436 lines
52 KiB
XML
436 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584836" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710742" ID-ISSN="1997-3500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584836" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1619623649741" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Seifert, Bernhard" docDate="2021" docId="F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9" docLanguage="en" docName="myrmecNews.31_133-179_printable.pdf" docOrigin="Myrmecological News 31" docSource="http://zoobank.org/0e55c0d7-531a-48d7-a078-148b96bd461d" docTitle="Formica nigropratensis BETREM 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="163" masterDocId="0912FF8E5E366141FFC9DA41FF91193E" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants" masterLastPageNumber="179" masterPageNumber="133" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" updateTime="1643400318318" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Seifert, Bernhard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Myrmecological News</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>31</mods:number>
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<mods:start>133</mods:start>
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<mods:end>179</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b9f36fb1-1c9d-4af8-96ca-d57973b94862</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1997-3500</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584836" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192710742" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584836" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<subSubSection box="[189,685,271,295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName authority="BETREM, 1962" authorityName="BETREM" authorityYear="1962" box="[189,685,271,295]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigropratensis">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,685,271,295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,501,271,295]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica nigropratensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="BETREM" box="[507,685,273,294]" firstAuthor="BETREM" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="38" part="22" refId="ref44900" refString="BETREM, J. G. 1962: Quelques remarques sur l'identitE de la Formica nigricans. - Entomologische Berichten 22: 38." title="Quelques remarques sur l'identitE de la Formica nigricans" type="journal article" year="1962">BETREM, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,773,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<treatmentCitation box="[151,580,305,327]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName authority="BETREM, 1962" authorityName="BETREM" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,580,305,327]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigropratensis">
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<emphasis box="[151,417,305,326]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica nigropratensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="BETREM" box="[423,580,305,327]" firstAuthor="BETREM" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="38" part="22" refId="ref44900" refString="BETREM, J. G. 1962: Quelques remarques sur l'identitE de la Formica nigricans. - Entomologische Berichten 22: 38." title="Quelques remarques sur l'identitE de la Formica nigricans" type="journal article" year="1962">BETREM, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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[unnecessary replacement name]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,773,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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This new name is an objective junior synonym as it was referred by
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<bibRefCitation author="BETREM" box="[340,514,401,423]" firstAuthor="BETREM" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="38" part="22" refId="ref44900" refString="BETREM, J. G. 1962: Quelques remarques sur l'identitE de la Formica nigricans. - Entomologische Berichten 22: 38." title="Quelques remarques sur l'identitE de la Formica nigricans" type="journal article" year="1962">BETREM (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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simultaneously to the available names
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<treatmentCitation box="[329,669,432,456]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName authority="STARCKE, 1947" authorityName="STARCKE" authorityYear="1947" box="[329,669,432,456]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thyssei">
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<emphasis box="[329,504,433,454]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica thyssei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="STARCKE" box="[508,669,432,456]" firstAuthor="STARCKE" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="144 - 146" part="12" refId="ref47363" refString="STARCKE, A. 1947: De boreale form van de roode boschmier (Formica rufa rufa) op de Hooge Veluwe. - Entomologische Berichten 12: 144 - 146." title="De boreale form van de roode boschmier (Formica rufa rufa) op de Hooge Veluwe" type="journal article" year="1947">STÄRCKE, 1947</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<treatmentCitation pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName authority="GOSSWALD, 1951" authorityName="GOSSWALD" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensoides">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica pratensoides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="GOSSWALD" box="[307,498,464,488]" firstAuthor="GOSSWALD" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="433 - 457" part="32" refId="ref45716" refString="GOSSWALD, K. 1951: Zur Biologie, Okologie und Morphologie einer neuen Varietat der Kleinen Roten Waldameise: Formica minor pratensoides. - Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 32: 433 - 457." title="Zur Biologie, Okologie und Morphologie einer neuen Varietat der Kleinen Roten Waldameise: Formica minor pratensoides" type="journal article" year="1951">GÖSSWALD, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, and
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<treatmentCitation pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName authority="BETREM, 1960" authorityName="BETREM" authorityYear="1960" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="staerckei">
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<emphasis box="[562,771,465,486]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica staerckei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="BETREM" box="[151,312,497,519]" firstAuthor="BETREM" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="130 - 134" part="20" refId="ref44876" refString="BETREM, J. G. 1960: Formica truncorum F. niet inheems. - Entomologische Berichten 20: 130 - 134." title="Formica truncorum F. niet inheems" type="journal article" year="1960">BETREM, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,773,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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All material examined. Numeric phenotypical data were recorded in 96 nest samples with
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<specimenCount box="[637,771,561,583]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="worker">331 workers</specimenCount>
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and 21 gynes.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFEE6D810FEFE1B59" box="[303,367,593,615]" country="Bulgaria" county="Europe" municipality="Character" name="These" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">These</location>
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originated from
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<collectingCountry box="[546,639,593,615]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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(seven samples), Czechia (one),
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<collectingCountry box="[374,461,625,647]" name="Georgia" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[534,620,625,647]" name="Finland" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Finland</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[695,771,625,646]" name="France" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">France</collectingCountry>
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(six),
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<collectingCountry box="[212,314,657,678]" name="Germany" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(37),
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<collectingCountry box="[380,477,657,678]" name="Hungary" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[553,603,657,679]" name="Italy" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Italy</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry name="Kazakhstan" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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(four),
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<collectingCountry box="[286,413,689,710]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
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(three),
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<collectingCountry box="[512,590,689,711]" name="Poland" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Poland</collectingCountry>
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(one),
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<collectingCountry box="[669,770,689,711]" name="Romania" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Romania</collectingCountry>
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(two),
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<collectingCountry box="[218,291,721,743]" name="Russia" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(21),
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<collectingCountry box="[350,435,721,743]" name="Sweden" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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(seven), and
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<collectingCountry box="[574,705,721,743]" name="Switzerland" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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(one).
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFF5ED8B0FF2D1A38" box="[151,188,753,774]" country="Bulgaria" county="Europe" municipality="Character" name="For" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">For</location>
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details, see SI1, SI2, and SI3.
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<collectingMunicipality box="[521,629,753,775]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Character</collectingMunicipality>
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recording in ethanol-stored material according to the former investigation protocol of
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<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[347,511,817,839]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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had been done until the year
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<quantity box="[203,283,849,871]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05714" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="in" value="1991.0">1991 in</quantity>
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224 nest samples with 1756 workers and 295 gynes originating from
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<collectingCounty box="[408,492,881,902]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Europe</collectingCounty>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,773,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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Geographic range.
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFE2DD9D0FDEA1A99" box="[484,635,913,935]" country="Spain" county="Alps" latitude="42.2" longLatPrecision="41528" longitude="104.0" municipality="In" name="Continuously" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Continuously</location>
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distributed through the temperate and submeridional zones of the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFF5ED990FE821AD9" box="[151,275,977,999]" country="Spain" county="Alps" latitude="42.2" longLatPrecision="41528" longitude="104.0" municipality="In" name="Palaearctic" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Palaearctic</location>
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, from
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<collectingCountry box="[342,405,977,999]" name="Spain" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Spain</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[418,472,977,998]" degrees="9" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="55555" value="-9.0">9° W</geoCoordinate>
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) to
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFE36D990FDDE1AD9" box="[511,591,977,999]" country="Spain" county="Alps" latitude="42.2" longLatPrecision="41528" longitude="104.0" municipality="In" name="Irkutsk" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Irkutsk</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate box="[603,676,977,998]" degrees="104" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="55555" value="104.0">104° E</geoCoordinate>
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) at least.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFF5ED9B0FE961D38" box="[151,263,1009,1030]" country="Spain" county="Alps" latitude="42.2" longLatPrecision="41528" longitude="104.0" municipality="In" name="In Europe" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">In Europe</location>
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from
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<geoCoordinate box="[332,397,1009,1030]" degrees="37" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="55555" value="37.0">37° N</geoCoordinate>
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(S
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<collectingCountry box="[434,498,1009,1031]" name="Spain" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Spain</collectingCountry>
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) to
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<geoCoordinate box="[542,627,1009,1031]" degrees="63.9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="5555" value="63.9">63.9° N</geoCoordinate>
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(
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F52B87F65E2A615FFF74DB4EFF751FB9:785D603B5E2A615DFD48D9B0FF2C1D19" country="Spain" county="Alps" latitude="42.2" longLatPrecision="41528" longitude="104.0" municipality="In" name="Fennoscandia" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Fennoscandia</location>
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||
).
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<collectingMunicipality box="[209,234,1041,1062]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">In</collectingMunicipality>
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the
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<collectingCounty box="[286,336,1041,1063]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Alps</collectingCounty>
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||
ascending to
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<quantity box="[496,577,1040,1062]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="1500.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[496,577,1040,1062]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
(
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<geoCoordinate box="[593,683,1041,1063]" degrees="46.0" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="5555" value="46.0">46.0° N</geoCoordinate>
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), in the Pyrenees and
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||
<collectingCountry box="[304,398,1073,1095]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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||
to
|
||
<quantity box="[430,510,1073,1094]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="1800.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[430,510,1073,1094]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
|
||
(
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||
<geoCoordinate box="[523,588,1073,1094]" degrees="42" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="55555" value="42.0">42° N</geoCoordinate>
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), and in the Tian Shan to
|
||
<quantity box="[239,317,1105,1126]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="2100.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[239,317,1105,1126]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[330,417,1105,1126]" degrees="42.2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" precision="5555" value="42.2">42.2° N</geoCoordinate>
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). Reports from higher elevations in Europe should be checked for confusion with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="ZETTERSTEDT" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,773,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
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Diagnosis of worker (
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<tableCitation box="[542,655,1201,1223]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="13.[151,192,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,288,1995]" captionTargetId="graphics-50@13.[150,1436,281,2018]" captionText="Tab.3: Workers of species similar to Formica pratensis and Formica lugubris; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E3B614CFF5EDAF0FDB11839" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="29FD66685E3B614CFF5EDAF0FDB11839">Tabs. 3</tableCitation>
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and
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<tableCitation box="[745,759,1201,1222]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="14.[151,192,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,288,1993]" captionTargetId="graphics-61@14.[151,1437,281,2018]" captionText="Tab.4: Workers of Formica aquilonia, Formica paralugubris, Formica aquilonia × paralugubris, and collected data of all Palaearctic phenotypes of Formica lugubris; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="28" pageNumber="161">4</tableCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[151,250,1233,1255]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[151,197,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,170,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-11@9.[594,1146,882,1245]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs.5-13: (5-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (6-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral.(7-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., gyne, head; note the more trapezoid headshape.(8-aqui) Formica aquilonia, gyne, head; note the more rounded head shape.(9-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, head; note the more reticulate microsculpture of central vertex compared with Formica lugubris (Figs.14, 15), producing a matt surface appearance.(10-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, lateral aspect. (11-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, P morph, lateral; almost no setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (12-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, N morph, lateral; many setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (13-kupy) Formica kupyanskayae, gyne, head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582236/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[336,367,1233,1254]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[151,197,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,170,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-11@9.[594,1146,882,1245]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs.5-13: (5-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (6-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral.(7-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., gyne, head; note the more trapezoid headshape.(8-aqui) Formica aquilonia, gyne, head; note the more rounded head shape.(9-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, head; note the more reticulate microsculpture of central vertex compared with Formica lugubris (Figs.14, 15), producing a matt surface appearance.(10-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, lateral aspect. (11-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, P morph, lateral; almost no setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (12-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, N morph, lateral; many setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (13-kupy) Formica kupyanskayae, gyne, head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582236/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">10</figureCitation>
|
||
, key). Dimorphic, with P and N morphs frequently occurring within the same nest. According to the data of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[397,565,1297,1319]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, then measured in ethanol-stored specimens, the less hairy P-morph had nCH 17.9 ± 5.7, OccHL 103 ±
|
||
<quantity box="[476,545,1360,1382]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nHT 17.8 ± 5.7, and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[151,181,1393,1414]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
1820 ± 220 (1050, 2250) µm in
|
||
<specimenCount box="[539,677,1393,1415]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="worker">962 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
, and the hairier N-morph nCH 28.2 ± 6.4, OccHL 132 ±
|
||
<quantity box="[696,767,1425,1446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nHT 25.1 ± 5.1 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[388,419,1457,1478]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
1770 ± 220 (1040 - 2180) µm in
|
||
<specimenCount box="[181,322,1489,1511]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="worker">794 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
. Large species; mean and maximum
|
||
<collectionCode box="[741,771,1489,1510]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
over all social
|
||
<typeStatus box="[318,379,1521,1542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and both morphs in dry mounted specimens (with slight bias to selecting larger specimens) 1819 and
|
||
<quantity box="[262,360,1585,1606]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.239" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="2239.0">2239 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Head elongated, CL / CW
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[660,698,1594,1608]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
1.111. Scape much longer and slender than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", SL" authorityName="SL" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
, SL
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectionCode box="[260,289,1649,1670]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[290,328,1658,1672]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.927, SL / Smax
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[518,556,1658,1672]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
10.66. Petiole scale clearly narrower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[424,544,1681,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[424,544,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[630,659,1681,1702]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[659,697,1690,1704]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
0.453. Setae number and length extremely variable but even in the least hairy phenotypes larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[614,763,1745,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[614,763,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; separation from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[343,468,1777,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[343,468,1777,1798]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by seta characters impossible due to extreme setae polymorphism also in this species; for variance of setae data, see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[598,692,1841,1863]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="13.[151,192,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,288,1995]" captionTargetId="graphics-50@13.[150,1436,281,2018]" captionText="Tab.3: Workers of species similar to Formica pratensis and Formica lugubris; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E3B614CFF5EDAF0FDB11839" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="29FD66685E3B614CFF5EDAF0FDB11839">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation box="[750,766,1841,1862]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="14.[151,192,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,288,1993]" captionTargetId="graphics-61@14.[151,1437,281,2018]" captionText="Tab.4: Workers of Formica aquilonia, Formica paralugubris, Formica aquilonia × paralugubris, and collected data of all Palaearctic phenotypes of Formica lugubris; head size and RAV-corrected data for the assumption of each individual having a head size of 1750µm; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." pageId="28" pageNumber="161">4</tableCitation>
|
||
. All body surfaces except the frontal triangle matt due to developed microsculpture. The blackish patch on promesonotum is often larger than on average seen in other species and is often sharply demarcated from the reddish surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[816,1437,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Diagnosis of gyne (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1156,1242,177,199]" captionStart="Tab" captionStartId="16.[151,191,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[158,1429,256,2005]" captionTargetId="graphics-28@16.[151,1437,249,2018]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Tab.6: Gynes of species and hybrids with sparse pilosity; data given as arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (lower extreme, upper extreme) number of individuals." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/29FD66685E266151FF5EDAF0FDB119D9" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Tab. 6</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1270,1367,177,199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[816,852,1361,1383]" captionTargetBox="[816,1436,865,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-2@6.[816,1436,865,1341]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.4: Formica pratensis, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. The strength of transverse mi- croripples is at maximum within the Formica rufa group and pubescence density comparable with Formica lugubris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582230/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1395,1426,177,198]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[151,197,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,170,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-11@9.[594,1146,882,1245]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs.5-13: (5-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (6-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral.(7-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., gyne, head; note the more trapezoid headshape.(8-aqui) Formica aquilonia, gyne, head; note the more rounded head shape.(9-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, head; note the more reticulate microsculpture of central vertex compared with Formica lugubris (Figs.14, 15), producing a matt surface appearance.(10-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, lateral aspect. (11-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, P morph, lateral; almost no setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (12-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, N morph, lateral; many setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (13-kupy) Formica kupyanskayae, gyne, head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582236/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[816,848,209,230]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="9.[151,197,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,170,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-11@9.[594,1146,882,1245]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs.5-13: (5-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (6-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral.(7-ussu) Formica ussuriensis sp.n., gyne, head; note the more trapezoid headshape.(8-aqui) Formica aquilonia, gyne, head; note the more rounded head shape.(9-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, head; note the more reticulate microsculpture of central vertex compared with Formica lugubris (Figs.14, 15), producing a matt surface appearance.(10-prat) Formica pratensis, worker, neotype, lateral aspect. (11-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, P morph, lateral; almost no setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (12-prat) Formica pratensis, gyne, N morph, lateral; many setae on head, mesosoma, and first gaster tergite. (13-kupy) Formica kupyanskayae, gyne, head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582236/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dimorphic, P- and N-morphs frequently occurring within the same nest, and more clearly separable than workers. According to the data of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[1203,1375,273,295]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, then measured in ethanol-stored specimens, the less hairy P-morph had nCH 0.2 ± 0.8, OccHL 30 ±
|
||
<quantity box="[1267,1336,337,358]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="20.0">20µm</quantity>
|
||
, nHT 0.6 ± 1.0, and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[937,967,369,390]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
2290 ± 80 (2090, 2511) µm in 172 gynes, and the hairier N-morph nCH 16.2 ± 14.1, OccHL 218 ±
|
||
<quantity box="[816,886,433,454]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 µm</quantity>
|
||
, nHT 8.4 ± 4.3, and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1121,1151,433,454]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
2250 ± 70 (2040 - 2400) µm in 123 gynes. Large; mean and maximum
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1319,1349,465,486]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
over all social
|
||
<typeStatus box="[887,947,497,518]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and both morphs in 21 mounted specimens 2296 and
|
||
<quantity box="[925,1021,529,550]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.432" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="2432.0">2432 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Head moderately elongated, CL / CW 1.024. Scape much longer and more slender than in species related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="LINNAEUS" authorityYear="1761" box="[929,1078,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[929,1078,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1092,1299,593,614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aquilonia">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1092,1299,593,614]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica aquilonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", SL" authorityName="SL" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
, SL
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectionCode box="[986,1016,625,646]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
0.853, SL / Smax 9.75. Petiole scale relatively narrow, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1085,1115,657,678]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
0.628. Strong pilosity dimorphism: setae number, distribution, and length extremely variable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[917,1067,721,743]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Setae on eyes always present and rather long to very long, EyeHL
|
||
<quantity box="[1153,1269,753,775]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="66.0" valueMax="86.0" valueMin="46.0">46 - 86µm</quantity>
|
||
. The least hairy gynes of the P-morph have no setae on posterior margin of head, scape, scutellum, propodeum, petiole scale above spiracle, frontal face of first gaster tergite, and extensor profile of hind tibiae. The hairiest gynes of the N-morph have an extremely rich pilosity on nearly all body surfaces with seta length reaching
|
||
<quantity box="[1088,1167,944,966]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.529999999999999" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="453.0">453µm</quantity>
|
||
on scutellum and
|
||
<quantity box="[1357,1437,945,966]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.32" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" unit="mm" value="432.0">432µm</quantity>
|
||
on frontal face of first gaster tergite.All body surfaces, with exception of the frontal triangle, matt due to developed microsculpture. At magnifications> 100x, the dorsum of gaster tergites shows strong transverse microripples and a dense pubescence; sqPDG 4.0 ± 0.5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[816,1437,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[854,1007,1137,1159]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Taxonomic</collectionCode>
|
||
comments and clustering results. Combining big size, a long and slender scape, hairy eyes, and dense transverse microripples on gaster tergites, gynes are easily separable from any species except for the East Palaearctic sister species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1166,1437,1265,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kupyanskayae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1166,1437,1265,1286]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica kupyanskayae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for identification, see section “
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1168,1436,1297,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kupyanskayae">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1436,1297,1318]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica kupyanskayae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BOLTON" bookContentInfo="504 pp." box="[816,968,1328,1350]" firstAuthor="BOLTON" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge & London, UK" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" refId="ref44924" refString="BOLTON, B. 1995: A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. - Harvard University Press, Cambridge & London, UK, 504 pp." title="A new general catalogue of the ants of the world" type="book" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[816,905,1329,1350]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">BOLTON</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
”, p. 163). Separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" box="[1231,1436,1329,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1231,1436,1329,1350]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1058,1251,1361,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1058,1251,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is safely possible throughout the Palaearctic range using the characters
|
||
<collectionCode box="[816,849,1425,1446]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
, CL / CW
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[951,989,1434,1448]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, SL /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1051,1080,1425,1446]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1080,1118,1434,1448]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, SL / Smax
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1241,1279,1434,1448]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, PeW /
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1362,1391,1425,1446]" country="France" name="Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">CS</collectionCode>
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1391,1429,1434,1448]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nSc
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[856,894,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nCH
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[960,998,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, OccHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1089,1127,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, mPnHL
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1230,1268,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, nMet
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1341,1379,1466,1480]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
, and MetHL
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[895,933,1498,1512]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">1750</subScript>
|
||
. Exploratory data analyses considering these characters could clearly distinguish 225 nest samples with 1059 workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1062,1186,1553,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1186,1553,1574]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 77 nest samples with
|
||
<specimenCount box="[876,1017,1585,1607]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="worker">266 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" box="[1055,1191,1585,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1055,1191,1585,1606]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">F. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Classification errors were 0.6% in NC-part.hclust, 0% in both NC-part.kmeans and NC-Ward (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[984,1059,1649,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[151,186,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[156,1337,220,1870]" captionTargetId="graphics-5@29.[379,1338,435,1869]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig.28: Classification by three variants of NC-clustering of 225 nest samples of workers of Formica lugubris (black bars) and 76 nest samples of Formica pratensis (grey bars). The mean error of three analyses is 0.2%. Ten phenotypic characters were considered. The small, well separated sub-branch in the F. lugubris cluster represents Fennoscandian nest samples containing exclusively Hippie morph workers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582269/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), and 2% in a PCA. Separation on individual level by an LDA was also very strong with only 1.6% misclassification in 1325 worker individuals.Yet, the separation of the two clusters in two-dimensional plots of LDA and PCA was not strong enough to allow conclusions on recent hybrid samples. For repeated hybridization of the two species in the past, see section “Hybrids
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<emphasis box="[948,1052,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[948,1043,1873,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">lugubris</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(p. 174).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[816,1437,177,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">
|
||
The strong dimorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" box="[1148,1351,1905,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1351,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="161">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most apparent in gynes. A re-analysis of the data of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="28" pageNumber="161" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
consisting of the 11 characters head width and number and maximum length of setae on posterior
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582269/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="162" startId="29.[151,186,1905,1927]" targetBox="[156,1337,220,1870]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[151,1436,1905,2023]" pageId="29" pageNumber="162">
|
||
Fig.28: Classification by three variants of NC-clustering of 225 nest samples of workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1083,1263,1905,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1083,1263,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="162">Formica lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(black bars) and 76 nest samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" box="[349,540,1937,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[349,540,1937,1958]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="162">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(grey bars). The mean error of three analyses is 0.2%. Ten phenotypic characters were considered. The small, well separated sub-branch in the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[725,836,1969,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugubris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[725,836,1969,1990]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="162">F. lugubris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster represents Fennoscandian nest samples containing exclusively Hippie morph workers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5582273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582273/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="163" startId="30.[151,187,657,679]" targetBox="[158,764,176,649]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[151,771,657,807]" pageId="30" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Fig.29: Principal component analysis of polymorphism in 295 gynes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="RETZIUS" authorityYear="1783" box="[289,480,689,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[289,480,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="163">Formica pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The P-morph with reduced setae (white dots) is clearly separated from the strongly haired N-morph (black rhombs). Eleven phenotypic characters were considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[151,771,849,1671]" pageId="30" pageNumber="163">
|
||
margin of head, scutellum, extensor part of hind tibia, propodeum, and frontal face of first gaster tergite was performed here. As result, the setae-reduced P-morph and the hairy N-morph can be clearly clustered in a PCA after logarithmic transformation of the raw data (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[636,712,977,999]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[151,187,657,679]" captionTargetBox="[158,764,176,649]" captionTargetId="graphics-1012@30.[198,764,176,606]" captionText="Fig.29: Principal component analysis of polymorphism in 295 gynes of Formica pratensis. The P-morph with reduced setae (white dots) is clearly separated from the strongly haired N-morph (black rhombs). Eleven phenotypic characters were considered." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5582273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5582273/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="163">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
). The low percentage of doubtful (or intermediate) specimens is also indicated by the LDA that classified only 2.4% of 295 gynes with posterior probabilities <0.95. Clear arguments against considering the P-and N-morph as separate species are provided by the presence of both morphs in 21.6% of 37 nest samples and simultaneous observation of sexuals of both morphs at the same mating places (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[241,402,1233,1255]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="30" pageNumber="163" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The same author also showed that phenotype dimorphism is correlated with ecological adaptations. He explained the demonstrated statistical differences in geographical distribution along a thermal gradient by selection of genotypes with differing climatic adaptations. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" box="[426,587,1393,1415]" firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Entomologica Fennica" pageId="30" pageNumber="163" pagination="217 - 226" part="2" refId="ref46559" refString="SEIFERT, B. 1992: Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). - Entomologica Fennica 2: 217 - 226." title="Formica nigricans EMERY, 1909 - an ecomorph of Formica pratensis RETZIUS, 1783 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" type="journal article" year="1992">SEIFERT (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the P-morph differs from the N-morph by the following traits: It constructs clearly flatter mounds for equal insolation conditions and goes to higher altitudes and latitudes. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[619,724,1489,1510]" name="Germany" pageId="30" pageNumber="163">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the P-morph is rarer than the N-morph in dry habitats with typical Mediterranean elements but is more frequent than the N-morph on loamy soils.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="163" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[151,771,849,1671]" pageId="30" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Biology. See the species profile given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SEIFERT" bookContentInfo="408 pp." firstAuthor="SEIFERT" journalOrPublisher="Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer" pageId="30" pageNumber="163" refId="ref46930" refString="SEIFERT, B. 2018: The ants of Central and North Europe. - Lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Tauer, 408 pp." title="The ants of Central and North Europe" type="book" year="2018">SEIFERT (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |