195 lines
21 KiB
XML
195 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="454EAC9306E202EF83D24CC302897226">
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<mods:title id="773BEA4C96AF9364E8EA374CE024A6CD">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8260F5EC9681AFA6C1980D33FF4CD747">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CAF1475CD0E1492185809F582BC6E290">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="CEA4A409D272F37C16C7F1B83DC3923A">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="78D70F71DAEB19828E70996A001E8E73" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="BBD596BD2A865675B6F9F99105E9EB2A">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="53A4E990DFC663F19D7BE2CC1AEE72C4">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5770DD543200E36ACDCA2469205AF69D">
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<mods:title id="AA7EDB5666DE00D207948A4D6B76C52D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="8DF906680E09108DC038C4838A4F7068">716</mods:start>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF8394301DF7BCBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403616" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403616" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF8394301DF7BCBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FF946A2BFF8394301DF7BCBA" lastPageNumber="869" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8394301ED1B9A9" blockId="111.[125,1024,617,709]" box="[127,209,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF8394301ED1B9A9" box="[127,209,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFF946A2BFF8394301ED1B9A9" box="[127,209,617,667]" captionStart="Plate 64: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="107.[117,147,3280,3305]" captionTargetBox="[11,2760,17,3656]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="225. Gray Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus), 226. Canary Long-eared Bat (Plecotus teneriffae), 227. Gaisler’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus gaisleri), 228. Christie’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus christii), 229. Mediterranean Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kolombatovici), 230. Ethiopian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus balensis), 231. Turkmen Long-eared Bat (Plecotus turkmenicus), 232. Strelkov’s Long-eared (Bat Plecotusstrelkovi), 233. Ognev’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ognevi), 234. Kozlov’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus kozlovi), 235. Sichuan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus ariel), 236. Himalayan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus homochrous), 237. Taiwan Long-eared Bat (Plecotus taivanus), 238. Japanese Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sacrimontis), 239. Ward’s Long-eared Bat (Plecotus wardi), 240. Alpine Long-eared Bat (Plecotus macrobullaris), 241. Sardinian Long-eared Bat (Plecotus sardus), 242. Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), 243. Desert Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris hemprichii), 244. Turkestani Long-eared Bat (Otonycteris leucophaea), 245. Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), 246. Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), 247. Mexican Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus mexicanus), 248. Allen’s Big-eared Bat (Idionycteris phyllotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398533/files/figure.png" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">239.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF2394301CBEB9A9" box="[223,702,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF2394301CBEB9A9" blockId="111.[125,1024,617,709]" box="[223,702,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF2394301CBEB9A9" box="[223,702,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFF2394301CBEB9A9" ID-CoL="4K2ZY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[223,702,617,667]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardi">Ward’s Long-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFCFC94301DFFB9A9" box="[768,1023,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFCFC94301DFFB9A9" blockId="111.[125,1024,617,709]" box="[768,1023,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFCFC94301DFFB9A9" box="[768,1023,617,667]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFCFC94301DFFB9A9" ID-CoL="4K2ZY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[768,1023,617,667]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardi">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFCFC94301DFFB9A9" box="[768,1023,617,667]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Plecotus wardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8294F51DA4B9F3" box="[126,932,684,705]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8294F51DA4B9F3" blockId="111.[125,1024,617,709]" box="[126,932,684,705]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<heading id="9F638192FF946A2BFF8294F51DA4B9F3" box="[126,932,684,705]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF8294F51ECAB9F3" bold="true" box="[126,202,684,705]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFF2E94F51F7EB9F3" ID-CoL="4K2ZY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[210,382,684,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardi">Oreillard de Ward</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFE6894F51FEEB9F3" bold="true" box="[404,494,684,705]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFE0994F51C83B9F3" ID-CoL="4K2ZY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[501,643,684,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardi">Ward-Langohr</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD6B94F51CF2B9F3" bold="true" box="[663,754,684,705]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FF946A2BFD0794F51DA4B9F3" ID-CoL="4K2ZY" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[763,932,684,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardi">Orejudo de Ward</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD1F94AA1B2FB822" box="[739,1327,755,784]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD1F94AA1B2FB822" blockId="111.[734,1330,755,1176]" box="[739,1327,755,784]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD1F94AA1D7EB822" bold="true" box="[739,894,755,784]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFF946A2BFC6C94AA1B2AB822" ID-CoL="4K2ZY" authority="Thomas, 1911" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1911" box="[912,1322,755,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wardi">Plecotus wardi Thomas, 1911</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD2295431A63B805" box="[734,1123,794,823]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD2295431A63B805" blockId="111.[734,1330,755,1176]" box="[734,1123,794,823]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FF946A2BFD2295431A63B805" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319434" box="[734,1123,794,823]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF946A2BFD2295431A05B805" box="[734,1029,794,823]" country="India" name="Jammu and Kashmir" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Jammu and Kashmir</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFBE895431A5FB805" box="[1044,1119,794,823]" name="India" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD1F95641A4DB86C" box="[739,1101,829,862]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD1F95641A4DB86C" blockId="111.[734,1330,755,1176]" box="[739,1101,829,862]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD1F95341DD6B89F" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="distribution">
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<caption id="90EB6676FF946A2BFD1F95341DD6B89F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398316" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6398316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398316/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" targetBox="[124,715,763,1178]" targetPageId="111">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD1F95341DD6B89F" blockId="111.[734,1330,755,1176]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD1F95341D93B8B4" bold="true" box="[739,915,877,902]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFC4795341A67B8B4" box="[955,1127,877,902]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFB6995341B0BB8B4" box="[1173,1291,877,902]" name="Pakistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFD1895D51D2FB89F" box="[740,815,908,941]" name="India" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">India</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFC8195D51DD2B89F" box="[893,978,908,941]" name="Nepal" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFD1F95EA1DA5BECF" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFD1F95EA1DA5BECF" blockId="111.[734,1330,755,1176]" lastBlockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFD1F95EA1DDCB8E6" bold="true" box="[739,988,947,980]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—-body
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFB6995EA1B2AB8E6" box="[1173,1322,947,980]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="47.0">47-53 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFCD995861DC8B8CE" box="[805,968,991,1020]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="51.5" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="49.0">49-54 mm</quantity>
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, car
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFBD495861ACAB8CE" box="[1064,1226,991,1020]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="39.5" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="37.0">37-42 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot 7-9-
|
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFC98925E1DBCBF16" box="[868,956,1031,1060]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFBAE925E1AECBF16" box="[1106,1260,1031,1060]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="44.0" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="42.0">42-46 mm</quantity>
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. Fur is dense (not woolly,
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||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFBD392731AC9BF79" box="[1071,1225,1066,1099]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10-13 mm</quantity>
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long), brownish, sometimes with golden tips, on dorsum; sparser and pale gray on venter, with white tips (
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFEA392F91FD1BFF3" box="[351,465,1184,1217]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
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||
long); dorsal hairs tricolored, with dark brown bases, narrow lighter middle zone, and brown tips; ventral hairs bicolored with dark bases and white tips. Face and chin meagerly furred with short hairs. Patagium can be naked or furred; ears and patagium generally brownish. Toes long (c.
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFCA7934F1DB2BE05" box="[859,946,1302,1335]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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), slender, and partially covered by long hair. The species seems to be closely related to Strelkov’s Long-eared Bat (P. strelkovr) in skull and dental characteristics, with medium-sized braincase and short, slender, flat rostrum, but it has larger I and canines than its closest relatives, with broader anterior part of zygomatic arch. Condylo-basal length c.16-
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<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFBC393ED1A95BEE7" box="[1087,1173,1460,1493]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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||
; zygomatic breadth c.9-
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFED993851F7ABECF" box="[293,378,1500,1533]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; and upper tooth-row length c.6-
|
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.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF81905A1C19BD41" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF81905A1C19BD41" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF81905A1EECBD16" bold="true" box="[125,236,1539,1572]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tunnels in flanks of barren mountains surrounded by coniferous forests. Someareas ofits range (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFF946A2BFDEC90721C64BD7E" box="[528,612,1579,1612]" name="Nepal" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
) have a very contrasting dry climate. Usually found at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFF946A2BFEA7900B1C15BD41" box="[347,533,1618,1651]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" unit="m" value="2650.0" valueMax="3600.0" valueMin="1700.0">1700-3600 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8190231C72BDA9" box="[125,626,1658,1691]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8190231C72BDA9" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" box="[125,626,1658,1691]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF8190231F83BDA9" bold="true" box="[125,387,1658,1691]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8190F81FF3BDF0" box="[125,499,1697,1730]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8190F81FF3BDF0" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" box="[125,499,1697,1730]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF8190F81F03BDF0" bold="true" box="[125,259,1697,1730]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8090901C56BDD8" box="[124,598,1737,1770]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8090901C56BDD8" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" box="[124,598,1737,1770]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF8090901F67BDD8" bold="true" box="[124,359,1737,1770]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8190A91A29BC23" box="[125,1065,1776,1809]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8190A91A29BC23" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" box="[125,1065,1776,1809]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF8190A91D3ABC23" bold="true" box="[125,826,1776,1809]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF8291411DC8BC0B" box="[126,968,1816,1849]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF8291411DC8BC0B" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" box="[126,968,1816,1849]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF8291411FDABC0B" bold="true" box="[126,474,1816,1849]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFF946A2BFE1A91411C1BBC0B" box="[486,539,1816,1849]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FF946A2BFF82911E1DF7BCBA" pageId="111" pageNumber="869" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFF946A2BFF82911E1DF7BCBA" blockId="111.[124,1331,1184,1928]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFF946A2BFF82911E1F17BC52" bold="true" box="[126,279,1863,1888]" pageId="111" pageNumber="869">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Etemad (1967), Spitzenberger, Strelkov & Haring (2003), Spitzenberger, Strelkov, Winkler & Haring (2006), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |