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<mods:title id="A7E9817DDED1EA6FCF41A319B1553654">Taxonomic revision of the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) species complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae), with the description of two new species</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="9D77DBA25CF096EAEAEC90F6A35CC683">Maharaja Shrirama Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, Takatpur, Odisha, India. &amp; Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India. &amp; Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE- 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden. &amp; Kālinga Foundation, Guddakere, Agumbe, Shivamogga 577 411, Karnataka, India.</mods:affiliation>
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Genus 
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<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FBDAFEE8FB7F" box="[189,367,1135,1161]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981F4FFBDAFDC9FB7F" author="Wagler" box="[374,590,1135,1161]" firstAuthor="Wagler" page="342" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref31962" refString="Wagler J. G. 1830. Naturliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung, Munchen. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 108661" type="book" year="1830">Wagler, 1830: 342</bibRefCitation>
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(in prevailing usage for Australian Broad-headed snakes).
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<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FB27FEC1FB5A" box="[189,326,1170,1196]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hamadryas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981F74FB27FDA6FB5A" author="Cantor" box="[333,545,1170,1196]" firstAuthor="Cantor" page="187" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836: 187</bibRefCitation>
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(preoccupied; by 
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<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981CCCFB27FCF9FB5A" box="[757,894,1170,1196]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hamadryas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981DBCFB27FBADFB5A" author="Hubner" box="[901,1066,1170,1196]" firstAuthor="Hubner" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27968" refString="Hubner J. 1818. Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmmettlinge [sic]. Erstes Hundert. Published by the author, Augsburg, Germany. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12439" type="book" year="1818">Hübner, 1818</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8E453F0C6DFF981E84FB00FDADFB39" author="Fitzinger L. J. F. J." box="[189,554,1205,1231]" page="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1843">
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<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FB00FEC3FB39" box="[189,324,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendraspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981F75FB00FDADFB39" author="Fitzinger" box="[332,554,1205,1231]" firstAuthor="Fitzinger" page="28" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref26864" refString="Fitzinger L. J. F. J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Amblyglossae. Braunmuller et Seidel, Wien [Vindobonae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4694" type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843: 28</bibRefCitation>
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(suppressed; for 
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<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981CCCFB00FC0DFB39" box="[757,906,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendroaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981DA8FB00FBC3FB39" author="Schlegel" box="[913,1092,1205,1231]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref30556" refString="Schlegel H. 1848. Over Elaps jamesonii Traillust. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 1: 5." type="journal volume" year="1848">Schlegel, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84FB6DFA9FFB04" blockId="7.[189,1304,1135,1267]" box="[189,1304,1240,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F44000C6DFF981E84FB6DFA9FFB04" box="[189,1304,1240,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E453F0C6DFF981E84FB6DFDCDFB04" author="Gunther A. C. L. G." box="[189,586,1240,1266]" page="340" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1864">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981E84FB6DFDCDFB04" ID-CoL="68VS" authority="Gunther, 1864: 340" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="340" authorityYear="1864" box="[189,586,1240,1266]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FB6DFEDCFB04" box="[189,347,1240,1266]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981F5BFB6DFDCDFB04" author="Gunther" box="[354,586,1240,1266]" firstAuthor="Gunther" page="340" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864: 340</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Official Generic Name No. 1599 Opinion 709 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981A47FB6DFA8CFB04" author="ICZN" box="[1150,1291,1240,1266]" firstAuthor="ICZN" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="210 - 211" refId="ref28080" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1964. Opinion 709. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia): suppressed under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 21: 210 - 211. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12222063 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="1964">ICZN 1964</bibRefCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C6DFF981E84FAAFFB8AFA94" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84FAAFFEDFFAC5" blockId="7.[189,344,1305,1332]" box="[189,344,1305,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0D8D4420C6DFF981E84FAAFFEDFFAC5" bold="true" box="[189,344,1305,1332]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FAAFFEDFFAC5" bold="true" box="[189,344,1305,1332]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type species</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84FAFDFB8AFA94" blockId="7.[189,1037,1352,1379]" box="[189,1037,1352,1379]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3F44000C6DFF981E84FAFDFB8AFA94" box="[189,1037,1352,1379]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981E84FAFDFDBCFA95" ID-CoL="3JH38" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[189,571,1352,1379]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FAFDFE0CFA94" box="[189,395,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hamadryas elaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981FABFAFDFDBCFA95" author="Gunther" box="[402,571,1352,1379]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
fide Opinion 709 of 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8E453F0C6DFF981D09FAFDFB8EFA94" author="ICZN &amp; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[816,1033,1352,1378]" page="210" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981D09FAFDFB8EFA94" author="ICZN" box="[816,1033,1352,1378]" firstAuthor="ICZN" page="210" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="210 - 211" refId="ref28080" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1964. Opinion 709. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia): suppressed under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 21: 210 - 211. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12222063 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="1964">ICZN (1964: 210)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C6DFF981E84FA3FFDE7FA00" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84FA3FFEC3FA52" blockId="7.[189,324,1418,1444]" box="[189,324,1418,1444]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0D8D4420C6DFF981E84FA3FFEC3FA52" bold="true" box="[189,324,1418,1444]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84FA3FFEC3FA52" bold="true" box="[189,324,1418,1444]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84FA0DFDE7FA00" blockId="7.[189,1401,1464,1526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Greek, alluding to the snake-eating habits of member(s) of the genus, from the respective roots, ‘ 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981B16FA0DFAE8FA24" box="[1327,1391,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ophis</emphasis>
’ for ‘snake’ and ‘ 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981F44FA6EFE55FA03" box="[381,466,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">phagos</emphasis>
’ for ‘eater’.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33530A50C6DFF951E84F9A8FDFBFB77" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84F9A8FE6EF9C1" blockId="7.[189,489,1565,1591]" box="[189,489,1565,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0D8D4420C6DFF981E84F9A8FE6EF9C1" bold="true" box="[189,489,1565,1591]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981E84F9A8FE6EF9C1" bold="true" box="[189,489,1565,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nomenclatural remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF981E84F9FEFB67F8E0" blockId="7.[188,1399,1611,1814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The nomenclature of the generic name of the king cobra has been subject to considerable confusion. The original generic nomen, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981FE0F9DAFC87F97E" authority="Cantor, 1836" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[473,768,1646,1673]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981FE0F9DAFDE5F97F" box="[473,610,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hamadryas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981C50F9DAFC87F97E" author="Cantor" box="[617,768,1646,1673]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was identified as preoccupied by 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981AB0F9DAFF7FF95A" authority="Hubner, 1818" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1818" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981AB0F9DAFA95F97F" box="[1161,1298,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hamadryas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981B21F9DAFF7FF95A" author="Hubner" firstAuthor="Hubner" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27968" refString="Hubner J. 1818. Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmmettlinge [sic]. Erstes Hundert. Published by the author, Augsburg, Germany. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12439" type="book" year="1818">Hübner, 1818</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981F32F927FEE3F95A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[267,356,1682,1708]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Insecta</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981F4DF927FD83F95A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[372,516,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
) (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981C6BF927FD6CF95B" author="Bogert" box="[594,747,1682,1709]" firstAuthor="Bogert" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref24710" refString="Bogert C. M. 1945. Hamadryad pre-occupied for the king cobra. Copeia 1945: 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1438180" type="journal volume" year="1945">Bogert 1945</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981CC5F927FC0DF95A" author="ICZN" box="[764,906,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="ICZN" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="210 - 211" refId="ref28080" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1964. Opinion 709. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia): suppressed under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 21: 210 - 211. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12222063 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="1964">ICZN 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981DA3F927FB34F95A" author="Smith &amp; Chiszar" box="[922,1203,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref30777" refString="Smith H. B. &amp; Chiszar D. 1989. A survey of officially rejected nominal herpetological taxa and their allocation. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service 80: 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 23317515.80.1" type="journal article" year="1989">Smith &amp; Chiszar 1989</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981AF2F927FEC2F939" author="Zhao &amp; Adler" firstAuthor="Zhao" page="271" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref32468" refString="Zhao E. - M. &amp; Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contributions to Herpetology 10, Oxford, Ohio, USA." type="journal volume" year="1993">Zhao &amp; Adler (1993: 271)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned that 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981FC6F900FD29F939" author="Hubner" box="[511,686,1717,1743]" firstAuthor="Hubner" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27934" refString="Hubner J. 1806. Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge: bestehend in Bekundigung einzelner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer nichteuropaischer Gattungen. Volume 2. Published by the author, Augsburg, Germany." type="book" year="1806">Hübner (1806)</bibRefCitation>
, usually cited as the source of the generic name, only used the plural form 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981F72F96DFE7FF904" box="[331,504,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981F72F96DFE73F904" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1857" box="[331,500,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Hamadryades" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hamadryades</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The next oldest generic name, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981D57F96DFB35F904" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[878,1202,1752,1778]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Dendraspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981D57F96DFC72F904" box="[878,1013,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendraspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981DC4F96DFB35F904" author="Fitzinger" box="[1021,1202,1752,1778]" firstAuthor="Fitzinger" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref26864" refString="Fitzinger L. J. F. J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Amblyglossae. Braunmuller et Seidel, Wien [Vindobonae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4694" type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, was suppressed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981EFFF949FED4F8E3" author="ICZN" box="[198,339,1787,1814]" firstAuthor="ICZN" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="210 - 211" refId="ref28080" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1964. Opinion 709. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia): suppressed under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 21: 210 - 211. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12222063 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="1964">ICZN 1964</bibRefCitation>
), due the likelihood of confusion with the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981DB7F94EFB5BF8E0" authority="Schlegel, 1848" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1848" box="[910,1244,1787,1814]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Dendroaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981DB7F94EFBA4F8E3" box="[910,1059,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dendroaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981A13F94EFB5BF8E0" author="Schlegel" box="[1066,1244,1787,1814]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref30556" refString="Schlegel H. 1848. Over Elaps jamesonii Traillust. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 1: 5." type="journal volume" year="1848">Schlegel, 1848</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C6DFF971E84F888FED2FD75" blockId="7.[188,1399,1853,2020]" lastBlockId="8.[188,1401,265,644]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981E84F888FE37F8A1" author="Gunther" box="[189,432,1853,1879]" firstAuthor="Gunther" page="340" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther (1864: 340)</bibRefCitation>
established the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981C87F888FCDCF8A1" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[702,859,1853,1879]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981C87F888FCDCF8A1" box="[702,859,1853,1879]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981D90F888FAAEF8AE" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[937,1321,1853,1880]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981D90F888FBFFF8A1" box="[937,1144,1853,1879]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hamadryas elaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981AB9F888FAAEF8AE" author="Gunther" box="[1152,1321,1853,1880]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as the sole included species, and hence the 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C6DFF981C5FF8D4FD1EF88D" box="[614,665,1889,1915]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
species by monotypy. The specific epithet 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981AB1F8D5FB41F88C" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[1160,1222,1888,1914]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981AB1F8D5FB41F88C" box="[1160,1222,1888,1914]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a confused history. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981F24F836FE4AF868" author="Gunther" box="[285,461,1923,1950]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther (1858</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981FE5F836FD9FF86B" author="Gunther" box="[476,536,1923,1949]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">1864</bibRefCitation>
) had erroneously attributed the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981DDFF836FBA3F86B" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[998,1060,1923,1949]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981DDFF836FBA3F86B" box="[998,1060,1923,1949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Lesson, 1829, as well as to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981EE5F813FE08F837" author="Schlegel" box="[220,399,1958,1985]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
. In fact, Lesson did not use the specific epithet 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981DFFF813FB83F836" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[966,1028,1958,1984]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981DFFF813FB83F836" box="[966,1028,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but instead described 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981B2EF813FE45F812" authority="Lesson, 1830" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheca">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981B2EF813FE9FF812" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coluber ikaheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C6DFF981F1BF87FFE45F812" author="Lesson R. P." box="[290,450,1994,2020]" editor="Duperrey L. I." journalOrPublisher="Zoologie Tome Second, 1 ere Partie. Arthus Bertrand, Libraire-Editeur, Paris, France" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.57936" refId="ref28692" refString="Lesson R. P. 1829 - 1830. Observations generales sur les reptiles recuellis dans le voyage de la corvette La Coquille. In: Duperrey L. I. (ed.) Voyage autour du Monde, Execute par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de sa Majeste, La Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie Tome Second, 1 ere Partie. Arthus Bertrand, Libraire-Editeur, Paris, France. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57936" title="Observations generales sur les reptiles recuellis dans le voyage de la corvette La Coquille" type="book" volumeTitle="Voyage autour du Monde, Execute par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de sa Majeste, La Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825" year="1830">Lesson, 1830</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(now 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981C2BF87FFC8FF812" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[530,776,1994,2020]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheca">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981C2BF87FFC8FF812" box="[530,776,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Micropechis ikaheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C6DFF981D9EF87FFBAFF812" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[935,1064,1994,2020]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C6DFF981D9EF87FFBAFF812" box="[935,1064,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Naja elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was thus newly established by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971EDAFEBCFE24FED5" author="Schlegel" box="[227,419,265,291]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel (1837)</bibRefCitation>
. The clear description and illustration in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971DB5FEBCFBC0FED5" author="Schlegel" box="[908,1095,265,291]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref30505" refString="Schlegel H. 1844. Abbildungen neuer oder unvollstandig bekannter Amphibien, nach der Natur oder dem Leben entworfen, herausgegeben und mit einem erlauternden Texte begleitet. Arnz and Comp., Dusseldorf, Germany. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 95393" type="book" year="1844">Schlegel (1844)</bibRefCitation>
leave no doubt that 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971B06FEBFFF7CFEB0" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971B06FEBFFF7CFEB0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of Lesson’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971C4CFE99FCB0FEB0" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[629,823,300,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Coluber" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ikaheca">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971C4CFE99FCB0FEB0" box="[629,823,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coluber ikaheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971D4BFE98FB90FEB0" author="Mertens" box="[882,1047,300,327]" firstAuthor="Mertens" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="189 - 190" refId="ref29627" refString="Mertens R. 1962. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia: Serpentes): proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers. ZN (S.) 1500. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 19 (3): 189 - 190. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12221062 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1962">Mertens 1962</bibRefCitation>
). However, despite attributing the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971F01FEFAFEF1FE9F" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[312,374,335,361]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971F01FEFAFEF1FE9F" box="[312,374,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Schlegel, in listing 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971CAAFEFAFBB4FE9C" authority=", Gunther (1858)" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[659,1075,335,362]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971CAAFEFAFCE1FE9F" box="[659,870,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hamadryas elaps</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971D40FEFAFBB4FE9C" author="Gunther" box="[889,1075,335,362]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther (1858)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
provided an unmistakable description of the king cobra: the ventral and subcaudal scale counts lie outside the ranges for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971ADBFEC7FE04FE46" authority="Boulenger, 1896" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Micropechis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971ADBFEC7FAF3FE7A" box="[1250,1396,370,396]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Micropechis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971E84FE23FE04FE46" author="Boulenger" box="[189,387,406,432]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref24868" refString="Boulenger G. A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III, containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphidae and Proteroglyphae, Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae). British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8316" type="book" year="1896">Boulenger, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, the mixed single and divided subcaudals, a clear description of what are now called the occipital scales (the term ‘occipital scales’ was used by Günther and his contemporaries for what are now termed the parietal scales) and the size of the species are unambiguously characteristic of the king cobra. Günther’s synonymy and chresonymy make clear that 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971D9BFDB5FB81FDEF" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[930,1030,511,538]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971D9BFDB5FB81FDEF" box="[930,1030,511,538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a chresonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971AC9FE4AFE37FDCB" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971AC9FE4AFF7CFDCA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hamadryas elaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971F3AFD97FE37FDCB" author="Gunther" box="[259,432,546,573]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The inclusion of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971CB1FD96FC47FDCB" authority="Schlegel, 1837" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[648,960,546,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971CB1FD96FC8FFDCA" box="[648,776,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja elaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971D29FD97FC47FDCB" author="Schlegel" box="[784,960,546,573]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">
Schlegel, 
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C62FF971DBCFD96FC47FDCB" box="[901,960,547,573]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.66598" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="1837.0">1837</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971A8EFD96FA9DFDCA" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[1207,1306,546,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971A8EFD96FA9DFDCA" box="[1207,1306,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">O. elaps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most probably a mistake of Günther, either a lapsus or a confusion with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971DFBFDF2FBF6FD96" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[962,1137,582,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971DFBFDF2FBF6FD96" box="[962,1137,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a taxon that is indeed a king cobra.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C62FF971E84FD1EFF78FCD8" blockId="8.[189,1400,682,814]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971E84FD1EFEF3FD32" author="Mertens" box="[189,372,682,709]" firstAuthor="Mertens" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="189 - 190" refId="ref29627" refString="Mertens R. 1962. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia: Serpentes): proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers. ZN (S.) 1500. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 19 (3): 189 - 190. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12221062 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1962">Mertens (1962)</bibRefCitation>
asked the ICZN to designate “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971CDEFD1FFBEEFD33" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[743,1129,682,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971CDEFD1FFC30FD32" box="[743,951,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hamadryas elaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971D86FD1FFBEEFD33" author="Gunther" box="[959,1129,682,709]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[equivalent to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971B19FD1FFEDDFD11" authority="Cantor, 1836" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971B19FD1FFAFFFD32" box="[1312,1400,682,708]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">hannah</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971E84FD7BFEDDFD11" author="Cantor" box="[189,346,717,744]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]” as the 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C62FF971FF8FD7BFE73FD1E" box="[449,500,718,744]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971C43FD7BFC90FD1E" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[634,791,718,744]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971C43FD7BFC90FD1E" box="[634,791,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This was enacted by Opinion 709 of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971AE4FD7BFF71FCFD" author="ICZN" firstAuthor="ICZN" page="210" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="210 - 211" refId="ref28080" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1964. Opinion 709. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia): suppressed under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 21: 210 - 211. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12222063 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="1964">ICZN (1964: 210)</bibRefCitation>
, fixing 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971F6BFD44FD50FCFA" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName=", Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[338,727,753,780]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elaps">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971F6BFD44FDA5FCFD" box="[338,546,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hamadryas elaps</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971C15FD44FD50FCFA" author="Gunther" box="[556,727,753,780]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as the 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C62FF971D09FD44FCE4FCFD" box="[816,867,753,779]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971A52FD44FF7CFCD8" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971A52FD44FA8EFCFD" box="[1131,1289,753,779]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971B29FD44FF7CFCD8" author="Gunther" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C62FF971E84FCE0FD96FA55" blockId="8.[188,1400,853,1443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
While the nomenclature of the genus has been stable in the literature since ICZN Opinion 709 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971B09FCE3FF7AFC65" author="ICZN" firstAuthor="ICZN" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="210 - 211" refId="ref28080" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1964. Opinion 709. Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia): suppressed under the plenary powers. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 21: 210 - 211. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12222063 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="1964">ICZN 1964</bibRefCitation>
), several problematic issues have remained overlooked. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971D88FCCCFBCFFC65" author="Boie" box="[945,1096,889,915]" firstAuthor="Boie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="231 - 252" refId="ref24739" refString="Boie H. 1828 a. Uittreksels uit Brieven van Heinrich Boie van Java aan Η. Schlegel, Conservator Animalium Vertebratorum aan's Rijks Museum te Leyden. Bijdragen tot de Natuurkundige Wetenschappen 3: 231 - 252. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16105539 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1828" yearSuffix="a">Boie (1828a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971A61FCCCFB24FC65" author="Boie" box="[1112,1187,889,915]" firstAuthor="Boie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1025 - 1035" refId="ref24800" refString="Boie H. 1828 b. Auszuge aus Briefen von Heinr. Boie zu Java, an Hn. Schlegel, Conservator anim. vertebr. am konigl. niederl. Museum. Isis von Oken 21 (10): column 1025 - 1035. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 13245239 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1828" yearSuffix="b">1828b</bibRefCitation>
) used the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971E84FC28FE16FC40" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[189,401,924,950]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971E84FC28FE16FC40" box="[189,401,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for a juvenile (RMNH 1334; see below) from 
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C62FF971DFDFC29FC7BFC40" box="[964,1020,924,950]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Java</collectingRegion>
. We treat it as a nomen nudum, as the description, “due to the makeup of the scuta subcaudalia”, does not constitute a “description or definition”, as required by Article 12.1 of the Code (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971D0CFC57FC46FC0A" accessDate="2024-02-01" author="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)" box="[821,961,994,1020]" journalOrPublisher="The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" publicationUrl="https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/" refId="ref28139" refString="ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. Available from https: // www. iczn. org / the-code / the-code-online / [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition" type="url" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
) and defined in the Glossary therein (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971EFCFBB3FED6FBD6" author="Mees" box="[197,337,1029,1056]" firstAuthor="Mees" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="205 - 227" refId="ref29534" refString="Mees G. F. 1957. Over het belang van Temminck's ' Discours preliminaire' voor de zoologische nomenclatuur. Zoologische Mededelingen 35 (15): 205 - 227. Available from https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 318501 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1957">Mees 1957</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971F5BFBB0FDE9FBD6" author="David &amp; Ineich" box="[354,622,1029,1056]" firstAuthor="David" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="3 - 499" refId="ref26135" refString="David P. &amp; Ineich I. 1999. Les serpents venimeux du monde: systematique et repartition. Dumerilia 3: 3 - 499." type="journal article" year="1999">David &amp; Ineich 1999</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971CBFFBB0FCF2FBD6" author="Wagler" box="[646,885,1029,1056]" firstAuthor="Wagler" page="342" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31962" refString="Wagler J. G. 1830. Naturliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung, Munchen. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 108661" type="book" year="1830">Wagler (1830: 342)</bibRefCitation>
cited Boie’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971A27FBB3FB7FFBE9" authorityName="H.Boie" authorityYear="1828" box="[1054,1272,1029,1055]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroidea">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971A27FBB3FB7FFBE9" box="[1054,1272,1029,1055]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(incorrect subsequent spelling of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971FFBFB9CFD15FBB5" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[450,658,1065,1091]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971FFBFB9CFD15FBB5" box="[450,658,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and provided a diagnosis sufficient to make the name available. In the same publication, Wagler also proposed a new genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971DB9FBF9FBB5FB90" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[896,1074,1100,1126]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971DB9FBF9FBB5FB90" box="[896,1074,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971A50FBF8FABCFB90" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[1129,1339,1100,1126]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971A50FBF8FABCFB90" box="[1129,1339,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The consequence of this, overlooked ever since, is that the 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C62FF971D05FBC5FCE8FB7C" box="[828,879,1136,1162]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971A50FBDAFA9CFB7F" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[1129,1307,1135,1161]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971A50FBDAFA9CFB7F" box="[1129,1307,1135,1161]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971B04FBC5FE73FB5A" authority="Wagler, 1830" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971B04FBC5FEC8FB5A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971F6FFB27FE73FB5A" author="Wagler" box="[342,500,1170,1196]" firstAuthor="Wagler" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31962" refString="Wagler J. G. 1830. Naturliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung, Munchen. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 108661" type="book" year="1830">Wagler, 1830</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a king cobra, not the Australian broad-headed snake which 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971A85FB27FAF0FB5A" author="Schlegel" box="[1212,1399,1170,1196]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel (1837)</bibRefCitation>
named 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971F2DFB03FE6FFB39" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[276,488,1205,1231]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971F2DFB03FE6FFB39" box="[276,488,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(while also creating the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971D60FB03FB8DFB39" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[857,1034,1205,1231]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971D60FB03FB8DFB39" box="[857,1034,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for Boie’s species). Schlegel’s name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971F3FFB6CFE1FFB05" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[262,408,1241,1267]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971F3FFB6CFE1FFB05" box="[262,408,1241,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been consistently applied to the Australian species since, while it is Schlegel’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971E86FB48FEF5FAE0" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[191,370,1276,1302]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971E86FB48FEF5FAE0" box="[191,370,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that has long been associated with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971D10FB49FC40FAE0" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[809,967,1276,1302]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971D10FB49FC40FAE0" box="[809,967,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A strict interpretation of the Code would make 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971F6AFAAAFD82FACF" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[339,517,1311,1337]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971F6AFAAAFD82FACF" box="[339,517,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the oldest available genus-group name for the king cobra, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971ADDFAAAFAF1FACF" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[1252,1398,1311,1337]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971ADDFAAAFAF1FACF" box="[1252,1398,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the oldest species-group name for any king cobra species. This would upend the nomenclature of two culturally iconic, medically important and IUCN Red-Listed genera of elapid snakes, each with a large associated body of literature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C62FF971E84FA7FFE02F908" blockId="8.[188,1399,1482,1790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
A Case to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature is in preparation to preserve the prevailing usage of the genus-group names 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971CC0FA58FC10F9F1" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[761,919,1517,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971CC0FA58FC10F9F1" box="[761,919,1517,1543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971DEDFA58FB01F9F1" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[980,1158,1517,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971DEDFA58FB01F9F1" box="[980,1158,1517,1543]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and of the binomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971E86F9A5FD80F9DC" baseAuthorityName="Cantor" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[191,519,1552,1578]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971E86F9A5FD80F9DC" box="[191,519,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hoplocephalus bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This will require setting aside the type of Wagler’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971A4BF9A4FAC2F9DC" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[1138,1349,1552,1578]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971A4BF9A4FAC2F9DC" box="[1138,1349,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Naja bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the designation of a 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C62FF971F80F981FD91F9B8" box="[441,534,1588,1614]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
belonging to the Australian broad-headed snake. The action will make Wagler’s name unavailable for any king cobra. In anticipation of a Commission Opinion in favour of this case, we have therefore refrained from using Wagler’s name 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971D91F9CFFBBDF962" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[936,1082,1658,1684]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungaroides">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971D91F9CFFBBDF962" box="[936,1082,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">bungaroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for any king cobra species, and have used the next-oldest available name in all cases. In the interest of nomenclatural stability, all affected nomina should continue to be used in the prevailing manner pending resolution of the case by the Commission.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C62FF971E84F890FC9AF8C9" blockId="8.[189,797,1829,1855]" box="[189,797,1829,1855]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0D8D4420C62FF971E84F890FC9AF8C9" bold="true" box="[189,797,1829,1855]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971E84F890FC9AF8C9" bold="true" box="[189,797,1829,1855]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nomenclatural histories of species-series nomina</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C62FF961E84F8E1FC8BFCE6" blockId="8.[189,1400,1876,2008]" lastBlockId="9.[187,1400,265,784]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The type species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971FFBF8E1FDE7F898" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" box="[450,608,1876,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971FFBF8E1FDE7F898" box="[450,608,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ophiophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C62FF971C4CF8E1FCB1F898" author="Cantor's" box="[629,822,1876,1902]" firstAuthor="Cantor's" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor’s (1836)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C62FF971D7DF8E1FBB4F898" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[836,1075,1876,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C62FF971D7DF8E1FBB4F898" box="[836,1075,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hamadryas hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was from “Sunderbuns”, equivalent to the Sunderbans of Bengal, a large deltaic region of mangrove forests at the confluence of the rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Padma, covering an area of ca 10 000 sq km in modern day 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C62FF971B03F82FFAF1F842" box="[1338,1398,1946,1972]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C62FF971EC8F808FEFAF821" box="[241,381,1981,2007]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, and “jungle not far from Calcutta” (since 2001, Kolkata, the administrative capital of 
<collectingRegion id="49EBADCC0C63FF961E84FEBCFE10FED5" box="[189,407,265,291]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">West Bengal State</collectingRegion>
, eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C63FF961FC5FEBCFDBAFED5" box="[508,573,265,291]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
), located ca 
<quantity id="4CD7CECB0C63FF961CF7FEBCFC9FFED5" box="[718,792,265,292]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="km" value="56.0">56 km</quantity>
NW of the Sunderbans. It is unclear where the 
<specimenCount id="9D29A8A70C63FF961B7FFEBCFEA3FEB1" count="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic" typeStatus="syntype">four syntypes</specimenCount>
were deposited and these are considered not extant at present (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961DC9FE99FB04FEB0" author="Toriba" box="[1008,1155,300,326]" firstAuthor="Toriba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31419" refString="Toriba M. 1993. Ophiophagus Guenther, 1864. In: Golay P., Smith H. M., Broadley D. G., Dixon J. R., McCarthy C., Rage J. - C., Schatti B. &amp; Toriba M. (eds) Endoglyphs and other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. A Checklist. Azemiops S. A., Herpetological Data Centre, Geneva, Switzerland." type="book" year="1993">Toriba 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Several other snake types of Cantor are unlocated, and a few are preserved either as specimens in the BMNH or depicted in numbered, coloured plates in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University, Oxford, 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C63FF961A4FFEC7FAB8FE7A" box="[1142,1343,370,396]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
. The original description, published in 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961C6BFE23FCB8FE46" box="[594,831,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Asiatick Researches</emphasis>
(later modified to ‘ 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A14FE23FA8AFE46" box="[1069,1293,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Asiatic Researches</emphasis>
’, its full form, ‘ 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961F34FE0FFDE8FE01" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal for Inquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature of Asia</emphasis>
’), which was a short-lived (1798–1836) journal published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal from Calcutta. The original description contained a nine-line Latin diagnosis of the purported new genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961C3CFD97FCA8FDCA" authority="Cantor, 1836" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[517,815,546,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961C3CFD97FD09FDCA" box="[517,654,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hamadryas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961CACFD96FCA8FDCA" author="Cantor" box="[661,815,546,573]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor, 1836</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and a two-line diagnosis of the species, followed by five pages of description and reports on its behaviour, as reported by local inhabitants of the region. Three plates accompany the description, the first showing the head with neck expanded in anterior and posterior views (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961F47FD39FD91FD50" author="Cantor" box="[382,534,652,678]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor 1836</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1), the second showing the cranium and mandible as well as dissected head showing cranial muscles as well as the venom glands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961D4EFD1AFB88FD3F" author="Cantor" box="[887,1039,687,713]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor 1836</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2), and finally, the head in dorsal and ventral views, showing close-ups of some scales and the posterior venter and tail, showing ventral and subcaudal scales (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961C22FD43FD34FCE6" author="Cantor" box="[539,691,758,784]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor 1836</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C63FF961E84FC82FD73FBF4" blockId="9.[189,1401,823,1026]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
About two years later, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961FF2FC82FD00FCA7" author="Cantor's" box="[459,647,823,849]" firstAuthor="Cantor's" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="72 - 75" refId="ref25162" refString="Cantor T. E. 1838. Notice of the Hamadryas (H. ophiophagus), a genus of hooded serpent with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 6: 72 - 75. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30571131 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1838">Cantor’s (1838)</bibRefCitation>
redescription of the same species, as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961A7EFC82FAE8FCA7" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1095,1391,823,849]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiophagus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A7EFC82FAE8FCA7" box="[1095,1391,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hamadryas ophiophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, was read out at the 
<date id="FF9145EE0C63FF961F9EFCEEFDC1FC83" box="[423,582,859,885]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1838-06-12">12 June 1838</date>
meeting of the Zoological Society of London, a somewhat rare case of synonymy involving the same author. The rationale for the action remains unknown, because 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961B11FCCBFE8BFC4D" author="Cantor" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="72 - 75" refId="ref25162" refString="Cantor T. E. 1838. Notice of the Hamadryas (H. ophiophagus), a genus of hooded serpent with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 6: 72 - 75. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30571131 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1838">Cantor (1838)</bibRefCitation>
alludes to his 1836 paper, and may either be on account of Cantor’s desire to disseminate the information regarding his remarkable new species to a scholarly audience at home, and his realization of the transient nature of the 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961C29FC5DFD6AFBF7" box="[528,749,999,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Asiatic Researches</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C63FF961E84FB9CFE8CFAE0" blockId="9.[187,1399,1065,1302]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Several names have been applied to members of the genus. The taxonomic and nomenclatural history is elaborated below. The nomina currently recognised as synonyms include 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961A77FBF8FF7CFB7F" authority="Schlegel, 1837" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A77FBF8FA87FB90" box="[1102,1280,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Naja bungarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961B33FBF9FF7CFB7F" author="Schlegel" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961F32FBDAFD66FB7F" authority="Cantor, 1838" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1838" box="[267,737,1135,1161]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiophagus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961F32FBDAFDB0FB7F" box="[267,567,1135,1161]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hamadryas ophiophagus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961C7BFBDAFD66FB7F" author="Cantor" box="[578,737,1135,1161]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="72 - 75" refId="ref25162" refString="Cantor T. E. 1838. Notice of the Hamadryas (H. ophiophagus), a genus of hooded serpent with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 6: 72 - 75. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30571131 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1838">Cantor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961CC8FBC5FB9AFB7F" authority="Elliot, 1840" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1840" box="[753,1053,1135,1161]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittata">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961CC8FBC5FC06FB7F" box="[753,897,1136,1161]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Naia vittata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961DB5FBDAFB9AFB7F" author="Elliot" box="[908,1053,1135,1161]" firstAuthor="Elliot" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="333 - 335" refId="ref26662" refString="Elliot W. 1840. Description of a new species of naga or cobra de capello. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 11: 333 - 335." type="journal article" year="1840">Elliot, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A14FBC5FB44FB7F" box="[1069,1219,1136,1161]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dimeresurus</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961AF6FBDAFF7FFB5B" authority="Bleeker, 1858" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boiei">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961AF6FBDAFA8DFB7F" box="[1231,1290,1135,1161]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">boiei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961B2CFBDAFF7FFB5B" author="Bleeker" firstAuthor="Bleeker" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="260 - 263" refId="ref24613" refString="Bleeker P. 1858. Opsomming der tot dusverre van het eiland Sumatra bekend gewordene Reptilien. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, Serie 4 Part 1 15: 260 - 263." type="journal article" year="1858">Bleeker, 1858</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(a nomen nudum, carrying no description; the name [in the combination 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961A63FB26FAB0FB5A" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1114,1335,1170,1196]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boiei">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A63FB26FAB0FB5A" box="[1114,1335,1170,1196]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trimeresurus boiei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] was synonymised with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961FACFB03FD71FB26" authority="Schlegel, 1837" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[405,758,1205,1232]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961FACFB03FDC5FB39" box="[405,578,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Naia bungarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961C70FB00FD71FB26" author="Schlegel" box="[585,758,1205,1232]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961D27FB00FB92FB39" author="Boulenger" box="[798,1045,1205,1231]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" page="396" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref24868" refString="Boulenger G. A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III, containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphidae and Proteroglyphae, Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae). British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8316" type="book" year="1896">Boulenger 1896: 396</bibRefCitation>
); and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961A6FFB03FEDAFB05" authority="A. W. M. van Hasselt, 1858" authorityName="A. W. M. van Hasselt" authorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A6FFB03FB65FB39" box="[1110,1250,1206,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Naja ingens</emphasis>
A.W.M. van Hasselt, 1858
</taxonomicName>
(although 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961FD8FB6CFDECFB05" author="Smith" box="[481,619,1241,1267]" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref30822" refString="Smith M. A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the IndoChinese region. Volume III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, UK." type="book" year="1943">Smith 1943</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961C91FB6CFCBCFB05" author="Toriba" box="[680,827,1241,1267]" firstAuthor="Toriba" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31419" refString="Toriba M. 1993. Ophiophagus Guenther, 1864. In: Golay P., Smith H. M., Broadley D. G., Dixon J. R., McCarthy C., Rage J. - C., Schatti B. &amp; Toriba M. (eds) Endoglyphs and other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. A Checklist. Azemiops S. A., Herpetological Data Centre, Geneva, Switzerland." type="book" year="1993">Toriba 1993</bibRefCitation>
, incorrectly attributed this name to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961AD3FB6CFF79FAE0" author="van Hasselt" firstAuthor="van Hasselt" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="140 - 143" refId="ref31739" refString="van Hasselt A. W. M. 1882. Eene monster- Naja. Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Natuurlijk), Serie 2 17: 140 - 143. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49036905 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1882">van Hasselt 1882</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C63FF961E84FA8BFB99F9DC" blockId="9.[187,1399,1341,1578]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
In his review of the king cobra species complex (which he assigned to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961A41FA88FF7CFA8D" authority="Fitzinger, 1843" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Dendraspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961A41FA88FB78FAA1" box="[1144,1279,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dendraspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961B3FFA88FF7CFA8D" author="Fitzinger" firstAuthor="Fitzinger" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref26864" refString="Fitzinger L. J. F. J. 1843. Systema Reptilium. Amblyglossae. Braunmuller et Seidel, Wien [Vindobonae]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4694" type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961F29FAD5FD85FA8C" author="Deraniyagala" box="[272,514,1376,1402]" firstAuthor="Deraniyagala" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="41 - 63" refId="ref26312" refString="Deraniyagala P. E. P. 1960. The taxonomy of the cobras of south eastern Asia. Spolia Zeylanica 29 (1): 41 - 63." type="journal article" year="1960">Deraniyagala (1960)</bibRefCitation>
established two new taxa, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961D78FAD4FBA5FA8C" box="[833,1058,1376,1402]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hannah" subSpecies="sinensis">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961D78FAD4FBA5FA8C" box="[833,1058,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. hannah sinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the Chinese population) and 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961ED5FA31FE2FFA68" box="[236,424,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. h. borneensis</emphasis>
(for the Bornean population), while also reviving the following names as subspecies: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961E82FA1DFE32FA37" authority="(Elliot, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[187,437,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittata">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961E82FA1DFE81FA37" box="[187,262,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">vittata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961F22FA12FE2BFA37" author="Elliot" box="[283,428,1447,1473]" firstAuthor="Elliot" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="333 - 335" refId="ref26662" refString="Elliot W. 1840. Description of a new species of naga or cobra de capello. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 11: 333 - 335." type="journal article" year="1840">Elliot, 1840</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
for the south-western Indian population, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961DDEFA12FA92FA37" authority="Schlegel, 1837" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[999,1301,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961DDEFA12FBD1FA37" box="[999,1110,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">bungarus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961A58FA12FA92FA37" author="Schlegel" box="[1121,1301,1447,1473]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, for the Sumatran population. In a subsequent paper, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961CDDFA7FFC5DFA12" author="Deraniyagala" box="[740,986,1482,1508]" firstAuthor="Deraniyagala" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="205 - 232" refId="ref26342" refString="Deraniyagala P. E. P. 1961. The taxonomy of the cobras of south-east Asia. Spolia Zeylanica 29 (2): 205 - 232." type="journal article" year="1961">Deraniyagala (1961)</bibRefCitation>
described two further subspecies, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961E84FA5BFE2CF9F1" box="[189,427,1517,1543]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hannah" subSpecies="nordicus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961E84FA5BFE2CF9F1" box="[189,427,1517,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. hannah nordicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from Mamgain, Dunda Lakhond, Dehra Dun, 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C63FF961DD3FA58FBA1F9F1" box="[1002,1062,1517,1543]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
and apparently also eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C63FF961E84F9A5FEA5F9DC" box="[189,290,1552,1578]" name="Pakistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961F5AF9A4FDCFF9DC" box="[355,584,1552,1578]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hannah" subSpecies="brunnea">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961F5AF9A4FDCFF9DC" box="[355,584,1552,1578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. hannah brunnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from the vicinity of Darjeeling, 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C63FF961DE9F9A5FB96F9DC" box="[976,1041,1552,1578]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C63FF961E84F9E7FB0EF8EA" blockId="9.[188,1400,1618,1821]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C63FF961ECBF9E7FEDEF99A" box="[242,345,1618,1644]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961F46F9E7FDBFF99A" author="Cantor's" box="[383,568,1618,1644]" firstAuthor="Cantor's" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor’s (1836)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961C06F9E7FCA0F99A" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[575,807,1618,1644]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961C06F9E7FCA0F99A" box="[575,807,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hamadryas hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is erroneously mentioned as BMNH 1996.461 (ex RSL) by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961F13F9C0FDA3F979" author="Wallach" box="[298,548,1653,1679]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wallach" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref32164" refString="Wallach V., Williams K. L. &amp; Boundy J. 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA." type="book" year="2014">
Wallach 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961FABF9C3FE49F979" box="[402,462,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961C66F9C0FCDEF979" author="Leviton" box="[607,857,1653,1679]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Leviton" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="399 - 568" refId="ref28941" refString="Leviton A. E., Siler C. D., Weinell J. L. &amp; Brown R. M. 2018. Synopsis of the snakes of the Philippines: a synthesis of data from biodiversity repositories, field studies, and the literature. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 64 (4): 399 - 568." type="journal article" year="2018">
Leviton 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961CFAF9C3FD78F979" box="[707,767,1653,1679]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
; this is instead the 
<typeStatus id="5494DD8C0C63FF961A02F9C0FB25F979" box="[1083,1186,1653,1679]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961AF2F9C0FAF1F979" author="Elliot's" box="[1227,1398,1653,1679]" firstAuthor="Elliot's" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="333 - 335" refId="ref26662" refString="Elliot W. 1840. Description of a new species of naga or cobra de capello. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 11: 333 - 335." type="journal article" year="1840">Elliot’s (1840)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961E87F92CFEC0F944" baseAuthorityName="Elliot" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[190,327,1689,1714]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vittata">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961E87F92CFEC0F944" box="[190,327,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Naia vittata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a subjective junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961C86F92DFC3CF944" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[703,955,1688,1714]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961C86F92DFC3CF944" box="[703,955,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ophiophagus hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a stuffed specimen, presumably once a ‘gallery’ specimen, which was rediscovered uncatalogued in the basement of the London collection during the course of this research in 1996. BMNH 1996.461 (ex RSL) appears to have been examined by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961EDBF8B7FE1EF8EB" author="Gunther" box="[226,409,1794,1821]" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref27747" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272" type="book" year="1858">Günther (1858)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961FE8F8B7FD23F8EA" author="Boulenger" box="[465,676,1794,1820]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref24868" refString="Boulenger G. A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. III, containing the Colubridae (Opisthoglyphidae and Proteroglyphae, Amblycephalidae, and Viperidae). British Museum (Natural History), London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8316" type="book" year="1896">Boulenger (1896)</bibRefCitation>
, who list it in their respective catalogues.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C63FF951E84F8F6FE9BFEB1" blockId="9.[189,1400,1859,1957]" lastBlockId="10.[189,1398,265,327]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The first use of the current combination for the nominate species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C63FF961DEDF8F6FB54F8AB" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[980,1235,1859,1885]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C63FF961DEDF8F6FB54F8AB" box="[980,1235,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ophiophagus hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961B1EF8F1FE97F877" author="Bogert" firstAuthor="Bogert" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref24710" refString="Bogert C. M. 1945. Hamadryad pre-occupied for the king cobra. Copeia 1945: 47. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1438180" type="journal volume" year="1945">Bogert (1945)</bibRefCitation>
. A near complete synonymy for the Sunda region has been provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961A51F8D3FAF3F876" author="David &amp; Vogel" box="[1128,1396,1894,1921]" firstAuthor="David" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref26161" refString="David P. &amp; Vogel G. 1996. The Snakes of Sumatra. An Annotated Checklist and Key with Natural History Notes. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany." type="book" year="1996">David &amp; Vogel (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, and synonyms for populations from the Asian mainland have been listed in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961A17F83FFB4CF852" author="Smith" box="[1070,1227,1930,1956]" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref30822" refString="Smith M. A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the IndoChinese region. Volume III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, UK." type="book" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C63FF961AEFF83FFAFFF853" author="Taylor" box="[1238,1400,1930,1957]" firstAuthor="Taylor" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="609 - 1096" refId="ref31103" refString="Taylor E. H. 1965. The serpents of Thailand and adjacent waters. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 45 (9): 609 - 1096. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2985847 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1965">Taylor (1965)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951ED6FEBCFE69FED5" author="Zhao &amp; Adler" box="[239,494,265,291]" firstAuthor="Zhao" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref32468" refString="Zhao E. - M. &amp; Adler K. 1993. Herpetology of China. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contributions to Herpetology 10, Oxford, Ohio, USA." type="journal volume" year="1993">Zhao &amp; Adler (1993)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951FC3FEBCFD2BFED5" author="Leviton" box="[506,684,265,291]" firstAuthor="Leviton" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref28827" refString="Leviton A. E. 1968. The venomous terrestrial snakes of east Asia, India, Malaya, and Indonesia. In: Bucherl W., Buckley E. F. &amp; Deulofeu V. (eds) Venomous Animals and Their Venoms. Academic Press, New York USA &amp; London, UK." type="book" year="1968">Leviton (1968)</bibRefCitation>
provided the most exhaustive chresonymy for 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C60FF951AE1FEBCFE92FEB0" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951AE1FEBCFE92FEB0" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ophiophagus hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E84FEDBFB34FDE3" blockId="10.[189,1399,365,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Of the nine nomenclaturally valid nomina (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951C83FEDBFCD5FE71" author="Cantor" box="[698,850,365,392]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref25131" refString="Cantor T. E. 1836. Sketch of an undescribed hooded serpent, with fangs and maxillar (sic) teeth. Asiatic Researches 19: 87 - 93." type="journal article" year="1836">Cantor 1836</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951D66FEDBFB8EFE7E" author="Schlegel" box="[863,1033,366,392]" firstAuthor="Schlegel" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref30466" refString="Schlegel H. 1837. Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents Vol. 2. M. H. Schonekat, Amsterdam, Netherlands. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4273" type="book" year="1837">Schlegel 1837</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951A2FFEDBFB2BFE7E" author="Cantor" box="[1046,1196,366,392]" firstAuthor="Cantor" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="72 - 75" refId="ref25162" refString="Cantor T. E. 1838. Notice of the Hamadryas (H. ophiophagus), a genus of hooded serpent with poisonous fangs and maxillary teeth. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 6: 72 - 75. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30571131 [accessed 1 Feb. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1838">Cantor 1838</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951A81FEDBFAB8FE7E" author="Elliot" box="[1208,1343,366,392]" firstAuthor="Elliot" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="333 - 335" refId="ref26662" refString="Elliot W. 1840. Description of a new species of naga or cobra de capello. Madras Journal of Literature and Science 11: 333 - 335." type="journal article" year="1840">Elliot 1840</bibRefCitation>
; van Hasselt 1858; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951F57FE24FDD4FE5D" author="Deraniyagala" box="[366,595,401,427]" firstAuthor="Deraniyagala" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="41 - 63" refId="ref26312" refString="Deraniyagala P. E. P. 1960. The taxonomy of the cobras of south eastern Asia. Spolia Zeylanica 29 (1): 41 - 63." type="journal article" year="1960">Deraniyagala 1960</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951C5DFE24FD27FE5D" author="Deraniyagala" box="[612,672,401,427]" firstAuthor="Deraniyagala" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="205 - 232" refId="ref26342" refString="Deraniyagala P. E. P. 1961. The taxonomy of the cobras of south-east Asia. Spolia Zeylanica 29 (2): 205 - 232." type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
) that are currently allocated to 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951A11FE24FB30FE5D" box="[1064,1207,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Opiophagus</emphasis>
sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951B29FE24FF7DFE38" author="Gunther" firstAuthor="Gunther" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27791" refString="Gunther A. C. L. G. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Ray Society, London, UK. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012" type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
, two (
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C60FF951F73FE01FDB2FE38" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[330,565,436,462]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951F73FE01FDB2FE38" box="[330,565,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hamadryas hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C60FF951C71FE00FD7CFE38" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[584,763,436,462]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951C71FE00FD7CFE38" box="[584,763,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Naja bungarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are shown in this paper to represent taxonomically valid species. An additional two populations, from the Western Ghats (
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951A33FE62FBCDFE07" box="[1034,1098,471,497]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
) and the island of Luzon (the 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951ECDFE4FFEFDFDE2" box="[244,378,506,532]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
) are described as new to science (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951D54FE4FFB21FDE3" author="Gowri Shankar" box="[877,1190,506,533]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gowri Shankar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27441" refString="Gowri Shankar P., Swamy P., Williams R. C., Ganesh S. R., Moss M., Hoglund J., Das I., Sahoo G., Vijayakumar S. P., Shankar K., Wuster W. &amp; Dutta S. K. 2021. King or royal family? Testing for species boundaries in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hanah (Cantor, 1836), using morphology and multilocus DNA analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: e 107300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107300" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Gowri Shankar 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951A1CFE4EFBD8FDE2" box="[1061,1119,506,532]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E84FD89FEA5FDA0" blockId="10.[189,290,572,598]" box="[189,290,572,598]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0D8D4420C60FF951E84FD89FEA5FDA0" bold="true" box="[189,290,572,598]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951E84FD89FEA5FDA0" bold="true" box="[189,290,572,598]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Content</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E84FDDEFD88FD5E" blockId="10.[188,1398,618,680]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Four species, corresponding to the four Confirmed Candidate Species, CCS (sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951ABAFDDFFAC8FD73" author="Padial" box="[1155,1359,618,645]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Padial" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref29933" refString="Padial J. M., Miralles A., de la Riva I. &amp; Vences M. 2010. The integrative future of taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology 7: e 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 7 - 16" type="journal volume" year="2010">
Padial 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951AEAFDDEFA8AFD72" box="[1235,1293,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951E85FD3BFD8CFD5E" author="Gowri Shankar" box="[188,523,654,680]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gowri Shankar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27441" refString="Gowri Shankar P., Swamy P., Williams R. C., Ganesh S. R., Moss M., Hoglund J., Das I., Sahoo G., Vijayakumar S. P., Shankar K., Wuster W. &amp; Dutta S. K. 2021. King or royal family? Testing for species boundaries in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hanah (Cantor, 1836), using morphology and multilocus DNA analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: e 107300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107300" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Gowri Shankar 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951F4EFD3BFE35FD5E" box="[375,434,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E84FD7AFB50FCC6" blockId="10.[187,1401,719,816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C60FF951E84FD7AFE3AFD1F" authorityName="Cantor" authorityYear="1836" box="[189,445,719,745]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Ophiophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="hannah">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951E84FD7AFE3AFD1F" box="[189,445,719,745]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ophiophagus hannah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26802470C60FF951FFFFD65FD8EFD1C" box="[454,521,720,746]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
: a widespread Asian mainland lineage, distributed from eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951B35FD7AFAF5FD1F" box="[1292,1394,719,745]" name="Pakistan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, northern and eastern 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951F96FD47FE6CFCFA" box="[431,491,754,780]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
east to 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951C06FD47FD02FCFA" box="[575,645,754,780]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
and south to 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951D22FD46FC08FCFB" box="[795,911,755,781]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, northern and central 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951ABDFD47FB68FCFA" box="[1156,1263,754,780]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951AC0FD47FAF2FCFA" box="[1273,1397,754,780]" name="Cambodia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951E82FCA3FF70FCC6" box="[187,247,790,816]" name="Laos" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Laos</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951F3BFCA0FEEFFCD9" box="[258,360,789,815]" name="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, as well as on the Andaman Islands. CCS2 of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951DBDFCA0FB53FCC6" author="Gowri Shankar" box="[900,1236,789,816]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gowri Shankar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27441" refString="Gowri Shankar P., Swamy P., Williams R. C., Ganesh S. R., Moss M., Hoglund J., Das I., Sahoo G., Vijayakumar S. P., Shankar K., Wuster W. &amp; Dutta S. K. 2021. King or royal family? Testing for species boundaries in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hanah (Cantor, 1836), using morphology and multilocus DNA analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: e 107300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107300" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Gowri Shankar 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951A79FCA3FBFCFCD9" box="[1088,1147,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E84FCE2FAF0FC41" blockId="10.[188,1399,855,952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
A Sundaland species from the Malay Peninsula, and islands of the Greater Sundas, including Sumatra, Borneo and Java, in addition to Mindoro (in the 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951CD7FCCFFCFFFC62" box="[750,888,890,916]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
). CCS3 of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951DCCFCCFFAB8FC62" author="Gowri Shankar" box="[1013,1343,890,916]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gowri Shankar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27441" refString="Gowri Shankar P., Swamy P., Williams R. C., Ganesh S. R., Moss M., Hoglund J., Das I., Sahoo G., Vijayakumar S. P., Shankar K., Wuster W. &amp; Dutta S. K. 2021. King or royal family? Testing for species boundaries in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hanah (Cantor, 1836), using morphology and multilocus DNA analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: e 107300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107300" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Gowri Shankar 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951A95FCCEFB61FC62" box="[1196,1254,890,916]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
. The nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C2F18AD0C60FF951F2AFC2BFE45FC41" authorityName="Schlegel" authorityYear="1837" box="[275,450,925,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Naja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bungarus">
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951F2AFC2BFE45FC41" box="[275,450,925,951]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Naja bungarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
originating from West Java, is the oldest available one for this form (read below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E85FC6AFD89FBEA" blockId="10.[188,1397,991,1052]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
A geographically isolated, unnamed species from the Western Ghats of south-western 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951AF8FC6AFA86FC0F" box="[1217,1281,991,1017]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
. CCS1 of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951E86FBB7FD8CFBEA" author="Gowri Shankar" box="[191,523,1026,1052]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gowri Shankar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27441" refString="Gowri Shankar P., Swamy P., Williams R. C., Ganesh S. R., Moss M., Hoglund J., Das I., Sahoo G., Vijayakumar S. P., Shankar K., Wuster W. &amp; Dutta S. K. 2021. King or royal family? Testing for species boundaries in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hanah (Cantor, 1836), using morphology and multilocus DNA analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: e 107300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107300" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Gowri Shankar 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951F4EFBB6FE35FBEA" box="[375,434,1026,1052]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90632E0C60FF951E84FBF1FDFBFB77" blockId="10.[187,1399,1091,1153]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
A second unnamed species, representing an isolated lineage from the island of Luzon (in the 
<collectingCountry id="F33823BE0C60FF951AD8FBF6FAECFBAB" box="[1249,1387,1091,1117]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
). CCS4 of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE1EDF0C60FF951F11FBD3FDFFFB77" author="Gowri Shankar" box="[296,632,1126,1153]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gowri Shankar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref27441" refString="Gowri Shankar P., Swamy P., Williams R. C., Ganesh S. R., Moss M., Hoglund J., Das I., Sahoo G., Vijayakumar S. P., Shankar K., Wuster W. &amp; Dutta S. K. 2021. King or royal family? Testing for species boundaries in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hanah (Cantor, 1836), using morphology and multilocus DNA analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 164: e 107300. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2021.107300" type="journal volume" year="2021">
Gowri Shankar 
<emphasis id="B95BBF3C0C60FF951FDDFBD2FD98FB76" box="[484,543,1126,1152]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>