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<mods:title id="DAC310A1E76C7EF352C847AE44FE89E9">Distribution and habitat preferences of Galápagos ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE254C53674FD2EFDB4" ID-CoL="MXR9" authority="Forel, 1874" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1874" box="[247,660,609,636]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachymyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heeri">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE254C53674FD2EFDB4" bold="true" box="[247,660,609,636]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE254C53674FE47FDB4" bold="true" box="[247,509,609,636]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brachymyrmex heeri</emphasis>
Forel, 1874
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(
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: CASENT0173228). (
<figureCitation id="137E2A053E78FFE256A03690FD58FD57" box="[658,738,645,671]" captionStart="Map 7" captionStartId="11.[247,293,1004,1025]" captionTargetBox="[251,1382,182,979]" captionTargetId="figure-32@11.[247,1386,178,983]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Map 7. Distribution of Brachymyrmex heeri Forel, 1874." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710335" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710335/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Map 7</figureCitation>
)
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<subSubSection id="C35F650B3E78FFE254C536A0FB80FB73" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFA36803E78FFE254C536A0FB80FB73" blockId="10.[247,1386,693,1211]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Distributed in Central, South America and the Antilles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E78FFE2579B36A0FBF5FD07" author="KEMPF W." box="[937,1103,693,719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 344" refId="ref23025" refString="KEMPF W., 1972. - Catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 15: 3 - 344." type="journal article" year="1972">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E78FFE2579B36A0FC44FD06" baselines="712,713" box="[937,1022,693,719]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Kempf" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">KEMPF</smallCapsWord>
, 1972
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E78FFE2506C36A0FAE7FD07" author="BOLTON B. &amp; ALPERT G. &amp; WARD P. S. &amp; NASKRECKI P." box="[1118,1373,693,719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref20890" refString="BOLTON B., ALPERT G., WARD P. S. &amp; NASKRECKI P., 2006. - Bolton's Catalogue of Ants of the World: 1758 - 2005. Harvard University Press, USA. CD - ROM." type="book" year="2006">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E78FFE2506C36A0FB78FD06" baselines="712,713" box="[1118,1218,693,719]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Bolton" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">BOLTON</smallCapsWord>
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE250FE36A3FAABFD07" box="[1228,1297,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.,</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE254C536CDFE42FD3A" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1874" box="[247,504,728,754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachymyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heeri">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE254C536CDFE42FD3A" box="[247,504,728,754]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brachymyrmex heeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an introduced species that was collected for the first time in 2001 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E78FFE2553236EEFDE4FCDD" author="HERRERA H. W. &amp; LONGINO J. T." box="[256,606,763,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="16 - 19" refId="ref22454" refString="HERRERA H. W. &amp; LONGINO J. T., 2008. - New records of introduced ants (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands. Galapagos Research, 65: 16 - 19." type="journal article" year="2008">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E78FFE2553236EEFECFFCDC" baselines="782,783" box="[256,373,763,789]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Herrera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<collectingRegion id="4981F8623E78FFE2553236EEFECFFCDC" box="[256,373,763,789]" country="Panama" name="Herrera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">HERRERA</collectingRegion>
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&amp;
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E78FFE255AF36EEFDB7FCDC" baselines="782,783" box="[413,525,763,789]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Longino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">LONGINO</smallCapsWord>
, 2008
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). Often found in the dry areas, it is distributed on five islands in disturbed and natural environments. Nests have been found in roots of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE25062370AFB78FCF0" box="[1104,1218,799,825]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Catharanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE25062370AFB78FCF0" box="[1104,1218,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sidewalks of streets, and under rocks and rotten trunks in
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2572B3754FCC7FC93" box="[793,893,833,859]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Scalesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2572B3754FCC7FC93" box="[793,893,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Scalesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE257893757FBA5FC93" box="[955,1055,834,859]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Miconia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE257893757FBA5FC93" box="[955,1055,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Miconia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
areas. It has been reported visiting flowers of
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE255EE3770FC80FCB7" authority="G. Watt" authorityName="G. Watt" box="[476,826,868,895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="darwinii">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE255EE3770FD75FCB6" box="[476,719,868,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gossypium darwinii</emphasis>
G. Watt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE257743770FC02FCB6" box="[838,952,869,895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Catharanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE257743770FC02FCB6" box="[838,952,869,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, potted plants and other ornamental plants in gardens. It has also been reported on crops such as coffee (
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE25006379DFB51FC69" box="[1076,1259,903,930]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coffea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE25006379DFB51FC69" box="[1076,1259,903,930]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Coffea arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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.), citrus and bananas. Other records are available from
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2570337BEFB23FC0D" authority="Jacq." authorityName="Jacq." box="[817,1177,939,965]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Piscidia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="carthagenensis">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2570337BEFBE9FC0D" box="[817,1107,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Piscidia carthagenensis</emphasis>
Jacq.
</taxonomicName>
forests. Workers have been collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2563F37DBFCAAFC2F" box="[525,784,974,1000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megasperma">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2563F37DBFCAAFC2F" box="[525,784,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Opuntia megasperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E78FFE2572437DBFC9FFC20" box="[790,805,974,1000]" country="South Africa" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14647" name="University of the Witwatersrand" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">J</collectionCode>
. T. Howell,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2578437DBFBFAFC20" box="[950,1088,974,1000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="darwinii">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2578437DBFBFAFC20" box="[950,1088,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G. darwinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2507C37DBFB49FC20" box="[1102,1267,974,1000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumila">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2507C37DBFB49FC20" box="[1102,1267,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Malus pumila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E78FFE2513137DBFAA3FC20" box="[1283,1305,974,1000]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.) Mill. and plants of
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2558A37E4FD6DFBC3" box="[440,727,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2558A37E4FDD2FBC3" box="[440,616,1009,1035]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosa">Hibiscus rosa</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2564B37E7FD6DFBC3" box="[633,727,1010,1035]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Citrullus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">sinensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E78FFE256DB37E7FCBAFBC4" box="[745,768,1010,1036]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2572E37E7FBBBFBC3" box="[796,1025,1010,1035]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ricinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2572E37E7FBBBFBC3" box="[796,1025,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ricinus communis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E78FFE2502137E7FB90FBC4" box="[1043,1066,1010,1036]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2507437E4FA8CFBC3" box="[1094,1334,1009,1035]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2507437E4FA8CFBC3" box="[1094,1334,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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.,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE254C53001FE68FBE6" box="[247,466,1044,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE254C53001FE68FBE6" box="[247,466,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Mangifera indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E78FFE255D03000FE43FBE7" box="[482,505,1045,1071]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE256263001FD6BFBE6" box="[532,721,1044,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papaya">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE256263001FD6BFBE6" box="[532,721,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Carica papaya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED54AE453E78FFE256D23000FD4DFBE7" box="[736,759,1045,1071]" country="Netherlands" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15678" name="Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Herbarium">L</collectionCode>
.,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE257203001FCC0FBE6" box="[786,890,1044,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cordiaceae" genus="Cordia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lutea">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE257203001FCC0FBE6" box="[786,890,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. lutea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE257A03000FB89FBE6" box="[914,1075,1045,1070]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Celastraceae" genus="Maytenus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Celastrales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="octogona">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE257A03000FB89FBE6" box="[914,1075,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">M. octogona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE2504D3001FE3AFB99" authority="L. Mutualistic" authorityName="L. Mutualistic" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE2504D3001FA85FBE6" box="[1151,1343,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
L. Mutualistic
</taxonomicName>
interactions with scale insects like
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE25770302DFBE4FB99" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[834,1118,1079,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Coccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE25770302DFC49FB99" box="[834,1011,1079,1106]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Coccus viridis</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
, the invasive cottony cushion scale
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE255AD304EFC9DFBBC" authority="(Maskell, 1878)" baseAuthorityName="Maskell" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[415,807,1114,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE255AD304EFDE7FBBC" box="[415,605,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
(Maskell, 1878)
</taxonomicName>
, and unidentified aphids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E78FFE2506F304FFADFFBBC" author="CAUSTON C. E. &amp; PECK S. &amp; SINCLAIR B. J. &amp; ROQUE &amp; ALBELO L. &amp; HODGSON C. J. &amp; LANDRY B." box="[1117,1381,1114,1140]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="121 - 143" refId="ref21457" refString="CAUSTON C. E., PECK S. B, SINCLAIR B. J., ROQUE - ALBELO L., HODGSON C. J. &amp; LANDRY B., 2006. - Alien insects: threats and implications for the conservation of the Galapagos Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 121 - 143." type="journal article" year="2006">
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<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE250E8304EFAA7FBBC" box="[1242,1309,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.,</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E78FFE254C5306BFDB9FB5F" author="VELASCO Y. A. &amp; ROPERO M. C. &amp; ARMBRECHT I." box="[247,515,1149,1176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="116 - 126" refId="ref25921" refString="VELASCO Y. A., ROPERO M. C. &amp; ARMBRECHT I., 2010. - Interacciones entre hormigas e insectos en follaje de cafetales de sol y de sombra, Cauca - Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 36 (1): 116 - 126." type="journal article" year="2010">
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E78FFE254C5306BFED0FB5E" baselines="1169,1169" box="[247,362,1150,1176]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Velasco" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">VELASCO</smallCapsWord>
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE25541306BFE02FB5F" box="[371,440,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.,</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), could contribute to their spread.
<taxonomicName id="4C454D033E78FFE257993068FB13FB5F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1874" box="[939,1193,1149,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachymyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heeri">
<emphasis id="B931EA923E78FFE257993068FB13FB5F" box="[939,1193,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brachymyrmex heeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered a minor threat to
<collectingRegion id="4981F8623E78FFE2558330B5FD8AFB72" box="[433,560,1184,1210]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
ecosystems (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B713E78FFE256E030B4FB97FB73" author="HERRERA H. W. &amp; LONGINO J. T." box="[722,1069,1185,1211]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="16 - 19" refId="ref22454" refString="HERRERA H. W. &amp; LONGINO J. T., 2008. - New records of introduced ants (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) in the Galapagos Islands. Galapagos Research, 65: 16 - 19." type="journal article" year="2008">
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<collectingRegion id="4981F8623E78FFE256E030B4FCFDFB71" box="[722,839,1185,1211]" country="Panama" name="Herrera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">HERRERA</collectingRegion>
</smallCapsWord>
&amp;
<smallCapsWord id="8D1CA05C3E78FFE2575F30B4FC67FB71" baselines="1204,1204" box="[877,989,1185,1211]" lowerCaseFontSize="9" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Longino" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">LONGINO</smallCapsWord>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>