<document ID-DOI="10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c366b4ba-4062-44fa-83e1-1a9c617a024c" ID-ISSN="1938-5099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716435" checkinTime="1678362747126" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia & Smith, Eric N." docDate="2017" docId="D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4" docLanguage="en" docName="Herpetologica.73.1.63-75.pdf" docOrigin="Herpetologica 73 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041" docStyle="DocumentStyle:7157CB4A8C4DC19627D49B44D928F812.1:Herpetologica.2015-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="7157CB4A8C4DC19627D49B44D928F812" docStyleName="Herpetologica.2015-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sigalegalephrynus Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith 2017, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="2D047D0092739245FFB6DC75FFFCFFBD" masterDocTitle="A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera" masterLastPageNumber="75" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1678454382212" updateUser="ExternalLinkService"> <mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> <mods:titleInfo> <mods:title>A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera</mods:title> </mods:titleInfo> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Smart, Utpal</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Sarker, Goutam C.</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Arifin, Umilaela</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Harvey, Michael B.</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Sidik, Irvan</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Hamidy, Amir</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Kurniawan, Nia</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:name type="personal"> <mods:role> <mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> <mods:namePart>Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart> </mods:name> <mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource> <mods:relatedItem type="host"> <mods:titleInfo> <mods:title>Herpetologica</mods:title> </mods:titleInfo> <mods:part> <mods:date>2017</mods:date> <mods:detail type="pubDate"> <mods:number>2017-03-31</mods:number> </mods:detail> <mods:detail type="volume"> <mods:number>73</mods:number> </mods:detail> <mods:detail type="issue"> <mods:number>1</mods:number> </mods:detail> <mods:extent unit="page"> <mods:start>63</mods:start> <mods:end>75</mods:end> </mods:extent> </mods:part> </mods:relatedItem> <mods:location> <mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-16-00041</mods:url> </mods:location> <mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification> <mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041</mods:identifier> <mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c366b4ba-4062-44fa-83e1-1a9c617a024c</mods:identifier> <mods:identifier type="ISSN">1938-5099</mods:identifier> <mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7716435</mods:identifier> </mods:mods> <treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716437" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D13D057892779240FEA9D8C4FCE3FAF4" lastPageId="5" pageId="4"> <subSubSection box="[287,620,1201,1225]" pageId="4" type="nomenclature"> <paragraph blockId="4.[287,620,1201,1225]" box="[287,620,1201,1225]" pageId="4"> <heading box="[287,620,1201,1225]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" reason="2"> <taxonomicName ID-CoL="7GQW" ID-ENA="2259376" authority="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith, 2017" authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[287,508,1201,1225]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrynus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov."> <emphasis bold="true" box="[287,508,1201,1225]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrynus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> <taxonomicNameLabel box="[517,620,1201,1225]" pageId="4" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> </heading> </paragraph> </subSubSection> <subSubSection pageId="4" type="type_taxon"> <paragraph blockId="4.[118,788,1246,2001]" pageId="4"> <emphasis bold="true" box="[145,314,1246,1270]" pageId="4"> <typeStatus box="[145,206,1246,1270]" pageId="4">Type</typeStatus> species. </emphasis> — <taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[341,748,1246,1270]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis"> <emphasis box="[341,748,1246,1270]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</emphasis> </taxonomicName> by present designation. </paragraph> </subSubSection> <subSubSection lastPageId="5" pageId="4" type="diagnosis"> <paragraph blockId="4.[118,788,1246,2001]" pageId="4"> <emphasis bold="true" box="[145,522,1304,1329]" pageId="4">Diagnosis and comparisons.</emphasis> —The genus can be diagnosed based on the following ecological attributes and morphology: medium-sized (< <quantity box="[478,565,1363,1387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity> SVL) member of <taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[118,235,1392,1416]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName> , with gangly limbs, and arboreal and troglodytic habits. The morphologically comparable genus <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[698,787,1422,1445]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[698,787,1422,1445]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> (> <quantity box="[149,228,1451,1475]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity> SVL), commonly called Stream toads, is typically found on low vegetation near watercourses. The generally diminutive members of <emphasis box="[406,530,1509,1533]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> (< <quantity box="[576,660,1509,1533]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity> SVL) and <emphasis box="[118,260,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leptophrŋne</emphasis> (> <quantity box="[305,389,1539,1563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity> SVL) occur on shrubs. The only other genus of toads that has true arboreal habits is <emphasis box="[683,788,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[683,784,1569,1592]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rentapia</taxonomicName> , </emphasis> whose members typically tend to be stockier (> <quantity box="[647,723,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity> SVL) than <taxonomicName box="[176,377,1626,1650]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[176,377,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> . The genus <emphasis box="[519,639,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="4">Phrŋnoidis</emphasis> is represent-ed by two large (> <quantity box="[338,417,1656,1680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity> SVL) semiaquatic toads, usually found on rocks along streams and rivers; the members of the <emphasis box="[118,274,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="4">Duttaphrŋnus</emphasis> (> <quantity box="[312,389,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity> SVL) and <emphasis box="[509,673,1714,1738]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ingerophrŋnus</emphasis> (> <quantity box="[711,788,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity> SVL) display terrestrial or somewhat riparian habits. The monotypic genus <taxonomicName authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[314,440,1773,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudobufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[314,440,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pseudobufo</emphasis> </taxonomicName> is represented by a large (> <quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity> SVL) and aquatic species with completely webbed feet that inhabits the peat swamps of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Eastern <collectingRegion box="[360,456,1860,1884]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="4">Sumatra</collectingRegion> . </paragraph> <caption ID-Table-UUID="0DEBE4E692779241FCF8D90FFC64FA69" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0DEBE4E692779241FCF8D90FFC64FA69" pageId="4" startId="4.[846,859,1402,1421]" targetBox="[820,1490,1527,1988]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4"> <paragraph blockId="4.[820,1490,1401,1492]" pageId="4"> TABLE 2.—Pairwise genetic distances (uncorrected <emphasis box="[1317,1328,1402,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4">p</emphasis> ) observed in the sequence of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal subunit gene between two new species of puppet toads, and between arboreal toad genera of Sundaland. </paragraph> </caption> <paragraph pageId="4"> <table box="[820,1490,1527,1988]" gridcols="2" gridrows="19" pageId="4"> <tr box="[820,1490,1527,1541]" gridrow="0" pageId="4"> <th box="[820,1213,1527,1541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4">Pairwise comparison</th> <th box="[1373,1490,1527,1541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4">% difference</th> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1562,1581]" gridrow="1" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1562,1581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[820,997,1562,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis"> <emphasis box="[820,997,1562,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. mandailinguensis</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[1028,1213,1562,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minangkabauensis"> <emphasis box="[1028,1213,1562,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. minangkabauensis</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1562,1581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4">4.2</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1586,1605]" gridrow="2" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1586,1605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1586,1605]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1586,1605]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[1011,1110,1586,1605]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1586,1605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4">9–9.55</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1609,1629]" gridrow="3" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1609,1629]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1610,1629]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[1011,1124,1610,1629]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leptophrŋne</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1609,1629]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4">7.55–8.75</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1634,1653]" gridrow="4" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1634,1653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1634,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1634,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[1011,1082,1634,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[1011,1082,1634,1653]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1634,1653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4">8.6</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1657,1677]" gridrow="5" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1657,1677]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1657,1676]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1657,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[1011,1142,1657,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ingerophrŋnus</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1657,1677]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4">6.55–8.25</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1681,1701]" gridrow="6" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1681,1701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1681,1700]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1681,1700]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <taxonomicName box="[1011,1090,1682,1700]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[1011,1090,1682,1700]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1681,1701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4">8.6</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1705,1725]" gridrow="7" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1705,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1705,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1705,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <taxonomicName authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1876" box="[1011,1102,1705,1724]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pedostibes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[1011,1102,1705,1724]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pedostibes</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1705,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4">6.1</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1729,1749]" gridrow="8" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1729,1749]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1729,1748]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1729,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[1011,1107,1729,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4">Phrŋnoidis</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1729,1749]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4">6.75–6.95</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1753,1772]" gridrow="9" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1753,1772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1753,1772]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1753,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[1011,1138,1753,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1753,1772]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4">8.2</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1777,1796]" gridrow="10" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1777,1796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1777,1796]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[1011,1135,1777,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4">Duttaphrŋnus</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1777,1796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4">6.85</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1801,1820]" gridrow="11" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1801,1820]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,980,1801,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,980,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <taxonomicName authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[1011,1112,1801,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudobufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[1011,1112,1801,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pseudobufo</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1801,1820]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4">8.0</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1825,1844]" gridrow="12" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1825,1844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4"> <emphasis box="[820,919,1825,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> to <emphasis box="[950,1063,1825,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4">Leptophrŋne</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1825,1844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4">8–10.85</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1849,1868]" gridrow="13" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1849,1868]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4"> <emphasis box="[820,919,1849,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> to <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[950,1021,1849,1868]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[950,1021,1849,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1849,1868]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4">10.1</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1873,1892]" gridrow="14" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1873,1892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4"> <emphasis box="[820,919,1873,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> to <taxonomicName box="[950,1029,1873,1891]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[950,1029,1873,1891]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1873,1892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4">9.9</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1896,1916]" gridrow="15" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1896,1916]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4"> <emphasis box="[820,919,1897,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> to <emphasis box="[950,1077,1897,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1896,1916]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4">10.5</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1921,1940]" gridrow="16" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1921,1940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[820,891,1921,1940]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,891,1921,1940]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <taxonomicName box="[922,1001,1921,1939]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[922,1001,1921,1939]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1921,1940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4">7.0</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1944,1964]" gridrow="17" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1944,1964]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[820,891,1945,1964]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[820,891,1945,1964]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ansonia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> to <emphasis box="[922,1049,1944,1963]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1944,1964]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4">9.4</td> </tr> <tr box="[820,1490,1968,1988]" gridrow="18" pageId="4"> <td box="[820,1213,1968,1988]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4"> <emphasis box="[820,947,1968,1987]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sabahphrŋnus</emphasis> to <taxonomicName box="[979,1058,1969,1987]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[979,1058,1969,1987]" italics="true" pageId="4">Rentapia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> </td> <td box="[1373,1490,1968,1988]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4">9.4</td> </tr> </table> </paragraph> <paragraph blockId="4.[118,788,1246,2001]" lastBlockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" lastPageId="5" pageId="4"> Like all other Sundaland toad genera (characters in parentheses), the new genus possesses a visible or slightly visible tympanum. <taxonomicName box="[327,528,1948,1972]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[327,528,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> most closely resembles <emphasis box="[118,215,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[118,208,1978,2001]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ansonia</taxonomicName> ; </emphasis> however, the former lacks mandibular spines (mandibular spines present) and possesses combined femur and tibia lengths smaller than its SVL (SVL <femur and tibia lengths). Unlike <emphasis box="[1095,1228,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="4">Pelophrŋne,</emphasis> in <taxonomicName authority="Finger I" authorityName="Finger I" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[1285,1489,1058,1082]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> Finger I </taxonomicName> projects beyond the webbing by two phalanges (reduced Finger I, with one or no phalanges projecting beyond webbing), and males possess nuptial excrescences with well-keratinized spicules (poorly spiculated with only slight keratinization or not keratinized at all). Unlike <emphasis box="[820,1134,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="4"> <taxonomicName box="[820,921,1243,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rentapia</taxonomicName> , <taxonomicName box="[933,1134,1242,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sigalegalephrŋnus</taxonomicName> </emphasis> lacks paratoid glands (paratoids prominent). The new genus can be told apart from <emphasis box="[820,984,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="4">Ingerophrŋnus</emphasis> by the lack of well-defined parallel crests between the eyes (parallel crests prominent). Unlike <emphasis box="[142,502,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="5"> Leptophrŋne, <taxonomicName box="[301,502,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sigalegalephrŋnus</taxonomicName> </emphasis> lacks enlarged tubercles at the base of each toe, between at the articulation of the first phalanx and metacarpus (large tubercles present). Additionally, males of <emphasis box="[291,425,277,300]" italics="true" pageId="5">L. cruentata</emphasis> are unique among Southeast Asian toads in having nuptial excrescences that are white and swollen on the first and second fingers; males of <taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> (and all other genera) have nuptial excrescences with no white and swollen tissue. Unlike <emphasis italics="true" pageId="5"> Phrŋnoidis, <taxonomicName box="[142,343,422,446]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sigalegalephrŋnus</taxonomicName> </emphasis> has slender limbs (limbs robust) and toes that are less than half webbed (toes fully webbed, with the exception of the fourth). Unlike <taxonomicName authorityName="Tschudi" authorityYear="1838" box="[557,685,481,505]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Pseudobufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[557,685,481,505]" italics="true" pageId="5">Pseudobufo</emphasis> </taxonomicName> —the only Sundaland toad with fully webbed toes— <taxonomicName box="[611,812,510,534]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[611,812,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> has toes that are less than half webbed. </paragraph> <paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" pageId="5"> Males of <taxonomicName box="[279,480,568,592]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[279,480,568,592]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> can be distinguished from all other toads in the region by the presence of an elongate inner metacarpal-thenar tubercle, which is as distinct and large as the outer metacarpal tubercle, and is located medially ( <figureCitation box="[254,325,685,709]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[868,882,1168,1187]" captionTargetBox="[844,1514,191,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-742@5.[844,1514,191,1142]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2.—Palmar (upper) and plantar (lower) surfaces of Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis (A; MZB 25736) and S. minangkabauensis (B; MZB 25738)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716441/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation> ). Males of <emphasis box="[457,714,685,709]" italics="true" pageId="5">Leptophrŋne cruentata</emphasis> have an elongate and medially located inner metacarpal tubercle, but this is less distinct and noticeably smaller than the outer metacarpal tubercle, whereas <taxonomicName box="[478,577,774,797]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[478,577,774,797]" italics="true" pageId="5">Rentapia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> and <emphasis box="[635,759,773,797]" italics="true" pageId="5">Pelophrŋne</emphasis> lack the inner metacarpal tubercle altogether. Fingertips three and four of the new genus are truncated, reflecting arboreality as in <emphasis box="[336,761,861,885]" italics="true" pageId="5"> Pelophrŋne, Sabahphrŋnus, <taxonomicName box="[655,756,861,884]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rentapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rentapia</taxonomicName> , </emphasis> and some species of <taxonomicName authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[327,416,890,913]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <emphasis box="[327,416,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="5">Ansonia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> . </paragraph> </subSubSection> <subSubSection pageId="5" type="etymology"> <paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" pageId="5"> <emphasis bold="true" box="[169,307,919,943]" pageId="5">Etymology.</emphasis> —The generic name is derived from the name given by the indigenous Batak people of the Toba region in <collectingRegion box="[267,450,978,1002]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="5">Sumatera Utara</collectingRegion> to life-sized wooden puppets called <emphasis box="[224,357,1007,1031]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigale Gale</emphasis> . These puppets are used during the <emphasis box="[142,329,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="5">papurpur sepata</emphasis> funerary festivals to placate the spirits of the dead who have left no children behind. The suffix is derived from the masculine and Latinized Greek noun for toad, <emphasis box="[208,298,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5">phrŋnos</emphasis> . The new genus, with a relatively large size compared with most arboreal toads in the region, lanky hands, and a wood-brown complexion, is evocative of the <emphasis box="[142,268,1212,1236]" italics="true" pageId="5">Sigale Gale</emphasis> . </paragraph> </subSubSection> <caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7716441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7716441/files/figure.png" pageId="5" startId="5.[868,882,1168,1187]" targetBox="[844,1514,191,1142]" targetPageId="5"> <paragraph blockId="5.[844,1514,1168,1235]" pageId="5"> FIG. 2.—Palmar (upper) and plantar (lower) surfaces of <taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis"> <emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis</emphasis> </taxonomicName> (A; MZB 25736) and <taxonomicName authorityName="Smart & Sarker & Arifin & Harvey & Sidik & Hamidy & Kurniawan & Smith" authorityYear="2017" box="[1246,1429,1192,1211]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minangkabauensis"> <emphasis box="[1246,1429,1192,1211]" italics="true" pageId="5">S. minangkabauensis</emphasis> </taxonomicName> (B; MZB 25738). </paragraph> </caption> <subSubSection box="[169,553,1241,1265]" pageId="5" type="vernacular_names"> <paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" box="[169,553,1241,1265]" pageId="5"> <emphasis bold="true" box="[169,364,1241,1265]" pageId="5">Common name.</emphasis> —Puppet Toads. </paragraph> </subSubSection> <subSubSection pageId="5" type="discussion"> <paragraph blockId="5.[142,813,188,1353]" pageId="5"> <emphasis bold="true" box="[169,275,1270,1294]" pageId="5">Content.</emphasis> —Our phylogenetic analyses indicate the presence of two species within the new genus: <taxonomicName authority="Smart et al." authorityName="Smart" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mandailinguensis"> <emphasis italics="true" pageId="5">S. mandailinguensis</emphasis> Smart et al. </taxonomicName> ; and <taxonomicName authority="Smart et al." box="[427,799,1329,1353]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Sigalegalephrnnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minangkabauensis"> <emphasis box="[427,659,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="5">S. minangkabauensis</emphasis> Smart et al. </taxonomicName> </paragraph> </subSubSection> </treatment> </document>