258 lines
31 KiB
XML
258 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="F1D2AF7367208239D2C32B36229618D8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021526" ID-ZooBank="987FAD00-32A7-4E38-AFAD-6EAC8D808FB2" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1730450932891" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Yiu, Sam King Fung & Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2024" docId="03BF87BF26355D7F61C4BB1EFCE54176" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5526.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5526 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Pentaceraster sibogae Doderlein 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="FF86FFC7260F5D436153BE46FFA14013" masterDocTitle="New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong" masterLastPageNumber="69" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1730836646701" updateUser="guilherme">
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<mods:titleInfo id="025718F9CB16157E1A4DE3EE06C26B49">
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<mods:title id="E954A935AF623BB737DBF692EC918FB0">New Ecological Observations and Occurrence for Asteroidea and Echinoidea in Hong Kong</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="17F96924AAC0E9B269645D0646B8B834">Yiu, Sam King Fung</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7BCD5029D8F0319C80ED8CC5E27070A9">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A87C872D536C0FDA1EFC2B3C5D2BA879" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3AFF2D1E56426EF620F26F2128FAA877">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C5EE639A79F183D1D077AB4766756E9">School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339 & Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. brisinga @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0178 - 8237 & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. cyclesamyiu @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 7339</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FD33A8BDC0C0EE8AD78AD9B8B400BDB0" type="email">cyclesamyiu@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="ED10D99D26CB58A7FE2927ECFCE05799">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="49C6C67D721BF1B1A409EC30C33B2D87">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B02566C4ABEC2EEC75869B51344F3F0D">2024-10-22</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AC1D5EB4BD011603581148AC2960DD33">5526</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="AF579504A120636A34BF14C6FDAFB874">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5526.1.1</mods:url>
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<treatment id="03BF87BF26355D7F61C4BB1EFCE54176" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26355D7F61C4BB1EFCE54176" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF87BF26355D7F61C4BB1EFCE54176" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226355D7961C4BB1EFDC44561" box="[151,613,1367,1394]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D7961C4BB1EFDC44561" blockId="58.[151,613,1367,1430]" box="[151,613,1367,1394]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<heading id="D0E181C526355D7961C4BB1EFDC44561" bold="true" box="[151,613,1367,1394]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26355D7961C4BB1EFDC44561" ID-CoL="76MC7" authority="Doderlein 1916" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,613,1367,1394]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961C4BB1EFDC44561" bold="true" box="[151,613,1367,1394]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961C4BB1EFE014561" bold="true" box="[151,416,1367,1394]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Pentaceraster sibogae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826355D7960F4BB1EFDC44561" author="Doderlein, L." box="[423,613,1368,1394]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="409 - 440" refId="ref38394" refString="Doderlein, L. (1916) Uber die Gattung Oreaster und verwandte. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 40, 409 - 440." type="journal article" year="1916">Döderlein 1916</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226355D7961C4BB3AFE114585" box="[151,432,1404,1430]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D7961C4BB3AFE114585" blockId="58.[151,613,1367,1430]" box="[151,432,1404,1430]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26355D7961C4BB3AFEF74585" box="[151,342,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="58.[151,250,973,997]" captionTargetBox="[281,1305,181,949]" captionTargetId="figure-23@58.[281,1305,181,949]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pentaceraster alveolatus/P. sibogae A. In situ, abactinal surface. B. Abactinal surface showing pattern variation. C. & D. Pentaceraster sibogae. Feeding on urchin, Heliocidaris crassispina Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021615/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 42C–D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26355D796031BB3AFE114585" box="[354,432,1404,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1077,1101]" captionTargetBox="[379,1209,181,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-17@59.[379,1209,181,1053]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 43. Pentaceraster sibogae A. In situ observation of predation on Scleronephthya. B. In situ observation, possible predation on Scleronephthya. C. In situ, six armed variant. D. In situ, four armed variant. E. In situ abactinal surf showing red variant. F. In situ closeup on actinal surface showing benthic ctenophores with feeding tentacles extended. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021617/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">43A–F</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30C652226355D7F61C4BB82FCE54176" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D7961C4BB82FEBF45CD" blockId="58.[151,286,1476,1502]" box="[151,286,1476,1502]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26355D7961C4BB82FEBF45CD" bold="true" box="[151,286,1476,1502]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D7961C4B84AFD414779" blockId="58.[151,1437,1548,1934]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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This species was identified based on descriptions summarized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826355D7962CEB84AFB314634" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[925,1168,1548,1575]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826355D79659CB84AFA394635" author="Doderlein, L." box="[1231,1432,1548,1574]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="295 - 369" refId="ref38450" refString="Doderlein, L. (1936) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Exped. III. Die unterfamile Oreasterinae. Siboga-Expedition, 46 (2), 295 - 369, pls. 21 - 32." type="journal article" year="1936">Döderlein (1936)</bibRefCitation>
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. Diagnostic characters used include the presence of large carinal spines and abactinal-lateral spines on both the disk and arm, as well as spines present on all of the superomarginal spines. This species varies widely however, demonstrating a broad range of body shape with highly variable R/r ratios demonstrating more elongate versus more triangular arms in some individuals as well as a variably thick to arched disk as well as a large number of color patterns ranging from disk and arms with light blue to red to spines with dark red to yellow or white respectively. The interradial arcs in some individuals ranged from weakly curved to straight to more acute. No oral side characters, such as furrow spines or subambulacrals, were observed. The high degree of variation suggests further work into the possibility of cryptic taxa across this widely occurring species.
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<figureCitation id="132D2A2C26355D796233B96AFBF34755" box="[864,1106,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="59.[151,250,1077,1101]" captionTargetBox="[379,1209,181,1053]" captionTargetId="figure-17@59.[379,1209,181,1053]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURE 43. Pentaceraster sibogae A. In situ observation of predation on Scleronephthya. B. In situ observation, possible predation on Scleronephthya. C. In situ, six armed variant. D. In situ, four armed variant. E. In situ abactinal surf showing red variant. F. In situ closeup on actinal surface showing benthic ctenophores with feeding tentacles extended. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021617/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Figures 43C and 43D</figureCitation>
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show
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D7965CFB96AFA814755" box="[1180,1312,1836,1862]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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specimens with variable arm number, six and four respectively.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926355D796194B932FC04479D" blockId="58.[151,1437,1548,1934]" box="[199,933,1908,1934]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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This represents the first occurrence of this species in
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<collectingCountry id="F301763926355D796249B932FC00479D" box="[794,929,1908,1934]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF69662126345D7861C4BA73FE9744AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14021617" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14021617" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14021617/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" startId="59.[151,250,1077,1101]" targetBox="[379,1209,181,1053]" targetPageId="59" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D7861C4BA73FE9744AA" blockId="59.[151,1436,1077,1210]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7861C4BA73FD92445E" bold="true" box="[151,563,1077,1101]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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FIGURE 43.
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786078BA70FDB3445E" authorityName="Doderlein" authorityYear="1916" box="[299,530,1077,1101]" class="Asteroidea" family="Oreasteridae" genus="Pentaceraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786078BA70FDB3445E" bold="true" box="[299,530,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Pentaceraster sibogae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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A.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78636FBA70FDF0445E" box="[572,593,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">In</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D78630ABA70FD5C445E" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[601,765,1077,1101]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78630ABA70FDDF445E" box="[601,638,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">situ</emphasis>
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observation
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</taxonomicName>
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of predation on
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7862FEBA73FBF0445E" box="[941,1105,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D7862FEBA73FBEC445E" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1887" box="[941,1101,1077,1101]" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Scleronephthya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Scleronephthya</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78650ABA73FBD1445E" bold="true" box="[1113,1136,1077,1101]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">B.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D78652ABA70FA9C445E" authority="observation" authorityName="Observation" box="[1145,1341,1077,1101]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="19" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78652ABA70FB1D445E" box="[1145,1212,1078,1101]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">In situ</emphasis>
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observation
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</taxonomicName>
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, possible predation on
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D78604DBA1FFE1A4462" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1887" box="[286,443,1113,1137]" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Scleronephthya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78604DBA1FFE1A4462" box="[286,443,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Scleronephthya</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786094BA1FFE414462" bold="true" box="[455,480,1113,1137]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">C.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D7860B4BA1CFD894462" box="[487,552,1114,1137]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7860B4BA1CFD894462" box="[487,552,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">In situ</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, six armed variant.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7863A1BA1FFCAA4462" bold="true" box="[754,779,1113,1137]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">D.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786241BA1CFCF34462" box="[786,850,1114,1137]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786241BA1CFCF34462" box="[786,850,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">In situ</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, four armed variant.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786579BA1FFBE04462" bold="true" box="[1066,1089,1113,1137]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">E.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D78651BBA1CFB284462" box="[1096,1161,1114,1137]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78651BBA1CFB284462" box="[1096,1161,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">In situ</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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abactinal surf showing red variant.
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7861B8BA3BFF5F4486" bold="true" box="[235,254,1149,1173]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">F.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786056BA38FEE74486" box="[261,326,1150,1173]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Indianastra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786056BA38FEE74486" box="[261,326,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">In situ</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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closeup on actinal surface showing benthic ctenophores with feeding tentacles extended. Photographer: Sam King Fung Yiu.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D7861C4BB4DFE6B4536" blockId="59.[151,458,1291,1317]" box="[151,458,1291,1317]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7861C4BB4DFE6B4536" bold="true" box="[151,458,1291,1317]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Occurrence/Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D7861C4BB12FB054581" blockId="59.[151,1188,1364,1426]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D7861C4BB12FEBC457D" box="[151,285,1364,1390]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26345D78607ABB12FE2E457D" box="[297,399,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003BD19A26345D78607ABB12FE2E457D" box="[297,399,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">
|
||
10–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD2026345D786001BB12FE2E457D" box="[338,399,1364,1390]" count="20" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="generic">20 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EC9607226345D786194BB31FEBF4582" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26355D7F61C4BB1EFCE54176:8EC9607226345D786194BB31FEBF4582" box="[199,286,1399,1425]" country="Hong Kong" name="Outside" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Outside</location>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D786076BB3EFE0C4581" box="[293,429,1400,1426]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26E3537F26345D7860E4BB31FDBD4582" box="[439,540,1399,1425]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Southern</collectorName>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D786370BB31FDC84582" box="[547,617,1399,1425]" name="China" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D2F84B26345D786327BB31FD644582" box="[628,709,1399,1425]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hainan</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8EC9607226345D78639FBB31FCB24582" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BF87BF26355D7F61C4BB1EFCE54176:8EC9607226345D78639FBB31FCB24582" box="[716,787,1399,1425]" country="China" name="Island" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" stateProvince="Hainan">Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26E3537F26345D78624DBB3EFC134582" box="[798,946,1399,1426]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Borneo Bank</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D7862BABB31FBFB4582" box="[1001,1114,1399,1425]" name="Indonesia" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D10FD2026345D786537BB3EFB054581" box="[1124,1188,1400,1426]" count="10" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CEE9B4C26345D786537BB3EFB014581" box="[1124,1184,1400,1426]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation id="003BD19A26345D786537BB3EFB014581" box="[1124,1184,1400,1426]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D7861C4BBA5FEEB45EE" blockId="59.[151,330,1507,1533]" box="[151,330,1507,1533]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7861C4BBA5FEEB45EE" bold="true" box="[151,330,1507,1533]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D7861C4B86DFE2A4656" blockId="59.[151,395,1579,1605]" box="[151,395,1579,1605]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7861C4B86DFE2A4656" bold="true" box="[151,395,1579,1605]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">General Comments</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D7861C4B832FB4C470E" blockId="59.[151,1437,1651,2038]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Our work presents multiple new observations of echinoderms in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D7862C5B832FB81469D" box="[918,1056,1652,1678]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including five new occurrences for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786192B8D1FECC46A2" authority="and" authorityName="AND" box="[193,365,1687,1713]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="59" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Asteroidea and</taxonomicName>
|
||
eleven new occurrences for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786390B8D1FCE046A2" box="[707,833,1687,1713]" class="Echinoidea" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="class">Echinoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C694031226345D786200B8D1FC1746A1" box="[851,950,1687,1714]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[152,244,332,356]" captionText="TABLE 1. Species list of Echinoidea in Hong Kong encountered from this study. Species in bold indicate the first record." pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C694031226345D7862A6B8DEFBA746A1" box="[1013,1030,1688,1714]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[152,244,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 2. Species list of Asteroidea in Hong Kong encountered from this study. Species in bold indicate the first record." pageId="59" pageNumber="60">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The species outlined herein have been previously recorded from the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D786327B8FDFD1646C6" box="[628,695,1723,1749]" name="China" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea, but not specifically from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D786549B8FAFB0546C5" box="[1050,1188,1724,1750]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826345D7865E3B8FDFA3D46C5" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[1200,1436,1723,1750]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarized multiple species from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D7863D8B899FD6F46EA" box="[651,718,1759,1785]" name="China" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
but which were notably absent from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D786520B8A6FB5A46E9" box="[1139,1275,1760,1786]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This includes larger, very prominent urchin species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D7863C4B945FC3F470E" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[663,926,1795,1821]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Prionocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baculosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7863C4B945FC3F470E" box="[663,926,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Prionocidaris baculosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786286B945FB4C470E" box="[981,1261,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786286B945FB4B470E" authorityName="A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[981,1258,1795,1821]" class="Echinoidea" family="Arbaciidae" genus="Coelopleurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arbacioida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">Coelopleurus maculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926345D786194B961FC0847E5" blockId="59.[151,1437,1651,2038]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF874B5826345D786194B961FE124751" author="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M." box="[199,435,1831,1858]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="ref40906" refString="Liao, Y. & Clark, A. M. (1995) The Echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing, 614 pp." type="book" year="1995">Liao & Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the occurrence of
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7863ACB961FA344752" box="[767,1429,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D7863ACB961FC664752" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[767,967,1831,1857]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Linckia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigata">Linckia laevigata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786287B961FB624752" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[980,1219,1831,1857]" class="Asteroidea" family="Echinasteridae" genus="Echinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="luzonicus">Echinaster luzonicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D78659CB961FA344752" box="[1231,1429,1831,1857]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savigny">Diadema savigny</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
i and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786194B90AFE024776" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[199,419,1867,1893]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786194B90AFE024776" box="[199,419,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as uncommon, with individual species showing uneven distribution patterns. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D7861C4B929FE25479A" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[151,388,1903,1929]" class="Asteroidea" family="Echinasteridae" genus="Echinaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spinulosida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="luzonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7861C4B929FE25479A" box="[151,388,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Echinaster luzonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D786093B936FD3E479A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[448,671,1903,1929]" class="Echinoidea" family="Toxopneustidae" genus="Tripneustes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gratilla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D786093B936FD3E479A" box="[448,671,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Tripneustes gratilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are regularly spotted at specific sites such as the Ninepin Islands. In other instances, some species are not seen frequently. For example, since 2014, only one sighting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D78641BB9D5FF5E47C2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Linckia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D78641BB9D5FF5E47C2" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Linckia laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and four of
|
||
<emphasis id="B962EABB26345D7860D6B9F1FDF447C2" box="[389,597,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C164D2A26345D7860D6B9F1FDF047C2" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1809" box="[389,593,1975,2001]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="savignyi">Diadema savignyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
respectively, have been made. Although commonly encountered elsewhere, these species are not frequently observed in the waters of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926345D78624DB99AFC0447E5" box="[798,933,2012,2038]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA936A926335D7F6194BED1FCE54176" blockId="60.[151,1436,151,357]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The further discoveries of new occurrence in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F301763926335D7F638CBED1FCC740A2" box="[735,870,151,177]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
are attributed largely to improved reporting and surveys of deeper and more remote areas than have previously been accessible without SCUBA. Social media platforms, such as Facebook, have facilitated sharing of images and permitted contact between photographers and professional taxonomists. Citizen scientist platforms, such as iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/home) have archived records of taxon imagery for specific areas, as shared by regional photographers. This publication would not have taken place without shared images via social media.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |