328 lines
31 KiB
XML
328 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="70DA113D322F5822B31F6DF9C946D6B8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Nipponoxenos Kifune & Maeta 1975" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151620981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-0411</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1245</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-04-07</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1093</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1093-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520403" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:70DA113D322F5822B31F6DF9C946D6B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/70DA113D322F5822B31F6DF9C946D6B8" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="70DA113D-322F-5822-B31F-6DF9C946D6B8" authority="Kifune & Maeta, 1975, stat. res." authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nipponoxenos Kifune & Maeta, 1975, stat. res.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nipponoxenos</taxonomicName>
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Kifune & Maeta, 1975: 446 (as a subgenus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos</taxonomicName>
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Rossi). Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos (Nipponoxenos) vespularum" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespularum" subGenus="Nipponoxenos">Xenos (Nipponoxenos) vespularum</taxonomicName>
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Kifune & Maeta, 1975, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Differing from most genera in following combination of characters. Mandibles protruding distinctly from mandibular capsule, reaching or slightly projecting beyond cephalic edge (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, anterior part of female cephalothorax, photomicrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), pp - pigmented papillae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
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). Maxilla anteriorly directed, strongly sclerotized. Maxillary bases conspicuously wide, connected in midline along birth opening. Anterior part of maxilla pointed (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, anterior part of female cephalothorax, photomicrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), pp - pigmented papillae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
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). In contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally. Cephalothorax mostly pale.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Cephalothorax distinctly longer than wide, length 2.0 mm, maximum width 1.76 mm. Anterior head margin not protruding. Thorax nearly straight. Meso-metathoracic border slightly constricted (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Vespula shidai Ishikawa, Sk. Yamanne & Wagner stylopized by male of N. vespularum, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviation: sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669331" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9C</figureCitation>
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). Coloration with distinct pattern of different pale brown shades; usually medially pale and slighter darker laterally in ventral and dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669331" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos vespularum" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespularum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nipponoxenos vespularum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kifune & Maeta, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespula shidai" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shidai">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vespula shidai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Ishikawa, Sk. Yamanne & Wagner stylopized by male of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="N. vespularum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="vespularum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N. vespularum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral side of female cephalothorax
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviation: sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Almost ⅓ as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral cephalic extensions. Coloration mostly pale brown, but darker on lateral extensions and on distinctly sclerotized maxillae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, anterior part of female cephalothorax, photomicrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), pp - pigmented papillae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
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). Clypeal area delimited from labral area, slightly protruding anteriorly, forming inconspicuous, slightly pigmented clypeal lobe (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, anterior part of female cephalothorax, photomicrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), pp - pigmented papillae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
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); clypeal sensilla present. Border between clypeal and frontal region distinct. Cuticle of frontal region slightly wrinkled. Segmental border between head and prothorax indistinct dorsally but indicated by coloration; on ventral side separated by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 10.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos vespularum" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespularum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nipponoxenos vespularum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Kifune & Maeta, anterior part of female cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), pp - pigmented papillae.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
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Not delimited by furrow mesally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
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Presence or absence of antennal vestige not verified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
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Ventral labral field elliptic, not protruding but slightly convex. Dorsal labral field elliptic, ~ 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long, slightly arcuate. Presence or absence of labral sensilla not verified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
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Anteromedially directed at angle of 60°, distinctly protruding from mandibular capsule, reaching or slightly projecting beyond anterior edge of head (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, anterior part of female cephalothorax, photomicrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B Anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviations: cll - clypeal lobe, md - mandible, mx - vestige of maxilla (maxilla), pp - pigmented papillae." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669332" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
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). Bulge not distinctly raised. Sensilla not examined. Mandibular tooth narrow or moderately widened, pointed apically.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
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Anteriorly directed, pointed, strongly sclerotized. Bases wide, connected medially. Apical region not projecting beyond mandible anteriorly. Presence of palp vestige not verified. Submaxillary groove slightly produced.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
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Labial area inserted between maxillae, slightly pigmented medially; anteriorly delimited by mouth opening and posteriorly by connected maxillary bases.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
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Mouth opening slightly curved, sclerotized along margin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
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Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders vaguely indicated ventrally by pigmented stripes with specific cuticular surface, but nor recognizable on dorsal side (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Vespula shidai Ishikawa, Sk. Yamanne & Wagner stylopized by male of N. vespularum, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with male puparium inside C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax. Abbreviation: sbmm - segmental border between mesothorax and metathorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669331" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9C, D</figureCitation>
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). Border between metathorax and abdomen marked by ridge and change of cuticular sculpture and pigmentation. Entire abdominal segment I darker than thorax. Cuticle of thoracic segments on ventral side wrinkled or reticulate, with several small, pigmented papillae on prothorax. Prosternal extension undifferentiated, evenly arched. Dorsal side of thorax mostly smooth. Meso- and metathorax unmodified in shape, transverse. Setae and cuticular spines on lateral region of abdominal segment I not examined.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
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Situated on posterior ⅓ of cephalothorax, slightly elevated, with anterolateral orientation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Less pigmented than in other genera of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
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. With conspicuous, nearly black clypeus and very short and black genae, very distinct on lightly colored surrounding areas of cephalotheca (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11</figureCitation>
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). Antennal vestige very large (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos vespularum" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespularum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nipponoxenos vespularum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Rounded laterally in frontal view, widely elliptic (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
); rounded in lateral view (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coloration pale except for clypeus and genae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Cephalothecal capsule. Compound eyes with individual ommatidia well visible. Clypeus black colored; inconspicuous clypeal lobe straight in frontal view; sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe and on lateral parts of clypeus. Frontal region not deformed, lacking frontal impression. Occipital bulge rather indistinct. Diameter of genae (black) between maxillary base and compound eye very small, subequal to antennal diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Nipponoxenos vespularum Kifune & Maeta, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs A frontal view B lateral view. Abbreviations: a - vestigial antenna, cl - clypeus, coe - compound eye, gn - gena, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669333" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occipital bulge absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, delimited medially by quite indistinct furrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Antennal vestige very large, with complete torulus. Periantennal area distinctly delimited.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct. Setae of dorsal field present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed. Coloration darker anteriorly and less pigmented posteriorly. Bulge pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent. Coloration darker anteriorly, posterior part around vestige of palp less pigmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Located between and below maxillae. Praementum and postmentum distinct, separated by slightly paler coloration of postmentum. Hypopharyngeal protuberance inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth opening distinctly arcuate, nearly U-shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
One of the earliest diverging lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a Palearctic origin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Placed either as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pierce +
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Saunders or as the earliest diverging group, sister to all other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">Benda et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Monotypic, restricted to East Asia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Vespula" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vespula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vespula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Vespinae">Vespinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nipponoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kifune, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="446 - 455" refId="B42" refString="Kifune, T, Maeta, Y, 1975. A new subgenus and new species of the genus Xenos (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) from Japan: Studies on the Japanese Strepsiptera III. Japanese Journal of Entomology 43: 446 - 455" title="A new subgenus and new species of the genus Xenos (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) from Japan: Studies on the Japanese Strepsiptera III." volume="43" year="1975">Kifune and Maeta (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We classify it as a valid genus, based on a molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |