-235" refId="B13" refString="Kukalová-Peck J, Sinichenkova ND (1992) The wing venation and systematics of Lower Permian Diaphanopterodea from the Ural Mountains, Russia (Insecta, Paleoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1139/z92-036" title="The wing venation and systematics of Lower Permian Diaphanopterodea from the Ural Mountains, Russia (Insecta, Paleoptera)." volume="70" year="1992">Kukalová-Peck and Sinichenkova 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9B9F1ECE94981359F74FB3439DEE2041">
|
||
Notably, a distal fork of CuP is common in the Obora material, with some specimens displaying an early fork, and even a 3 - branched CuP. The relation between
|
||
<collectionCode id="77B392496C8BA5FC06B29DA9BBE59EB6">RP</collectionCode>
|
||
and MA is also very variable across the corresponding species, ranging from a complete lack of fusion to a long one. In contrast, species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D4127571C7A29D30277680024C9C95E" authority="Carpenter, 1947" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1947" class="Insecta" genus="Parelmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megasecoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F7897599BAC9D7A487DB0CF9A7CF7C4" italics="true">Parelmoa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABE281909438B9923849051F40BCFC54" DOI="10.2307/20023497" author="Carpenter FM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pagination="25-54" refId="B7" refString="Carpenter FM (1947) Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 76: 25 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023497" title="Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata." volume="76" year="1947">Carpenter, 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="948EAFA3C87D5D5525AA5335A5F8AC23" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Wing venation of representatives of Parelmoidae Rohdendorf, 1962. A – D. Representatives of the genus Parelmoa Carpenter, 1947. A. Parelmoa revelata Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4822, drawing of right forewing and photograph (positive imprint, light-mirrored). B, C. Parelmoa radialis Carpenter, 1947. B. Holotype, specimen MCZ 4825, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally, light-mirrored). C. Paratype, specimen MCZ 4824, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally). D. Parelmoa obtusa Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4823, drawing of left forewing and photograph (composite of both sides). E. Pseudelmoa ampla Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4826, drawing of right forewing and photograph (positive imprint). F. Permuralia maculata (Kukalová-Peck & Sinichenkova, 1992), paratype, specimen PIN 1700 / 492, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint). Photographs of MCZ material, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, © President and Fellows of Harvard College, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; photograph of PIN specimen, courtesy A. Felker." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e128892.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1114489">2 A – D</figureCitation>
|
||
) show more stable venational features (CuP simple; MA and
|
||
<collectionCode id="0675F8BCF577A23A28D3046D0CFC7486">RP</collectionCode>
|
||
connected by a short cross-vein). Among other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BA08154F01DBAFD18440EAEEB7DC9DB" baseAuthorityName="Kukalova-Peck" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parelmoidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the monotypic genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="220B685324403D269C220BF915A37E59" authority="Carpenter 1947" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1947" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudelmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megasecoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F13CD1431B6A626D12B9A389A2560B27" italics="true">Pseudelmoa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0490CAD1F387FF345C1E2CAADE15CF6A" DOI="10.2307/20023497" author="Carpenter" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pagination="25-54" refId="B7" refString="Carpenter FM (1947) Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 76: 25–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/20023497" title="Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata." volume="76" year="1947">Carpenter 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F3D17A649620DE99B5D9CB7EE096AF6A" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Wing venation of representatives of Parelmoidae Rohdendorf, 1962. A – D. Representatives of the genus Parelmoa Carpenter, 1947. A. Parelmoa revelata Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4822, drawing of right forewing and photograph (positive imprint, light-mirrored). B, C. Parelmoa radialis Carpenter, 1947. B. Holotype, specimen MCZ 4825, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally, light-mirrored). C. Paratype, specimen MCZ 4824, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally). D. Parelmoa obtusa Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4823, drawing of left forewing and photograph (composite of both sides). E. Pseudelmoa ampla Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4826, drawing of right forewing and photograph (positive imprint). F. Permuralia maculata (Kukalová-Peck & Sinichenkova, 1992), paratype, specimen PIN 1700 / 492, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint). Photographs of MCZ material, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, © President and Fellows of Harvard College, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; photograph of PIN specimen, courtesy A. Felker." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e128892.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1114489">2 E</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA699BBAC4C5E6DA19672734903722F9" authority="Sinichenkova & Kukalova-Peck, 1997" authorityName="Sinichenkova & Kukalova-Peck" authorityYear="1997" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" genus="Permuralia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D5C1AB63C9735A79B4BC0DD64336E73" italics="true">Permuralia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E98218F2416F7FF685F802301655117F" author="Sinichenkova ND & Kukalová-Peck J" refId="B22" refString="Sinichenkova ND, Kukalova-Peck J (1997) Permuralia - a new name for Uralia Kukalova-Peck and Sinichenkova, 1992 (Insecta: Diaphanopterida = Diaphanopteridea). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 31: 95." year="1997">Sinichenkova & Kukalová-Peck, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="989FCB49C0A69B5C126BB8FB74EA0D9C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Wing venation of representatives of Parelmoidae Rohdendorf, 1962. A – D. Representatives of the genus Parelmoa Carpenter, 1947. A. Parelmoa revelata Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4822, drawing of right forewing and photograph (positive imprint, light-mirrored). B, C. Parelmoa radialis Carpenter, 1947. B. Holotype, specimen MCZ 4825, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally, light-mirrored). C. Paratype, specimen MCZ 4824, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally). D. Parelmoa obtusa Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4823, drawing of left forewing and photograph (composite of both sides). E. Pseudelmoa ampla Carpenter, 1947, holotype, specimen MCZ 4826, drawing of right forewing and photograph (positive imprint). F. Permuralia maculata (Kukalová-Peck & Sinichenkova, 1992), paratype, specimen PIN 1700 / 492, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint). Photographs of MCZ material, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, © President and Fellows of Harvard College, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0; photograph of PIN specimen, courtesy A. Felker." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e128892.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1114489">2 F</figureCitation>
|
||
) remain similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="915CADCCC2F101A781D0CDC75F28C10F" class="Insecta" genus="Parelmoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megasecoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D5A525F836365FCB529074BB41E755D" italics="true">Parelmoa</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in most of their venational features. Also,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A671E9CD324F9CFF2AE0E7ACAB33AA38" authority="Tillyard, 1937" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" genus="Elmoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trisecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="5F7653EEFF6E1B665B44C01227ED7F3F" italics="true">Elmoa trisecta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="03E29A0099C4FF97605EEB05B131CD0A" DOI="10.2475/ajs.s5-33.194.81" author="Tillyard RJ" refId="B26" refString="Tillyard RJ (1937) Kansas Permian Insects. Part 17. The order Megasecoptera and additions to the Palaeodictyoptera, Odonata, Protoperlaria, Copeognatha and Neuroptera. American Journal of Science (5) 33: 81 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 5 - 33.194. 81" year="1937">Tillyard, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4F25B659BD724BD96622474BF43EEE1" authorityName="Tillyard" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Elmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elmoidae</taxonomicName>
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; Fig.
|
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<figureCitation id="2620DBD0B35CA8F47B8B0330CDEE30F6" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Wing venation of Elmoa trisecta Tillyard, 1937 (Elmoidae Tillyard, 1937). A. Specimen MCZ 4590, drawing of left forewing and photograph (negative imprint, reversed, light-mirrored). B. Specimen MCZ 4593, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint, light-mirrored). C. Specimen MCZ 4606, drawing of right forewing and photograph (negative imprint, flipped horizontally). D. Specimen MCZ 4592, drawing of right forewing (positive imprint). E. Specimen MCZ 4591, drawing of wings and photograph (positive imprint). F. Specimen MCZ 4594, drawing of left forewing and photograph (positive imprint). Abbreviations: LFW, left forewing; LHW, left hind wing; RFW, right forewing; RHW, right hind wing. All photographs, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, © President and Fellows of Harvard College, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e128892.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1114490">3</figureCitation>
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) shows rather stable venational features, with a consistent occurrence of a (i) distally forked CuP and (ii) a MA distinct from
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<collectionCode id="8558F7ADDECCD8D1E3B4BB003AF8543E">RP</collectionCode>
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, with a cross-vein connecting the two veins shortly after the origin of the latter. The Obora material is therefore unusual in several respects. Instead of attempting to finely resolve relationships between the corresponding taxa, whose variability in many aspects cannot be properly appreciated, we believe it is more sensible to use the
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||
<taxonomicName id="6DB63A5912822B33F2C0DA7D0DE4BDD4" baseAuthorityName="Kukalova-Peck" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Insecta" family="Parelmoidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diaphanopterodea" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parelmoidae</taxonomicName>
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as a broad taxonomic concept, possibly paraphyletic (i. e., a grade), to include the Obora material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |