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<mods:title id="293206F33254A334CABC4B69E9062E51">Stabilisation of some names of European butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in their prevailing usage</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="213ECA6312CA491198B42D3C14BC9215">Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy. &amp; emilio. balletto @ unito. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1168 - 2791</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="66F43FB35625EB9BAE810AAD59917EAE">Barbero, Francesca</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="585B7B80FC189E590305E5B4759A94C2">Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy. &amp; francesca. barbero @ unito. it; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2667 - 0435</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8AF28DC8C1DB32C2BCDFC9479D5CCDE3">Bonelli, Simona</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6991E22DE0D22145A929F7E6B586AEC9">Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy. &amp; simona. bonelli @ unito. it; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5185 - 8136</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F5E183015CA19337BCC61D946E11A676">Casacci, Luca P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2BB3722C12084C319241DCEF10606996">Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy. &amp; Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8BCC36A6FF848C3BBFE5D150FD8AF99F" blockId="0.[151,538,1623,1649]" box="[151,538,1623,1649]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
<heading id="D08481CAFF848C3BBFE5D150FD8AF99F" bold="true" box="[151,538,1623,1649]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBFE5D150FD8AF99F" bold="true" box="[151,538,1623,1649]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBF9CD150FEAEF99F" ID-CoL="63Q77" ID-ENA="42293" box="[238,318,1623,1649]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBF9CD150FEAEF99F" bold="true" box="[238,318,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Pontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Fabricius], 1807
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCC36A6FF848C3ABFE5D198FECDFF15" blockId="0.[151,1437,1695,2046]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,153,251]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="388" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBE67D1A7FEF0F957" box="[277,352,1696,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBE67D1A7FEF0F957" box="[277,352,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Pontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(s.str.) was considered for a long time to include only two Palaearctic species, i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBA65D1A7FEC9F933" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daplidice">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBA65D1A7FA0CF957" box="[1303,1436,1695,1721]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">P. daplidice</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBEE6D1C3FD57F933" authority="Klug, 1829" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1829" box="[404,711,1731,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glauconome">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBEE6D1C3FDABF933" box="[404,571,1731,1757]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">P. glauconome</emphasis>
Klug, 1829
</taxonomicName>
, which are more or less broadly distributed also in parts of the African continent. In the early 1980s, however, electrophoretic studies by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF848C3BBCBED1E0FB48F8EF" author="Geiger, H. J. &amp; Scholl, A." box="[972,1240,1767,1793]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" pagination="927 - 928" refId="ref5998" refString="Geiger, H. J. &amp; Scholl, A. (1982 a) Enzyme electrophoretic approach to the systematics and evolution of the butterfly Euchloe ausonia. Experientia, 38, 927 - 928. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01953657" type="journal article" year="1982">Geiger &amp; Scholl (1982a</bibRefCitation>
, b) and by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF848C3BBA22D1E0FEB0F8CB" author="Geiger, H. J. &amp; Descimon, H. &amp; Scholl, A." pageId="0" pageNumber="387" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref5946" refString="Geiger, H. J., Descimon, H. &amp; Scholl, A. (1988) Evidence for speciation within nominal Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758) in southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Nota lepidopterologica, 11 (1), 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="1988">
Geiger
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBFE5D00BFF5FF8CB" box="[151,207,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al.</emphasis>
(1988)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that under the first of these names were included two separate species i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBBBDD00BFAC2F8CB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1231,1362,1803,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daplidice">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBBBDD00BFAC2F8CB" box="[1231,1362,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">P. daplidice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBAFAD00BFE25F8A7" authority="(Fabricius, [1777])" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edusa">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBAFAD00BFF48F8A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">P. edusa</emphasis>
(Fabricius, [1777])
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF848C3BBE82D028FD02F8A7" author="Wagener, S." box="[496,658,1839,1865]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" pagination="21 - 38" refId="ref7846" refString="Wagener, S. (1988) What are the valid names for the two genetically different taxa currently included within Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758)? (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Nota lepidopterologica, 11 (1), 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="1988">Wagener 1988</bibRefCitation>
for a discussion of nomenclatural aspects). The sequence analysis of the barcoding fragment of the COI mitochondrial gene conducted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF848C3BBCDCD054FBE4F883" author="John, E. &amp; Wiemers, M. &amp; Makris, C. &amp; Russell, P." box="[942,1140,1875,1901]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" pagination="69 - 78" refId="ref6939" refString="John, E., Wiemers, M., Makris, C. &amp; Russell, P. (2013) The Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758) / Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): confirmation of the presence of Pontia daplidice in Cyprus, and of Cleome iberica DC. as a new host plant for this species in the Levant. Entomologist's Gazette, 64 (2), 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="2013">
John
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBC98D053FBB2F883" box="[1002,1058,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
concurred with the results from electrophoretic studies and showed that the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBC15D07FFC7AF87F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[871,1002,1911,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daplidice">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBC15D07FFC7AF87F" box="[871,1002,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">P. daplidice</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is principally S.W. European, while
<taxonomicName id="4C734D25FF848C3BBAFAD07FFF48F85B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edusa">
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBAFAD07FFF48F85B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">P. edusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flies from C.E. Europe to
<collectingCountry id="F3647636FF848C3BBD76D09CFDD4F85B" box="[516,580,1947,1973]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Japan</collectingCountry>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF848C3BBDC6D09CFC0DF85B" author="Dapporto, L. &amp; Cini, A. &amp; Voda, R. &amp; Dinca, V. &amp; Wiemers, M. &amp; Menchetti, M. &amp; Magini, G. &amp; Talavera, G. &amp; Shreeve, TG &amp; Bonelli, S. &amp; Casacci, L. P. &amp; Balletto, E. &amp; Scalercio, S. &amp; Vila, R" box="[692,925,1947,1973]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" pagination="1623 - 1636" refId="ref5502" refString="Dapporto, L., Cini, A., Voda, R., Dinca, V., Wiemers, M., Menchetti, M., Magini, G., Talavera, G., Shreeve, TG., Bonelli, S., Casacci, L. P., Balletto, E., Scalercio, S. &amp; Vila, R (2019) Integrating three comprehensive data sets shows that mitochondrial DNA variation is linked to species traits and paleogeographic events in European butterflies. Molecular Ecology Resources, 19: 1623 - 1636." type="journal article" year="2019">
Dapporto
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBC57D09BFCCEF85B" box="[805,862,1947,1973]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
for a large COI dataset). At least in one case, the two species stably occur together in a restricted area in N.W.
<collectingCountry id="F3647636FF848C3BBC1FD0B8FC31F837" box="[877,929,1983,2009]" name="Italy" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Italy</collectingCountry>
, where they form a narrow hybridization belt (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF848C3BBFEDD0E4FEFAF813" author="Porter, A. H. &amp; Wenger, R. &amp; Geiger, H. &amp; Scholl, A. &amp; Shapiro, A. M." box="[159,362,2019,2045]" pageId="0" pageNumber="387" pagination="1561 - 1573" refId="ref7368" refString="Porter, A. H., Wenger, R., Geiger, H., Scholl, A. &amp; Shapiro, A. M. (1997) The Pontia daplidice - edusa hybrid zone in northwestern Italy. Evolution, 51 (5), 1561 - 1573. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2411208" type="journal article" year="1997">
Porter
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF848C3BBF9FD0E3FEB6F813" box="[237,294,2019,2045]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
), while some other cases of spatial overlap (e.g. in
<collectingRegion id="49B7F844FF848C3BBCC2D0E4FC62F813" box="[944,1010,2019,2045]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Sicily</collectingRegion>
, S.E.
<collectingCountry id="F3647636FF848C3BBB47D0E4FB15F813" box="[1077,1157,2019,2045]" name="Turkey" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3647636FF848C3BBBCFD0E4FB6DF810" box="[1213,1277,2019,2046]" name="Israel" pageId="0" pageNumber="387">Israel</collectingCountry>
) may perhaps be caused by migrant individuals. Since the two species are morphologically indistinguishable (characters listed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF858C3ABFE5D7BAFEAAFF39" author="Wagener, S." box="[151,314,189,215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" pagination="21 - 38" refId="ref7846" refString="Wagener, S. (1988) What are the valid names for the two genetically different taxa currently included within Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758)? (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Nota lepidopterologica, 11 (1), 21 - 38." type="journal article" year="1988">Wagener 1988</bibRefCitation>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE24B57FF858C3ABEE4D7BAFD0CFF39" author="Hesselbarth, G. &amp; van Oorschot, H. &amp; Wagener, S." box="[406,668,188,215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="388" pagination="1 - 847" refId="ref6289" refString="Hesselbarth, G., van Oorschot, H. &amp; Wagener, S. (1995) Die Tagfalter der Turkei. 3 Vols. Wagener, Bocholt, 2001 pp. [pp. 1 - 754 + 755 - 1154 + 1 - 847]" type="book chapter" year="1995">
Hesselbarth
<emphasis id="B907EAB4FF858C3ABD51D7B9FDCCFF39" box="[547,604,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="388">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
are not fully reliable), the usage of at least one species-group name needs to be fixed.
</paragraph>
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