496 lines
34 KiB
XML
496 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c366b4ba-4062-44fa-83e1-1a9c617a024c" ID-ISSN="1938-5099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716435" checkinTime="1678362747126" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia & Smith, Eric N." docDate="2017" docId="D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4" docLanguage="en" docName="Herpetologica.73.1.63-75.pdf" docOrigin="Herpetologica 73 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7157CB4A8C4DC19627D49B44D928F812.1:Herpetologica.2015-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="7157CB4A8C4DC19627D49B44D928F812" docStyleName="Herpetologica.2015-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sigalegalephrynus Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith 2017, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="2D047D0092739245FFB6DC75FFFCFFBD" masterDocTitle="A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1678454382212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Smart, Utpal</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sarker, Goutam C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Arifin, Umilaela</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Harvey, Michael B.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sidik, Irvan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Hamidy, Amir</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Kurniawan, Nia</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Herpetologica</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2017-03-31</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>73</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>63</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>75</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c366b4ba-4062-44fa-83e1-1a9c617a024c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1938-5099</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7716435</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716437" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4" lastPageId="5" pageId="4">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[287,620,1201,1225]" pageId="4" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[287,620,1201,1225]" box="[287,620,1201,1225]" pageId="4">
|
||
<heading box="[287,620,1201,1225]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" reason="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7GQW" ID-ENA="2259376" authority="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith, 2017" authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[287,508,1201,1225]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[287,508,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[517,620,1201,1225]" pageId="4" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[118,788,1246,2001]" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,314,1246,1270]" pageId="4">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[145,206,1246,1270]" pageId="4">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[341,748,1246,1270]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[341,748,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by present designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" pageId="4" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[118,788,1246,2001]" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[145,522,1304,1329]" pageId="4">Diagnosis and comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
—The genus can be diagnosed based on the following ecological attributes and morphology: medium-sized (<
|
||
<quantity box="[478,565,1363,1387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) member of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[118,235,1392,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with gangly limbs, and arboreal and troglodytic habits. The morphologically comparable genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[698,787,1422,1445]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[698,787,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(>
|
||
<quantity box="[149,228,1451,1475]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL), commonly called Stream toads, is typically found on low vegetation near watercourses. The generally diminutive members of
|
||
<emphasis box="[406,530,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
(<
|
||
<quantity box="[576,660,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[118,260,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leptophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
(>
|
||
<quantity box="[305,389,1539,1563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) occur on shrubs. The only other genus of toads that has true arboreal habits is
|
||
<emphasis box="[683,788,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[683,784,1569,1592]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rentapia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
whose members typically tend to be stockier (>
|
||
<quantity box="[647,723,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[176,377,1626,1650]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[176,377,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genus
|
||
<emphasis box="[519,639,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="4">Phrŋnoidis</emphasis>
|
||
is represent-ed by two large (>
|
||
<quantity box="[338,417,1656,1680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) semiaquatic toads, usually found on rocks along streams and rivers; the members of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[118,274,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="4">Duttaphrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
(>
|
||
<quantity box="[312,389,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[509,673,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ingerophrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
(>
|
||
<quantity box="[711,788,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) display terrestrial or somewhat riparian habits. The monotypic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[314,440,1773,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudobufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[314,440,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pseudobufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented by a large (>
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
SVL) and aquatic species with completely webbed feet that inhabits the peat swamps of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[360,456,1860,1884]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="4">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="0DEBE4E692779241FCF8D90FFC64FA69" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0DEBE4E692779241FCF8D90FFC64FA69" pageId="4" startId="4.[846,859,1402,1421]" targetBox="[820,1490,1527,1988]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[820,1490,1401,1492]" pageId="4">
|
||
TABLE 2.—Pairwise genetic distances (uncorrected
|
||
<emphasis box="[1317,1328,1402,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4">p</emphasis>
|
||
) observed in the sequence of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal subunit gene between two new species of puppet toads, and between arboreal toad genera of Sundaland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4">
|
||
<table box="[820,1490,1527,1988]" gridcols="2" gridrows="19" pageId="4">
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1527,1541]" gridrow="0" pageId="4">
|
||
<th box="[820,1213,1527,1541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4">Pairwise comparison</th>
|
||
<th box="[1373,1490,1527,1541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4">% difference</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1562,1581]" gridrow="1" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1562,1581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[820,997,1562,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,997,1562,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. mandailinguensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[1028,1213,1562,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minangkabauensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1028,1213,1562,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. minangkabauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1562,1581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4">4.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1586,1605]" gridrow="2" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1586,1605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1586,1605]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1586,1605]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1110,1586,1605]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1586,1605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4">9–9.55</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1609,1629]" gridrow="3" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1609,1629]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1610,1629]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1124,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leptophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1609,1629]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4">7.55–8.75</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1634,1653]" gridrow="4" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1634,1653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1634,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1634,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[1011,1082,1634,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1082,1634,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1634,1653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4">8.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1657,1677]" gridrow="5" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1657,1677]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1657,1676]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1657,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1142,1657,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ingerophrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1657,1677]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4">6.55–8.25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1681,1701]" gridrow="6" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1681,1701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1681,1700]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1681,1700]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1011,1090,1682,1700]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1090,1682,1700]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1681,1701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4">8.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1705,1725]" gridrow="7" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1705,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1705,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1705,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1876" box="[1011,1102,1705,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pedostibes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1102,1705,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pedostibes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1705,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4">6.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1729,1749]" gridrow="8" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1729,1749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1729,1748]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1729,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1107,1729,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4">Phrŋnoidis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1729,1749]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4">6.75–6.95</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1753,1772]" gridrow="9" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1753,1772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1753,1772]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1753,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1138,1753,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1753,1772]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4">8.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1777,1796]" gridrow="10" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1777,1796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1777,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1135,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4">Duttaphrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1777,1796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4">6.85</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1801,1820]" gridrow="11" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1801,1820]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,980,1801,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,980,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[1011,1112,1801,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudobufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1112,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pseudobufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1801,1820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4">8.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1825,1844]" gridrow="12" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1825,1844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,919,1825,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1063,1825,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leptophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1825,1844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4">8–10.85</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1849,1868]" gridrow="13" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1849,1868]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,919,1849,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[950,1021,1849,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1021,1849,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1849,1868]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4">10.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1873,1892]" gridrow="14" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1873,1892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,919,1873,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[950,1029,1873,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1029,1873,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1873,1892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4">9.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1896,1916]" gridrow="15" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1896,1916]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,919,1897,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1077,1897,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1896,1916]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4">10.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1921,1940]" gridrow="16" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1921,1940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[820,891,1921,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,891,1921,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[922,1001,1921,1939]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[922,1001,1921,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1921,1940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4">7.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1944,1964]" gridrow="17" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1944,1964]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[820,891,1945,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,891,1945,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<emphasis box="[922,1049,1944,1963]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1944,1964]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4">9.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[820,1490,1968,1988]" gridrow="18" pageId="4">
|
||
<td box="[820,1213,1968,1988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,947,1968,1987]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[979,1058,1969,1987]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[979,1058,1969,1987]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1373,1490,1968,1988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4">9.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[118,788,1246,2001]" lastBlockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" lastPageId="5" pageId="4">
|
||
Like all other Sundaland toad genera (characters in parentheses), the new genus possesses a visible or slightly visible tympanum.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[327,528,1948,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,528,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembles
|
||
<emphasis box="[118,215,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[118,208,1978,2001]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ansonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
however, the former lacks mandibular spines (mandibular spines present) and possesses combined femur and tibia lengths smaller than its SVL (SVL <femur and tibia lengths). Unlike
|
||
<emphasis box="[1095,1228,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne,</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Finger I" authorityName="Finger I" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1285,1489,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
Finger I
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
projects beyond the webbing by two phalanges (reduced Finger I, with one or no phalanges projecting beyond webbing), and males possess nuptial excrescences with well-keratinized spicules (poorly spiculated with only slight keratinization or not keratinized at all). Unlike
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,1134,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[820,921,1243,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rentapia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[933,1134,1242,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sigalegalephrŋnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
lacks paratoid glands (paratoids prominent). The new genus can be told apart from
|
||
<emphasis box="[820,984,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ingerophrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
by the lack of well-defined parallel crests between the eyes (parallel crests prominent). Unlike
|
||
<emphasis box="[142,502,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5">
|
||
Leptophrŋne,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[301,502,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sigalegalephrŋnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
lacks enlarged tubercles at the base of each toe, between at the articulation of the first phalanx and metacarpus (large tubercles present). Additionally, males of
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,425,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="5">L. cruentata</emphasis>
|
||
are unique among Southeast Asian toads in having nuptial excrescences that are white and swollen on the first and second fingers; males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and all other genera) have nuptial excrescences with no white and swollen tissue. Unlike
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">
|
||
Phrŋnoidis,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[142,343,422,446]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sigalegalephrŋnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has slender limbs (limbs robust) and toes that are less than half webbed (toes fully webbed, with the exception of the fourth). Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[557,685,481,505]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudobufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,685,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="5">Pseudobufo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—the only Sundaland toad with fully webbed toes—
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[611,812,510,534]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[611,812,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has toes that are less than half webbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" pageId="5">
|
||
Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[279,480,568,592]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[279,480,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other toads in the region by the presence of an elongate inner metacarpal-thenar tubercle, which is as distinct and large as the outer metacarpal tubercle, and is located medially (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[254,325,685,709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[868,882,1168,1187]" captionTargetBox="[844,1514,191,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-742@5.[844,1514,191,1142]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2.—Palmar (upper) and plantar (lower) surfaces of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis (A; MZB 25736) and S. minangkabauensis (B; MZB 25738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716441/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males of
|
||
<emphasis box="[457,714,685,709]" italics="true" pageId="5">Leptophrŋne cruentata</emphasis>
|
||
have an elongate and medially located inner metacarpal tubercle, but this is less distinct and noticeably smaller than the outer metacarpal tubercle, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[478,577,774,797]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[478,577,774,797]" italics="true" pageId="5">Rentapia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,759,773,797]" italics="true" pageId="5">Pelophrŋne</emphasis>
|
||
lack the inner metacarpal tubercle altogether. Fingertips three and four of the new genus are truncated, reflecting arboreality as in
|
||
<emphasis box="[336,761,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="5">
|
||
Pelophrŋne, Sabahphrŋnus,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[655,756,861,884]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rentapia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[327,416,890,913]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,416,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="5">Ansonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" pageId="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,307,919,943]" pageId="5">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
—The generic name is derived from the name given by the indigenous Batak people of the Toba region in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[267,450,978,1002]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="5">Sumatera Utara</collectingRegion>
|
||
to life-sized wooden puppets called
|
||
<emphasis box="[224,357,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigale Gale</emphasis>
|
||
. These puppets are used during the
|
||
<emphasis box="[142,329,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="5">papurpur sepata</emphasis>
|
||
funerary festivals to placate the spirits of the dead who have left no children behind. The suffix is derived from the masculine and Latinized Greek noun for toad,
|
||
<emphasis box="[208,298,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5">phrŋnos</emphasis>
|
||
. The new genus, with a relatively large size compared with most arboreal toads in the region, lanky hands, and a wood-brown complexion, is evocative of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[142,268,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigale Gale</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716441/files/figure.png" pageId="5" startId="5.[868,882,1168,1187]" targetBox="[844,1514,191,1142]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[844,1514,1168,1235]" pageId="5">
|
||
FIG. 2.—Palmar (upper) and plantar (lower) surfaces of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A; MZB 25736) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[1246,1429,1192,1211]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minangkabauensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1246,1429,1192,1211]" italics="true" pageId="5">S. minangkabauensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B; MZB 25738).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[169,553,1241,1265]" pageId="5" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" box="[169,553,1241,1265]" pageId="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,364,1241,1265]" pageId="5">Common name.</emphasis>
|
||
—Puppet Toads.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" pageId="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,275,1270,1294]" pageId="5">Content.</emphasis>
|
||
—Our phylogenetic analyses indicate the presence of two species within the new genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Smart et al." authorityName="Smart" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">S. mandailinguensis</emphasis>
|
||
Smart et al.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Smart et al." box="[427,799,1329,1353]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minangkabauensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[427,659,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="5">S. minangkabauensis</emphasis>
|
||
Smart et al.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |