711 lines
86 KiB
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711 lines
86 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="51D659133D3AD9D993B86BC12D3B2A2E">Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="0A96D6A7DE2A22ABBD0F5006554E0596">Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. & Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. & Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. & Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881F9FF994FD3DF9CA" bold="true" box="[422,698,1569,1596]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ophiophagus kaalinga</emphasis>
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Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
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<figureCitation id="13147FAB0C7DFF881C42F9D0FD42F989" box="[635,709,1637,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[229,1359,265,1888]" captionTargetId="figure-16@24.[229,1359,265,1888]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 8. Plate 8, from Fayrer (1872) depicting the ‘Dusky variety’ of Ophiophagus elaps (Günther, 1858), and corresponding to Ophiophagus kaalinga Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh sp. nov., showing entire body of a hooding adult in mostly a dorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944175/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13147FAB0C7DFF881CEBF9D0FC96F989" box="[722,785,1637,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,525,1708]" captionTargetId="figure-49@25.[189,1398,525,1708]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 9. Head in dorsal, ventral and lateral views of respective type specimens of species of Ophiophagus Günther, 1864. A–C. Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836), neotype, ♀ (ZSI 8292). A. Dorsal view of head. B. Ventral view of head.C. Left lateral view of head.D–F. Ophiophagus bungarus (Schlegel, 1837) comb. nov., lectotype, ♂ (RMNH 1334). D. Dorsal view of head. E. Ventral view of head. F. Left lateral view of head. G–I. Ophiophagus kaalinga Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BNHS 3655). G. Dorsal view of head. H. Ventral view of head. I. Left lateral view of head. J–L. Ophiophagus salvatana Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (CAS 61329). J. Dorsal view of head. K. Ventral view of head. L. Left lateral view of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944177/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">9G–I</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13147FAB0C7DFF881D24F9D0FCD7F989" box="[797,848,1637,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[189,232,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,983,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-169@26.[189,1398,983,1812]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 10. View of dorsum of entire body of respective type specimens of species of Ophiophagus Günther, 1864. A. Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836), neotype, ♀ (ZSI 8292). B. Ophiophagus bungarus (Schlegel, 1837) comb. nov., lectotype, ♂ (RMNH 1334). C. Ophiophagus kaalinga Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (BNHS 3655). D. Ophiophagus salvatana Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (CAS 61329)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944179/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">10C</figureCitation>
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|
||
<figureCitation id="13147FAB0C7DFF881D64F9D0FC08F989" box="[861,911,1637,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[208,1374,1254,1820]" captionTargetId="figure-341@27.[189,1398,1233,1852]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 11. Variation in dorsal bands in adults of the four species of Ophiophagus Günther, 1864 recognised in this study. A. O. kaalinga Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh sp. nov. B. O. hannah (Cantor, 1836). C. O. bungarus (Schlegel, 1837) comb. nov. D. O. salvatana Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944181/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">11C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13147FAB0C7DFF881DA2F9D0FC3FF989" box="[923,952,1637,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[363,1252,924,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-237@36.[279,1309,905,1846]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 14. Live unvouchered adults of Ophiophagus bungarus (Schlegel, 1837) comb. nov. showing variations in colour pattern. A. Peninsular Malaysia (photo: Ahmad Khaldun Ismail). B. Java, Indonesia (photo: Nathan Rusli). C. Bali, Indonesia (photo: Shinta Sukum). D. East Malaysia (photo: P. Gowri Shankar)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944187" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944187/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">14</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C7DFF881E84F910FE73F91B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C7DFF881E84F910FEFBF936" blockId="23.[189,380,1701,1728]" box="[189,380,1701,1728]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8D4420C7DFF881E84F910FEFBF936" bold="true" box="[189,380,1701,1728]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881E84F910FEFBF936" bold="true" box="[189,380,1701,1728]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Common name</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C7DFF881E84F961FE73F91B" blockId="23.[189,500,1747,1774]" box="[189,500,1747,1774]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Western Ghats king cobra.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C7DFF861E84F8A6FE63FE91" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C7DFF881E84F8A6FEB1F8DB" blockId="23.[189,310,1811,1837]" box="[189,310,1811,1837]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8D4420C7DFF881E84F8A6FEB1F8DB" bold="true" box="[189,310,1811,1837]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881E84F8A6FEB1F8DB" bold="true" box="[189,310,1811,1837]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C7DFF861E84F8F4FE63FE91" blockId="23.[187,1399,1857,2020]" lastBlockId="25.[189,1399,265,360]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
A species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881F5CF8F4FD84F8AD" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[357,515,1857,1883]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881F5CF8F4FD84F8AD" box="[357,515,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
endemic to the Western Ghats of the Indian peninsula, defined by the following combination of characters: possessing pale bands that lack darker edges, along body of adults (vs unbanded in adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881F86F833FDD3F869" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" box="[447,596,1925,1952]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvatana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881F86F833FDD3F869" box="[447,596,1925,1952]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. salvatana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C7DFF881C62F833FD32F856" box="[603,693,1926,1952]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881D0DF833FC41F869" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[820,966,1925,1952]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881D0DF833FC41F869" box="[820,966,1925,1952]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. bungarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; with dark edges to the pale bands in adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881EC4F81DFEF0F837" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[253,375,1959,1986]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881EC4F81DFEF0F837" box="[253,375,1959,1986]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. hannah</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881FB7F812FD1EF837" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" box="[398,665,1959,1985]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881FB7F812FD1EF837" box="[398,665,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ophiophagus kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C7DFF881CA7F81DFD70F834" box="[670,759,1960,1986]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881DB5F81DFB81F837" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[908,1030,1959,1986]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881DB5F81DFB81F837" box="[908,1030,1959,1986]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. hannah</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
through a lower pterygoid teeth count (12 vs 18–21). Finally, juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881C92F87FFCB1F812" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" box="[683,822,1994,2020]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881C92F87FFCB1F812" box="[683,822,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have 28–48 body bands fewer than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C7DFF881AD8F87FFAF1F812" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" box="[1249,1398,1994,2020]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvatana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C7DFF881AD8F87FFAF1F812" box="[1249,1398,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">O. salvatana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(85–86) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861F6FFEBCFE6DFED5" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[342,490,265,291]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F6FFEBCFE6DFED5" box="[342,490,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">O. bungarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(57–87); relative tail length ranging 18.0–19.9% with a mean of 18.95% (vs 21.7–26.4% [24.05%] in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861FDEFE99FDE4FEB3" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[487,611,299,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861FDEFE99FDE4FEB3" box="[487,611,299,326]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">O. hannah</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; vs 19.3–25.1% [22.2%] in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861D96FE99FBC5FEB3" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[943,1090,299,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861D96FE99FBC5FEB3" box="[943,1090,299,326]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">O. bungarus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; vs 18.7–23.0% [20.85%] in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861EE2FEFBFEF6FE91" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" box="[219,369,333,360]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvatana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861EE2FEFBFEF6FE91" box="[219,369,333,360]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">O. salvatana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C73FF861F41FEFBFE50FE91" box="[376,471,333,360]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5033A60C72FF871E84F83DFCBEF81E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13944175" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944175/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[189,232,1928,1954]" targetBox="[229,1359,265,1888]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C72FF871E84F83DFCBEF81E" blockId="24.[188,1401,1928,2025]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C72FF871E84F83DFE8DF854" bold="true" box="[189,266,1928,1954]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Plate 8, from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C72FF871F95F83DFDCBF854" author="Fayrer" box="[428,588,1928,1954]" firstAuthor="Fayrer" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref26800" refString="Fayrer J. 1872. The Thanatophidia of India, being a Description of the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula, with an Account of the Influence of their Poison on Life and a Series of Experiments. J. & A. Churchill, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 159587" type="book" year="1872">Fayrer (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
depicting the ‘Dusky variety’ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C72FF871DF2F83DFAF6F855" authority="(Gunther, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[971,1393,1928,1955]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C72FF871DF2F83DFB2AF854" box="[971,1197,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ophiophagus elaps</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C72FF871A82F83DFAEFF855" author="Gunther" box="[1211,1384,1928,1955]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and corresponding to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C72FF871FFCF81EFBD5F833" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityYear="2024" box="[453,1106,1963,1990]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C72FF871FFCF81EFD53F833" box="[453,724,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ophiophagus kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C72FF871A62F819FB3CF830" box="[1115,1211,1964,1990]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, showing entire body of a hooding adult in mostly a dorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5033A60C73FF861E84F96DFCA8F81E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13944177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944177/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[189,232,1752,1778]" targetBox="[189,1398,525,1708]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C73FF861E84F96DFCA8F81E" blockId="25.[187,1399,1752,2025]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861E84F96DFE8DF904" bold="true" box="[189,266,1752,1778]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Head in dorsal, ventral and lateral views of respective type specimens of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861AEEF96DFEEDF8E3" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861AEEF96DFAF2F904" box="[1239,1397,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C73FF861E84F94EFEEDF8E3" author="Gunther" box="[189,362,1787,1813]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F41F94EFE37F8E3" bold="true" box="[376,432,1787,1813]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A–C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861F86F94EFCF1F8E3" authority="(Cantor, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[447,886,1787,1813]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F86F94EFD39F8E3" box="[447,702,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ophiophagus hannah</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C73FF861CF7F94EFCEAF8E3" author="Cantor" box="[718,877,1787,1813]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, neotype, ♀ (ZSI 8292).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861A98F94EFB31F8E3" bold="true" box="[1185,1206,1787,1813]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F38F8ABFE92F8CE" bold="true" box="[257,277,1822,1848]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861C2EF8ABFDABF8CE" bold="true" box="[535,556,1822,1848]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Left lateral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861D65F8ABFC16F8CE" bold="true" box="[860,913,1822,1848]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D–F</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861D99F8ABFAF1F8CE" authority="(Schlegel, 1837)" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[928,1398,1822,1848]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861D99F8ABFB35F8CE" box="[928,1202,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ophiophagus bungarus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C73FF861A86F8ABFAE9F8CE" author="Schlegel" box="[1215,1390,1822,1848]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C73FF861E82F8F4FEB9F8AA" box="[187,318,1857,1884]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, lectotype, ♂ (RMNH 1334).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861CA2F8F7FD37F8AA" bold="true" box="[667,688,1858,1884]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861D8FF8F7FC4DF8AA" bold="true" box="[950,970,1858,1884]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861AECF8F7FB60F8AA" bold="true" box="[1237,1255,1858,1884]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Left lateral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F5BF8D1FE14F888" bold="true" box="[354,403,1892,1918]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">G–I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861F98F8D0FB9AF889" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityYear="2024" box="[417,1053,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F98F8D0FD2AF889" box="[417,685,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ophiophagus kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C73FF861A1DF8D0FB06F889" box="[1060,1153,1893,1919]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype, ♂ (BNHS 3655).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861F29F83DFEA0F854" bold="true" box="[272,295,1928,1954]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861C17F83DFDC2F854" bold="true" box="[558,581,1928,1954]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861D6AF83DFCD9F854" bold="true" box="[851,862,1928,1954]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Left lateral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861AA0F83DFB4DF854" bold="true" box="[1177,1226,1928,1954]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">J–L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C73FF861AE1F83DFD22F830" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Wuster" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Wuster" authorityYear="2024" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvatana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861AE1F83DFEA8F833" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ophiophagus salvatana</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C73FF861C89F819FC89F830" box="[688,782,1964,1990]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype, ♂ (CAS 61329).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861A59F81EFBEAF833" bold="true" box="[1120,1133,1963,1989]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861E86F87BFF53F81E" bold="true" box="[191,212,1998,2024]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral view of head.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C73FF861FDDF87BFE7FF81E" bold="true" box="[484,504,1998,2024]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L</emphasis>
|
||
. Left lateral view of head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C70FF851E84FEBCFE3FFE4D" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851E84FEBCFEC3FED5" blockId="26.[189,324,265,291]" box="[189,324,265,291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8D4420C70FF851E84FEBCFEC3FED5" bold="true" box="[189,324,265,291]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851E84FEBCFEC3FED5" bold="true" box="[189,324,265,291]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851E84FE82FE3FFE4D" blockId="26.[189,1399,311,443]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C70FF851F8AFE82FD9DFEA7" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityYear="2024" box="[435,538,311,337]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851F8AFE82FD9DFEA7" box="[435,538,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from Kannada language of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851DC9FE82FBEBFEA7" box="[1008,1132,311,337]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C70FF851A43FE82FB3EFEA7" box="[1146,1209,311,337]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, alluding to the snake’s dark colouration (‘Kali’ / ‘Kari’ = dark / black), an abbreviated form of ‘Kaalinga Havu’ / ‘Sarpa’ (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C70FF851F69FECBFE43FE6E" author="Das I." box="[336,452,382,408]" journalOrPublisher="Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref25836" refString="Das I. 1998. The Serpent's Tongue. A Contribution to the Ethnoherpetology of India and Adjacent Countries. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany." title="The Serpent's Tongue. A Contribution to the Ethnoherpetology of India and Adjacent Countries" type="book" year="1998">Das 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), associated with Lord Shiva, as a demigod; here coined as a noun in apposition and hence invariable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C70FF851E84FE57FD70FC95" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851E84FE57FEEBFE0A" blockId="26.[189,364,482,508]" box="[189,364,482,508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8D4420C70FF851E84FE57FEEBFE0A" bold="true" box="[189,364,482,508]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851E84FE57FEEBFE0A" bold="true" box="[189,364,482,508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type material</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851ED3FDA4FEDBFDDD" blockId="26.[188,1398,529,626]" box="[234,348,529,555]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851ED3FDA4FEDBFDDD" bold="true" box="[234,348,529,555]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C70FF851ED3FDA4FEDBFDDD" box="[234,348,529,555]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851E84FD81FE71FD84" blockId="26.[188,1398,529,626]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4769730C70FF851E84FD81FE71FD84" collectingDate="2021-04-21" collectionCode="BNHS" collectorName="P. Gowri Shankar" country="India" latitude="13.57" location="Agumbe" longLatPrecision="774" longitude="75.1" municipality="Shivamogga District" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="BNHS 3655" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Karnataka State" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C70FF851E84FD81FE89FDB8" box="[189,270,564,590]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C70FF851F1CFD81FEBCFDB8" box="[293,315,564,590]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851F73FD81FD81FDB8" box="[330,518,564,590]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF4F9540C70FF851C28FD81FC82FDB8" box="[529,773,564,590]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Shivamogga District</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF035F50C70FF851D37FD81FCF0FDB8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D:8EF035F50C70FF851D37FD81FCF0FDB8" box="[782,887,564,590]" country="India" latitude="13.57" longLatPrecision="774" longitude="75.1" municipality="Shivamogga District" name="Agumbe" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Karnataka State">Agumbe</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851DB8FD81FC6AFDB8" box="[897,1005,564,591]" degrees="13.57" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="13.57">13.57° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851DC1FD81FBE6FDB8" box="[1016,1121,564,591]" degrees="75.10" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="75.1">75.10° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FF9145EE0C70FF851A55FD81FA81FDB8" box="[1132,1286,564,590]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2021-04-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD5BC060C70FF851A55FD81FA81FDB8" box="[1132,1286,564,590]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2021-04-21">21 Apr. 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="26DA06F80C70FF851B28FD81FE9BFD87" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. Gowri Shankar</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB89CB550C70FF851F67FDE2FE75FD84" box="[350,498,599,626]" collectionCode="BNHS" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">BNHS 3655</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851ED3FD2CFEE0FD45" blockId="26.[189,1398,665,867]" box="[234,359,665,691]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851ED3FD2CFEE0FD45" bold="true" box="[234,359,665,691]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C70FF851ED3FD2CFEE0FD45" box="[234,359,665,691]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851E84FD09FD70FC95" blockId="26.[189,1398,665,867]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4769730C70FF851E84FD09FE6AFD0C" collectionCode="ZSIC" country="India" latitude="15.25" location="Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary" longLatPrecision="771" longitude="74.57" municipality="Uttara Kannada District" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="ex-MCBT 152882" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Karnataka State" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C70FF851E84FD09FE89FD20" box="[189,270,700,726]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">INDIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C70FF851F1CFD09FED7FD20" box="[293,336,700,726]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851F64FD09FD9DFD20" box="[349,538,700,726]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF4F9540C70FF851C1DFD09FCBBFD20" box="[548,828,700,726]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Uttara Kannada District</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF035F50C70FF851D7FFD09FB0FFD20" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D:8EF035F50C70FF851D7FFD09FB0FFD20" box="[838,1160,700,726]" country="India" latitude="15.25" longLatPrecision="771" longitude="74.57" municipality="Uttara Kannada District" name="Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Karnataka State">Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851AAAFD0EFB79FD20" box="[1171,1278,699,726]" degrees="15.25" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="15.25">15.25° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851B30FD0EFAF6FD20" box="[1289,1393,699,726]" degrees="74.57" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="74.57">74.57° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C70FF851E84FD6AFF7AFD0F" box="[189,253,735,761]" collectionName="ZSIC" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5icv-29es" name="Zoological Survey of India" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ZSIC</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB89CB550C70FF851F32FD6AFE62FD0C" box="[267,485,735,762]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ex-MCBT 152882</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4769730C70FF851C3DFD6AFB3AFD0F" box="[516,1213,735,761]" collectionCode="BNHS" country="India" latitude="8.88" location="Quilon" longLatPrecision="5516" longitude="76.6" municipality="Quilon" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="BNHS 2280" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala State" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C70FF851C3DFD6AFDDFFD0F" box="[516,600,735,761]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851C5AFD6AFD72FD0F" box="[611,757,735,761]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF4F9540C70FF851D39FD6AFCD2FD0F" box="[768,853,735,761]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Quilon</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851D59FD6AFC3AFD0F" box="[864,957,735,761]" degrees="8.88" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="8.88">8.88° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851DF1FD6AFBA5FD0F" box="[968,1058,735,761]" degrees="76.6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="5555" value="76.6">76.6° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB89CB550C70FF851A17FD6AFB3AFD0F" box="[1070,1213,735,761]" collectionCode="BNHS" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">BNHS 2280</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4769730C70FF851AEDFD6AFBF6FCEA" collectionCode="BMNH" country="India" latitude="10.3" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="77.0" municipality="Anaimalai" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="BMNH 61.12.30.83" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tamil Nadu State" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C70FF851AEDFD6AFAAFFD0F" box="[1236,1320,735,761]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851B0BFD6AFEC2FCEA" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tamil Nadu State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF4F9540C70FF851F68FCB7FE4CFCEA" box="[337,459,770,796]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Anaimalai</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
or Annamalai;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851CB0FCB7FD7EFCEB" box="[649,761,770,797]" degrees="10.30" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="10.3">10.30° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851D31FCB7FCF2FCEB" box="[776,885,770,797]" degrees="77.00" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="77.0">77.00° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB89CB550C70FF851DBDFCB6FBF6FCEA" box="[900,1137,770,797]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">BMNH 61.12.30.83</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4769730C70FF851AA9FCB7FC1AFCB6" collectionCode="MCBT" country="India" latitude="14.6" location="Sirsi" longLatPrecision="772" longitude="74.9" municipality="Karwar District" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="MCBT 152884" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C70FF851AA9FCB7FB6FFCEB" box="[1168,1256,770,797]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851ACEFCB7FAF4FCEA" box="[1271,1395,770,796]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF4F9540C70FF851E84FC93FEF9FCC9" box="[189,382,805,832]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Karwar District</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF035F50C70FF851FA9FC90FE4EFCC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D:8EF035F50C70FF851FA9FC90FE4EFCC9" box="[400,457,805,831]" country="India" latitude="14.6" longLatPrecision="772" longitude="74.9" municipality="Karwar District" name="Sirsi" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Karnataka">Sirsi</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851FE5FC90FDC8FCB6" box="[476,591,805,832]" degrees="14.60" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="14.6">14.60° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851C5BFC90FD55FCB6" box="[610,722,805,832]" degrees="74.90" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="74.9">74.90° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB89CB550C70FF851CDCFC90FC1AFCB6" box="[741,925,805,832]" collectionCode="MCBT" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">MCBT 152884</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4769730C70FF851DFAFC90FD74FC95" collectionCode="ANSP" country="India" latitude="10.39" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="76.34" municipality="Vanjikadavu" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCode="ANSP 35312" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kerala State" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C70FF851DFAFC90FB98FCB6" box="[963,1055,805,832]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C70FF851A08FC90FB4CFCC9" box="[1073,1227,805,831]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Kerala State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF035F50C70FF851AE5FC90FAF5FCC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D:8EF035F50C70FF851AE5FC90FAF5FCC9" box="[1244,1394,805,831]" country="India" latitude="10.39" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="76.34" municipality="Vanjikadavu" name="Vanjikadavu" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Kerala State">Vanjikadavu</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EF035F50C70FF851E84FCFDFEDBFC94" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D2380C7DFF821F9FF994FB82FD5D:8EF035F50C70FF851E84FCFDFEDBFC94" box="[189,348,840,866]" country="India" latitude="10.39" longLatPrecision="779" longitude="76.34" municipality="Vanjikadavu" name="Kundurmadu" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" stateProvince="Kerala State">Kundurmadu</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851F5EFCFCFE53FC95" box="[359,468,841,867]" degrees="10.39" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="10.39">10.39° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1B05E90C70FF851FD9FCFDFDCDFC95" box="[480,586,840,867]" degrees="76.34" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" precision="555" value="76.34">76.34° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB89CB550C70FF851C6CFCFCFD74FC95" box="[597,755,840,867]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ANSP 35312</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5033A60C70FF851E84F8F4FD3DF81E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944179" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13944179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944179/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[189,232,1857,1883]" targetBox="[189,1398,983,1812]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C70FF851E84F8F4FD3DF81E" blockId="26.[189,1399,1857,2024]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851E84F8F4FE9EF8AD" bold="true" box="[189,281,1857,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 10.</emphasis>
|
||
View of dorsum of entire body of respective type specimens of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C70FF851A52F8F4FF7CF888" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851A52F8F4FA8EF8AD" box="[1131,1289,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C70FF851B29F8F4FF7CF888" author="Gunther" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851F32F8D1FEA7F888" bold="true" box="[267,288,1892,1918]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C70FF851F0DF8D1FD70F888" authority="(Cantor, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[308,759,1892,1918]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851F0DF8D1FDB0F888" box="[308,567,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ophiophagus hannah</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C70FF851C72F8D1FD69F888" author="Cantor" box="[587,750,1892,1918]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, neotype, ♀ (ZSI 8292).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851A0FF8D1FBCDF888" bold="true" box="[1078,1098,1892,1918]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C70FF851A64F8D1FE06F854" authority="(Schlegel, 1837)" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851A64F8D1FAF0F888" box="[1117,1399,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ophiophagus bungarus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C70FF851EFCF832FEFEF854" author="Schlegel" box="[197,377,1927,1954]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C70FF851FB2F832FD95F854" box="[395,530,1927,1954]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, lectotype, ♂ (RMNH 1334).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851D46F832FC15F857" bold="true" box="[895,914,1927,1953]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C70FF851D9AF832FEEBF833" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityYear="2024" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851D9AF832FB35F857" box="[931,1202,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ophiophagus kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C70FF851F4BF81EFE57F833" box="[370,464,1963,1989]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype, ♂ (BNHS 3655).
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851D1CF81EFCBEF833" bold="true" box="[805,825,1963,1989]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C70FF851D71F81EFE94F81E" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Wuster" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Wuster" authorityYear="2024" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvatana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C70FF851D71F81EFBE7F833" box="[840,1120,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ophiophagus salvatana</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C70FF851F20F87BFEF1F81E" box="[281,374,1998,2024]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype, ♂ (CAS 61329).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C71FF831E84FEBCFB1DF826" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C71FF841E84FEBCFD0BFED2" blockId="27.[189,652,265,292]" box="[189,652,265,292]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841E84FEBCFE66FED5" bold="true" box="[189,481,265,291]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C71FF841F4CFEBCFE66FED5" box="[373,481,265,291]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C71FF841FCBFEBCFDC7FED5" box="[498,576,265,291]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">BNHS</collectionCode>
|
||
3655)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C71FF841E84FE82FADAFEA7" blockId="27.[189,1373,311,338]" box="[189,1373,311,338]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Laterally incised to access liver tissue; three ventral scales and two rib tips clipped as tissue samples.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C71FF841E84FECCFC02FE65" blockId="27.[189,901,377,404]" box="[189,901,377,404]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D76F5F20C71FF841E84FECCFEE9FE67" baselines="396,396" box="[189,366,377,403]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Measurements" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">MEASUREMENTS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841F82FECCFDA9FE65" box="[443,558,377,404]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.475" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="2475.0">2475 mm</quantity>
|
||
, TL
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841C5AFECCFD40FE65" box="[611,711,377,404]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="530.0">530 mm</quantity>
|
||
, total
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841D37FECCFC06FE65" box="[782,897,377,404]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.005" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="3005.0">3005 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C71FF841E84FE0EFCD6FD97" blockId="27.[189,1399,442,609]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D76F5F20C71FF841E84FE0EFE9AFE25" baselines="462,462" box="[189,285,443,469]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Habitus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">HABITUS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Body relatively robust (midbody width
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841D21FE0FFC0FFE23" box="[792,904,442,469]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.32" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="43.2">43.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 1.6% SVL), triangular in cross-section; Transverse body rows: DSR1 19; DSR2 15; DSR3 15; ventrals 241; subcaudals 89; supralabials 7; infralabials 8; anterior temporals 2; posterior temporals 2; cloacal 1; dorsal scales smooth, the vertebral and outer two rows enlarged; ventral scales smooth; subcaudals 1–8 and 16–22 entire, the rest divided; tail short (20.4% SVL), cylindrical, tapering posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C71FF831E84FD3CFBE3FE00" blockId="27.[188,1399,648,1168]" lastBlockId="28.[189,1401,265,502]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D76F5F20C71FF841E84FD3CFF7BFD57" baselines="668,668" box="[189,252,649,675]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Head" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">HEAD</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Head relatively large, head length 72.0 mm; head width
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841D9FFD3DFB95FD55" box="[934,1042,648,675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="52.5">52.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; head depth 30.0 mm; distinct from neck, flattened in the orbital region, rounded in the sagittal region, with a slight depression medially; eye diameter 8.0 mm; interorbital distance 27.0 mm; canthus rostralis sharply defined; cephalic scales juxtaposed, smooth-edged, except parietals and occipitals, which are slightly imbricate; rostral trapezoid in shape, distinctly visible from above, over twice as long as wide, concave ventrally, rostral width
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841E84FC8CFE80FCA5" box="[189,263,825,851]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; rostral length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841F86FC8DFD90FCA5" box="[447,535,824,851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
; Eye to snout distance
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841D0DFC8DFC0BFCA5" box="[820,908,824,851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
; eye to nostril distance
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841A96FC8DFA9BFCA5" box="[1199,1308,824,851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; nostril diameter 6.0 mm; internasals large, subtrapezoidal, wider than long; preocular squarish, wider than high, separated from internasal by prefrontal; prefrontals trapezoid, wider than long; frontal trapezoidal, contacting prefrontals, supraoculars and parietals; frontal edge straight, short-sided posteriorly; supraocular subtrapezoidal, contacting prefrontal, frontal, parietal, orbit, preocular, upper postocular but not temporals; large paired occipitals; occipital length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C71FF841D99FC5DFB94FBF5" box="[928,1043,1000,1027]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="10.6">10.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; interoccipital scute present; temporals 2/2 (L/R); in anterior pair, upper temporal longer than lower; in posterior pair, upper temporal longer than lower; first row of nuchals slightly enlarged compared to rest of dorsals; supralabials 7/7; III–IV (L/R) touching the eye; IV (L/R) contacting preocular and I and II (L/R) contacting posterior nasal; supralabial I low; II and III progressively higher; III tallest; V and VI subequal; and VI and VII low, narrow and elongate; Supralabial III contacts preoculars; nostril lateral at posterior of a single concave nasal, horizontally elliptical, its greatest diameter at a vertical plane; one preocular and three postoculars; orbit large, pupil rounded; ocular ring comprises seven scales- one preocular, three postoculars, one supraocular and two supralabials; suboculars absent; mental small, triangular, wider than deep; infralabials 8/8 (L/R), first (L/R) contacting anterior genials; infralabial IV (L/R) contact posterior genials; infralabial IV largest; one pair of genials; cuneate scute on lower jaw absent; two elongate gular scales follow posterior mental; the anterior longer than posterior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5033A60C71FF841E84F8D1FAD0F830" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13944181" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13944181" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13944181/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[208,1374,1254,1820]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C71FF841E84F8D1FAD0F830" blockId="27.[188,1399,1892,1990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841E84F8D1FE9FF889" bold="true" box="[189,280,1892,1919]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Variation in dorsal bands in adults of the four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C71FF841D9CF8D0FB75F889" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[933,1266,1893,1919]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841D9CF8D0FBC4F889" box="[933,1091,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C71FF841A73F8D0FB75F889" author="Gunther" box="[1098,1266,1893,1919]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognised in this study.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841F5DF83DFEFEF854" bold="true" box="[356,377,1928,1954]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C71FF841FB2F83DFC1AF854" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh" authorityYear="2024" box="[395,925,1928,1954]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841FB2F83DFD9EF854" box="[395,537,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O. kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Ganesh
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C71FF841D91F83DFB81F854" box="[936,1030,1928,1954]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841A29F83DFBA3F854" bold="true" box="[1040,1060,1928,1954]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C71FF841A0FF83DFAF4F854" authority="(Cantor, 1836)" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[1078,1395,1928,1954]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841A0FF83DFB32F854" box="[1078,1205,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O. hannah</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C71FF841AF1F83DFAEDF854" author="Cantor" box="[1224,1386,1928,1954]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841E84F81EFF55F833" bold="true" box="[189,210,1963,1989]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C71FF841ED8F819FDBBF833" authority="(Schlegel, 1837)" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[225,572,1963,1990]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841ED8F819FEF3F833" box="[225,372,1963,1990]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O. bungarus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C71FF841FBAF81EFDB3F833" author="Schlegel" box="[387,564,1963,1989]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C71FF841C7DF81EFD41F830" box="[580,710,1963,1990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841CF4F81EFD65F833" bold="true" box="[717,738,1963,1989]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C71FF841CC9F819FB72F830" authority="Gowri Shankar, Das & Wuster" authorityName="Gowri Shankar, Das & Wuster" authorityYear="2024" box="[752,1269,1963,1990]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvatana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C71FF841CC9F819FC01F833" box="[752,902,1963,1990]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">O. salvatana</emphasis>
|
||
Gowri Shankar, Das & Wüster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C71FF841AC5F819FAD0F830" box="[1276,1367,1964,1990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C76FF831E84FDABFB4AFD1E" blockId="28.[187,1399,541,744]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D76F5F20C76FF831E84FDABFEB2FDC0" baselines="561,561" box="[189,309,542,568]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Hemipenes" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">HEMIPENES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Organ partially everted on left side, fairly short and thick, length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C76FF831A77FDABFB26FDCE" box="[1102,1185,542,568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
and width
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C76FF831B10FDA8FAF5FDCE" box="[1321,1394,541,568]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; extending to 3
|
||
<superScript id="7C5ACE660C76FF831F59FDF5FEE9FDB8" attach="left" box="[352,366,576,590]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">rd</superScript>
|
||
subcaudal scale; divided at level of 2
|
||
<superScript id="7C5ACE660C76FF831D2FFDF5FCA0FDB8" attach="left" box="[790,807,576,590]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">nd</superScript>
|
||
subcaudal scale; divided lobe length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C76FF831AE9FDF4FA92FDAD" box="[1232,1301,577,603]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; divided lobe width
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C76FF831F7CFDD1FE16FD89" box="[325,401,612,639]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; lobe head forked near apex; lobe head with numerous tiny spinules and flounces; asulcate side rather smooth and less spinose; sulcate side with dense congregation of larger spines; sulcal lips not evident, sheath-like, completely surrounding apex base; sulcus spermaticus groove-like and rather straight than convoluted; pedicel more or less conical and tapering down towards its base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C76FF831E84FCA5FCC2FCBA" blockId="28.[189,1398,783,845]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D76F5F20C76FF831E84FCA5FEB4FCDE" baselines="803,803" box="[189,307,784,810]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Dentition" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">DENTITION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Maxillary teeth recurved and stout, gradually enlarged posteriorly; fang length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C76FF831AD4FCBAFAB2FCDC" box="[1261,1333,783,810]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; fang width at base
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C76FF831F59FC87FE20FCBB" box="[352,423,818,845]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; a reserve fang present on left side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C76FF831E84FCC1FBFBFA37" blockId="28.[188,1400,884,1473]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D76F5F20C76FF831E84FCC1FED0FC7A" baselines="903,903" box="[189,343,884,910]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Colouration" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">COLOURATION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Dorsum dark grey, the ventrals paler. In life, the dorsal surface of the body Dark Brownish Olive (#129), darkening at the posterior third of body to Blackish Neutral Gray (#82); forehead Drab (#27), the largest scales of forehead, including frontal, parietal and occipitals and upper temporals with distinct dark edges; interscale areas of dorsum darker along body, distinctly yellowish when within the pale bands; dorsum and flanks with narrow, oblique, chevron-shaped Straw Yellow (#56) bands, covering a single scale on vertebral region, expanding to cover 4–5 scales on the lower flanks, and separated by 7–8 scales; mandible and genial region Straw Yellow (#56); gular region Buff-Yellow (#53), extending to 20
|
||
<superScript id="7C5ACE660C76FF831FF5FBDCFE5EFB81" attach="left" box="[460,473,1129,1143]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">th</superScript>
|
||
ventral scale, intervened by a 2-scale wide dark band at the level of 12–13 ventrals; abdominal region as in gular region, but progressively darkening, from Ventral 20 initially from the peripheral region of the scales. Subcaudal scales grey throughout, and with dark edges. Pupil rounded, black, iris brownish, darkening peripherally, with a narrow, yellow ring. Tongue dark red. Body bands Yellow Ocher (#123C), 1–2 scales in width, widening on lower flanks to 3–4 scales, 29 such bands present between head bands and the caudal region above vent, with 4–5 scale wide interband areas. The first two bands in nuchal region chevron-like. Bands on tail with relatively thick, dark, edges, both dorsally and ventrally; and the posterior third of body is darker than rest of body. In preservation, after over two years in alcohol, colouration generally the same, except the eye becoming dirty white to grey and venter becoming ivory coloured anteriorly to light ashy grey posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C76FF831E84FA5DFE69F9F4" blockId="28.[189,494,1512,1538]" box="[189,494,1512,1538]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8D4420C76FF831E84FA5DFE69F9F4" bold="true" box="[189,494,1512,1538]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C76FF831E84FA5DFE69F9F4" bold="true" box="[189,494,1512,1538]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Morphological variation</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C76FF831E84F9A2FB1DF826" blockId="28.[186,1400,1558,2001]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Two (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C76FF831EC4F9A3FEB9F9C6" box="[253,318,1558,1584]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5icv-29es" name="Zoological Survey of India" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ZSIC</collectionCode>
|
||
ex-MCBT 152882 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C76FF831C71F9A3FD1DF9C6" box="[584,666,1558,1584]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MCBT</collectionCode>
|
||
152884) of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C76FF831D19F9A3FC49F9C6" box="[800,974,1558,1584]" count="4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined had an interoccipital scute. Three of the specimens had intact tails to permit examination of subcaudal fusion pattern. One showed undivided subcaudals 1–7 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C76FF831C3DF9E9FDC2F980" box="[516,581,1628,1654]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5icv-29es" name="Zoological Survey of India" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ZSIC</collectionCode>
|
||
ex-MCBT 152882), a second, 1–6 and 12–13 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C76FF831AB8F9E9FB5DF980" box="[1153,1242,1628,1654]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
61.12.30.83) and the third, 1–8 and 10–11 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3EFBEB0C76FF831C18F9CBFDF2F96E" box="[545,629,1662,1688]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MCBT</collectionCode>
|
||
152884).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C76FF831CD7F9CBFCFDF96E" author="Wall" box="[750,890,1662,1688]" firstAuthor="Wall" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="552 - 584" refId="ref32011" refString="Wall F. 1919. Notes on a collection of snakes made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26: 552 - 584. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2050161 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1919">Wall (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported slightly lower subcaudal (85) and ventral (239 and 241) counts, although it is unclear how these were made. Only
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C76FF831A6EF917FA85F94D" box="[1111,1282,1697,1724]" count="2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
permitted counts of body bands that number 28 and 48. Specimens that permitted counts of tooth and / or sockets had dentition thus: 12 dentary sockets and 3–4 palatine sockets. Juveniles have ivory white bands, Buff, #124, including four on the head region, the first one covering rostral, as well as part of Supralabial 1, nasals, and internasals; the second in preocular position, narrower, and covering part of the prefrontals, preoculars and Supralabial III; the third one in postocular position, narrowest of the four bands, and covering part of the frontal and parietals, and comprise large, elongated marks arranged in a transverse series; and the fourth one on cephalic position, broader than the previous one, and covering part of the parietals and occipitals, and comprise large oval spots arranged in a transverse series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C77FF821E84FEBDFB82FD5D" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C77FF821E84FEBDFED1FED4" blockId="29.[189,342,264,290]" box="[189,342,264,290]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8D4420C77FF821E84FEBDFED1FED4" bold="true" box="[189,342,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C77FF821E84FEBDFED1FED4" bold="true" box="[189,342,264,290]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C77FF821E84FE83FB82FD5D" blockId="29.[187,1400,310,684]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C77FF821E84FE83FE4DFEA6" authorityName="Das & Shankar & Swamy & Williams & Lalremsanga & Prashanth & Sahoo & Vijayakumar & Höglund & Shanker & Dutta & Ganesh & Wüster" authorityYear="2024" box="[189,458,310,336]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaalinga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C77FF821E84FE83FE4DFEA6" box="[189,458,310,336]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Ophiophagus kaalinga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C77FF821FE8FE82FDABFEA7" box="[465,556,311,337]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is endemic to the Western Ghats of south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C77FF821ABDFE83FB44FEA6" box="[1156,1219,310,336]" name="India" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, covering parts of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C77FF821EE7FEECFEE9FE85" box="[222,366,345,371]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C77FF821F42FEECFE4BFE85" box="[379,460,345,371]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Kerala</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C77FF821FE0FEECFDD2FE85" box="[473,597,345,371]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Goa and the adjacent border of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C77FF821DE7FEECFBF6FE85" box="[990,1137,345,371]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
States. The species is known from the Ashambu hills near Kanyakumari (formerly, Cape Comorin), through the Agasthyamalai and Devarmalai ranges, the Cardamom hills, the Meghamalai mountains, the Anamalai-Palni ranges, across the Palghat Gap, through Nilgiri-Waynad, on to the Malnad regions (Coorg-Agumbe-Sharavathi-Anshi), until about the Goa Gap, abutting
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C77FF821C8CFE51FC0CFE08" box="[693,907,484,510]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Maharashtra State</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821DA5FE51FBFEFE08" author="Ishwar" box="[924,1145,484,510]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ishwar" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="413 - 418" refId="ref28224" refString="Ishwar N. M., Chellam R. & Kumar A. 2001. Distribution of forest floor reptiles in the rainforest of Kalakad - Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India. Current Science 80: 413 - 418." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Ishwar
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C77FF821DCEFE50FBB3FE08" box="[1015,1076,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821ABFFE51FF7EFDD7" author="Whitaker & Captain" firstAuthor="Whitaker" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref32243" refString="Whitaker R. & Captain A. 2004. Snakes of India - The Field Guide. Draco Books, India." type="book" year="2004">Whitaker & Captain 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[part];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821F76FDB3FE65FDD6" author="Khaire" box="[335,482,518,544]" firstAuthor="Khaire" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref28525" refString="Khaire N. 2006. A Guide to the Snakes of Maharashtra, Goa & Karnataka. Indian Herpetological Society, Pune, India." type="book" year="2006">Khaire 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821FD4FDB2FD69FDD7" author="Hutton & David" box="[493,750,518,545]" firstAuthor="Hutton" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="299 - 316" refId="ref28008" refString="Hutton A. F. & David P. 2009. Note on a collection of snakes from south India, with emphasis on the snake fauna of the Meghamalai Hills (High Wavy Mountains). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 105: 299 - 316. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 48367898 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="2009">Hutton & David 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821CC0FDB3FC55FDD7" author="Ganesh" box="[761,978,518,545]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ganesh" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="181 - 189" refId="ref26925" refString="Ganesh S. R., Chadramouli S. R., Sreekar R. & Gowri Shankar P. 2013. Reptiles of the Central Western Ghats, India - a reappraisal and revised checklist, with emphasis on the Agumbe Plateau. Russian Journal of Herpetology 20: 181 - 189." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Ganesh
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C77FF821D6DFDB2FC09FDD6" box="[852,910,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821DE4FDB2FB9CFDD7" author="Ganesh" box="[989,1051,519,545]" firstAuthor="Ganesh" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref26979" refString="Ganesh S. R., Bhupathy S., David P., Sathishkumar N. & Srinivas G. 2014. Snake fauna of High Wavy Mountains, Western Ghats, India: Species richness, status, and distribution pattern. Russian Journal of Herpetology 21: 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C77FF821A1CFDB3FAD4FDD7" author="Yadav & Yankanchi" box="[1061,1363,518,545]" firstAuthor="Yadav" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="493 - 494" refId="ref32428" refString="Yadav O. V. & Yankanchi S. R. 2015. Occurrence of Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836 (Squamata, Elapidae) in Tillari, Maharashtra, India. Herpetology Notes 8: 493 - 494." type="journal article" year="2015">Yadav & Yankanchi 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is essentially a hill-dwelling species, that is prevalent in mid-elevation (ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C77FF821A19FD9CFB23FDB2" box="[1056,1188,553,580]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="500.0">500–900 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) rainforests, while extending lower to the very foothills (ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C77FF821CC3FDF9FCC0FD90" box="[762,839,588,614]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.), in mesic windward western versant, or lower slopes (ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C77FF821FB2FDDAFE5FFD7F" box="[395,472,623,649]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) in the drier leeward eastern versant, reaching up to the high elevation plateaus (ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C77FF821F69FD24FE2EFD5A" box="[336,425,657,684]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.) covered with montane forests (unpubl. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |