236 lines
38 KiB
XML
236 lines
38 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3153231E86FE118BA445AC7253A2E678">Life History of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) (Coleoptera, Erotyloidea Erotylidae, Erotylini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="09AAFECB1685427D75259318F6EB25E5">Xavier, Miguel Dorcino</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E2C0280249F7AF59BEEC6FCD8A28A438">Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7242 - 0587</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="54294E93A4EB6E7F37438D9884F12EC8">Pecci-Maddalena, Italo Salvatore De Castro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="54602E527BAFB577A4BB8A1C34678036">Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR),</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="041AD259B8FA300EB74D4A0DF4331EE3">Lopes-Andrade, Cristiano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="72E99614B5A66E7A0431A1ADB054268E">Laboratório de Sistemática e Biologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="414E80BA327767417B6A56EA41B30DFF">Baseia, Iuri Goulart</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB56E0A17B0B32DDD74ED9B510B7C6AF">Laboratório de Biologia de Fungos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7242 - 0587</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="87BF9939A045B38A0EBBA21FBB7F2450">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="9267DF21FF8B6C78FF18FC9CFAB3F8AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059688" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199973756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7059688" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9267DF21FF8B6C78FF18FC9CFAB3F8AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9267DF21FF8B6C78FF18FC9CFAB3F8AA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">
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<subSubSection id="52D43DBCFF8B6C7FFF18FC9CFDBEFCCC" box="[151,584,801,828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8B6C7FFF18FC9CFDBEFCCC" blockId="3.[151,584,801,864]" box="[151,584,801,828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">
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<heading id="4139D95BFF8B6C7FFF18FC9CFDBEFCCC" bold="true" box="[151,584,801,828]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFF18FC9CFDBEFCCC" authority="(Erichson, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Erichson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[151,584,801,828]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Erotylina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaspidea">
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFF18FC9CFDBEFCCC" bold="true" box="[151,584,801,828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFF18FC9CFE82FCCB" bold="true" box="[151,372,801,828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Erotylina jaspidea</emphasis>
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(Erichson, 1847)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="52D43DBCFF8B6C7FFF18FCFBFDD9FA8B" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8B6C7FFF18FCFBFEF0FC97" blockId="3.[151,584,801,864]" box="[151,262,838,864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">
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<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFF18FCFBFEF0FC97" box="[151,262,838,864]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–2" captionStart-1="FIGURES 3–6" captionStart-2="FIGURE 7" captionStart-3="FIGURES 8–9" captionStart-4="FIGURES 10–11" captionStart-5="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="1.[151,264,1929,1953]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,264,1684,1708]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,969,993]" captionStartId-3="4.[151,264,1537,1561]" captionStartId-4="5.[151,264,643,667]" captionStartId-5="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetBox-2="[192,1435,401,926]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,1017,1513]" captionTargetBox-4="[167,1428,181,619]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1435,764,1483]" captionTargetId-0="figure-504@1.[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetId-1="figure-264@2.[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetId-2="figure-68@4.[151,1435,273,946]" captionTargetId-3="figure-86@4.[151,1435,1017,1513]" captionTargetId-4="figure-19@5.[159,1428,181,619]" captionTargetId-5="figure-61@5.[151,1435,764,1483]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="4" captionTargetPageId-4="5" captionTargetPageId-5="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 3–6. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 3. Two eggs and the first hatched larva, scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Larvae at the end of the first instar, scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Gregarious feeding behavior of second instar larvae, scale bar = 2 mm. 6. Second instar larva in the center, among third instar larvae after ecdysis, scale bar = 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 7. Third instar larvae of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). Scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 8–9. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 8. Pupae on the surface of Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv., scale bar = 2 mm. 9. Pupae attached to exuviae, scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-4="FIGURES 10–11. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 10. Newly emerged adult (teneral), similar to the original description of Erotylina intermedia (Crotch, 1876) (see Discussion), scale bar = 2 mm. 11. Copulatory behavior (September 19, 2016), scale bar = 2 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 12. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) feeding on resupinate fungi in Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil (June 2018)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059698" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059700" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059702" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059704" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059708" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059710" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7059698/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7059700/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7059702/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7059704/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7059708/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/7059710/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Figs 1–12</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8B6C7FFF18FC33FDD9FA8B" blockId="3.[151,1437,910,2016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFF18FC33FE46FC5F" bold="true" box="[151,432,910,936]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Immature stages. Eggs.</emphasis>
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<quantity id="DD36C3D2FF8B6C7FFE36FC33FDE7FC5F" box="[441,529,910,936]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
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long and
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<quantity id="DD36C3D2FF8B6C7FFD0BFC33FD1CFC5F" box="[644,746,910,936]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="0.96">0.96 mm</quantity>
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wide (n=1) oval, elongate, cylindrical; yellowish to whitish. Chorion lacking surface sculpturing; larval mandibles and tarsi visible just before eclosion (
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<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFB29FC0FFB1AFC3B" box="[1190,1260,946,972]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1929,1953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-504@1.[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059698/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFA8EFC0FFAA8FC3B" bold="true" box="[1281,1374,946,972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Larvae.</emphasis>
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With the general appearance of other
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<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFD8DFC6BFD90FC07" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[514,614,982,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Erotylini">Erotylini</taxonomicName>
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(see examples in
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<bibRefCitation id="7E5F13C6FF8B6C7FFCBEFC6BFC00FC07" author="Costa, C. & Vanin, S. A. & Casari-Chen, S. A." box="[817,1014,982,1008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" refId="ref5195" refString="Costa, C., Vanin, S. A. & Casari-Chen, S. A. (1988) Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 282 pp + 165 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100233" type="book" year="1988">
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Costa
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFCF6FC6AFC44FC07" box="[889,946,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">et al.</emphasis>
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1988
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Fourth instar larvae: Length
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<quantity id="DD36C3D2FF8B6C7FFAC1FC6BFF0CFBE3" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.405" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.3599999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="14.05" valueMax="14.5" valueMin="13.6">13.6 to 14.5 mm</quantity>
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(n=2). Body elongate, parallel-sided, subcylindrical to slightly flattened. Dorsal surfaces orange to reddishbrown, covered with darkly pigmented tergal plates and branched spines. Head hypognathous, slightly flattened; antennae short, 3-segmented. Thoracic and abdominal terga with several pairs of branched spines; tergum A9 with a pair of long and narrow fixed urogomphi (
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<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFDE1FBDBFD47FB77" box="[622,689,1126,1152]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="4.[151,250,969,993]" captionTargetBox="[192,1435,401,926]" captionTargetId="figure-68@4.[151,1435,273,946]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 7. Third instar larvae of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). Scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059702" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059702/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFD49FBDBFCEEFB77" bold="true" box="[710,792,1126,1152]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Pupae.</emphasis>
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With the general appearance of other
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<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFB30FBDBFAD5FB77" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1215,1315,1126,1152]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Erotylini">Erotylini</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="7E5F13C6FF8B6C7FFAD3FBDBFEE6FB53" author="Costa, C. & Vanin, S. A. & Casari-Chen, S. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="492" refId="ref5195" refString="Costa, C., Vanin, S. A. & Casari-Chen, S. A. (1988) Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 282 pp + 165 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 100233" type="book" year="1988">
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Costa
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFF18FB36FF38FB53" box="[151,206,1162,1188]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">et al.</emphasis>
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1988
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Total length
|
||
<quantity id="DD36C3D2FF8B6C7FFE22FB37FDE5FB53" box="[429,531,1162,1189]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
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; width
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<quantity id="DD36C3D2FF8B6C7FFDECFB37FD41FB53" box="[611,695,1162,1188]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="6.7">6.7 mm</quantity>
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(n=2). With several spines or styli (sometimes branched) bearing a small apical seta (
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<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFED3FB13FE56FB3F" box="[348,416,1198,1224]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1537,1561]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1017,1513]" captionTargetId="figure-86@4.[151,1435,1017,1513]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–9. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 8. Pupae on the surface of Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv., scale bar = 2 mm. 9. Pupae attached to exuviae, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059704/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Color white to yellowish-brown, with dark brown styli, in recently pupated specimens and yellowish to reddish-brown in older pupae. A distinct white line from clypeus onto mesonotum is present.
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<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFAC9FB6CFA6AFB1C" bold="true" box="[1350,1436,1233,1259]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Adults.</emphasis>
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Tenerals (~
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<quantity id="DD36C3D2FF8B6C7FFE9BFB4BFE8CFAE7" box="[276,378,1270,1297]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" unit="mm" value="11.5">11.5 mm</quantity>
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long; n=5) with opaque coloration. Head with black medial spot. Pronotum yellowish-brown with black sparse color marks. Elytral with whitish elytral spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFCF1FAA7FC25FAC3" box="[894,979,1306,1332]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,643,667]" captionTargetBox="[167,1428,181,619]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[159,1428,181,619]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 10. Newly emerged adult (teneral), similar to the original description of Erotylina intermedia (Crotch, 1876) (see Discussion), scale bar = 2 mm. 11. Copulatory behavior (September 19, 2016), scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059708/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fully pigmented adults bright colored. Head and prothorax fully black. Elytra with spots conspicuously red (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFC16FA83FC13FAAF" box="[921,997,1342,1368]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1929,1953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-504@1.[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059698/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFC7CFA83FBE6FAAF" box="[1011,1040,1342,1368]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,643,667]" captionTargetBox="[167,1428,181,619]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[159,1428,181,619]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 10. Newly emerged adult (teneral), similar to the original description of Erotylina intermedia (Crotch, 1876) (see Discussion), scale bar = 2 mm. 11. Copulatory behavior (September 19, 2016), scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059708/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">11</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFB94FA83FBCCFAAF" box="[1051,1082,1342,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,764,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-61@5.[151,1435,764,1483]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 12. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) feeding on resupinate fungi in Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil (June 2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059710/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males bearing a patch of setae at the center of abdominal ventrite I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="52D43DBCFF8B6C78FF48FA38FAB3F8AA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8B6C78FF48FA38FDC4FF0E" blockId="3.[151,1437,910,2016]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="493" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFF48FA38FE39FA68" bold="true" box="[199,463,1413,1440]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Biology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Most of the basidiomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFC80FA3AFC04FA57" box="[783,1010,1414,1440]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Lentinus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="substrictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFC80FA3AFC04FA57" box="[783,1010,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Lentinus substrictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFB9AFA3BFB15FA57" box="[1045,1251,1414,1440]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Polyporus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="ciliatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFB9AFA3BFB15FA57" box="[1045,1251,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Polyporus ciliatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was consumed by the female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFEB8FA16FE43FA33" baseAuthorityName="Erichson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[311,437,1450,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Erotylina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaspidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFEB8FA16FE43FA33" box="[311,437,1450,1476]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">E. jaspidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
during the four days following its capture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFC11FA17FC29FA33" box="[926,991,1450,1476]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1929,1953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-504@1.[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059698/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the morning of
|
||
<date id="6E7048F7FF8B6C7FFB40FA17FA99FA33" box="[1231,1391,1450,1476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" value="2016-06-14">June 14, 2016</date>
|
||
, the female oviposited 23 yellowish cylindrical eggs in the fungal hymenium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFC53FA73FBD4FA1F" box="[988,1058,1486,1512]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1929,1953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-504@1.[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059698/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). On June 17 to 18, eggs hatched and the first instar larvae readily fed on the fragment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFC9EFA4EFC5EF9FB" box="[785,936,1522,1548]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Lentinus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="substrictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFC9EFA4EFC5EF9FB" box="[785,936,1522,1548]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">L. substrictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFC37FA4FFC0BF9FB" box="[952,1021,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-264@2.[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 3–6. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 3. Two eggs and the first hatched larva, scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Larvae at the end of the first instar, scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Gregarious feeding behavior of second instar larvae, scale bar = 2 mm. 6. Second instar larva in the center, among third instar larvae after ecdysis, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059700/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gregariousness was observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFAE0FA4FFF53F9C6" captionStart="FIGURES 3–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-264@2.[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 3–6. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 3. Two eggs and the first hatched larva, scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Larvae at the end of the first instar, scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Gregarious feeding behavior of second instar larvae, scale bar = 2 mm. 6. Second instar larva in the center, among third instar larvae after ecdysis, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059700/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the larval behavior was marked by a period of constant feeding followed by inaction. Neither negative nor positive phototaxis was observed. The ecdysis occurred only at night: larvae hang from the fungal host by an attachment at the abdominal apex and the subsequent instar emerged from the exuviae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFBD3F9E3FB56F98F" box="[1116,1184,1630,1656]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-264@2.[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 3–6. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 3. Two eggs and the first hatched larva, scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Larvae at the end of the first instar, scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Gregarious feeding behavior of second instar larvae, scale bar = 2 mm. 6. Second instar larva in the center, among third instar larvae after ecdysis, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059700/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Four different instars were recognized. An interesting behavior was observed when the larvae were manipulated: when their dorsum was touched with a tweeze, they promptly turned up their abdomen and attacked the tweeze with their urogomphi, resembling a scorpion arching its opisthosoma (Supplementary video at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7020682). It is plausible that such “scorpion-like behavior” may be a defensive strategy (see Discussion). The pupae remained attached to their own last larval exuviae and were suspended freely from the basidiome surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFB63F8AFFAAAF8DB" box="[1260,1372,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–9" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1537,1561]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1017,1513]" captionTargetId="figure-86@4.[151,1435,1017,1513]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8–9. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 8. Pupae on the surface of Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv., scale bar = 2 mm. 9. Pupae attached to exuviae, scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059704/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pupae had somewhat a persistent foul smell, probably caused by glandular secretion. Soon after their emergence, teneral adults remained apparently inactive for a few days (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFCADF8E7FC85F883" box="[802,883,1882,1908]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="5.[151,264,643,667]" captionTargetBox="[167,1428,181,619]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[159,1428,181,619]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 10. Newly emerged adult (teneral), similar to the original description of Erotylina intermedia (Crotch, 1876) (see Discussion), scale bar = 2 mm. 11. Copulatory behavior (September 19, 2016), scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059708" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059708/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). At the end of the cuticular pigmentation process, the fully pigmented adults began to feed on basidiomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFCADF8C3FC03F86F" box="[802,1013,1918,1944]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Favolus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="tenuiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFCADF8C3FC03F86F" box="[802,1013,1918,1944]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Favolus tenuiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
offered to them, especially those well moistened, avoiding the dry ones. Once basidiomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8B6C7FFC80F81EFC56F84B" box="[783,928,1954,1980]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Favolus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="3" pageNumber="492" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="tenuiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8B6C7FFC80F81EFC56F84B" box="[783,928,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">F. tenuiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been completely consumed, they were replaced by the resupinate fungi. In field observations they were also found feeding on resupinate fungi (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8B6C7FFAB4F87BFA79F817" box="[1339,1423,1990,2016]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,764,1483]" captionTargetId="figure-61@5.[151,1435,764,1483]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 12. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847) feeding on resupinate fungi in Parque Estadual Dunas do Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil (June 2018)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059710" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059710/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="492">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8C6C78FEA0FF2AFE5AFF46" baseAuthorityName="Erichson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[303,428,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Erotylina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaspidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FEA0FF2AFE5AFF46" box="[303,428,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">E. jaspidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consumed the basidiomes of both fungi. Despite their well-developed metathoracic wings, none of the adults tried to fly. One adult showed what seemed to be a precopulatory behavior, with the elytra left opened for some time before copula.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4EB13EBFFF8C6C78FF18FC74FBDEFC16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059702" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7059702" box="[151,1064,969,993]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059702/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" startId="4.[151,250,969,993]" targetBox="[192,1435,401,926]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8C6C78FF18FC74FBDEFC16" blockId="4.[151,1064,969,993]" box="[151,1064,969,993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FF18FC74FEE5FC16" bold="true" box="[151,275,969,993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Third instar larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8C6C78FE79FC74FC93FC16" authority="(Erichson, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Erichson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[502,869,969,993]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Erotylina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaspidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FE79FC74FD47FC16" box="[502,689,969,993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">Erotylina jaspidea</emphasis>
|
||
(Erichson, 1847)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4EB13EBFFF8C6C78FF18F9BCFD8DF9CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059704" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7059704" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059704/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" startId="4.[151,264,1537,1561]" targetBox="[151,1435,1017,1513]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8C6C78FF18F9BCFD8DF9CA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1537,1597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FF18F9BCFECCF9EE" bold="true" box="[151,314,1537,1561]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">FIGURES 8–9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8C6C78FEB0F9BCFD5AF9EE" authority="(Erichson, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Erichson" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[319,684,1537,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Erotylina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaspidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FEB0F9BCFE0CF9EE" box="[319,506,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">Erotylina jaspidea</emphasis>
|
||
(Erichson, 1847)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FD3BF9BCFD31F9EE" bold="true" box="[692,711,1537,1561]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">8.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupae on the surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DDCE15B4FF8C6C78FC32F9BCFB14F9EE" authority="P. Beauv." authorityName="P. Beauv." box="[957,1250,1537,1561]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Polyporaceae" genus="Favolus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Polyporales" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="tenuiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FC32F9BCFB8AF9EE" box="[957,1148,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">Favolus tenuiculus</emphasis>
|
||
P. Beauv.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FF18F998FF5CF9CA" bold="true" box="[151,170,1573,1597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">9.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupae attached to exuviae, scale bar = 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A716E37FF8C6C78FF48F9D6FAB3F8AA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1643,1886]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">
|
||
<emphasis id="28BAB225FF8C6C78FF48F9D6FD7FF972" bold="true" box="[199,649,1643,1669]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">Rate of survival and additional notes.</emphasis>
|
||
The oviposition has not been observed. The eggs were aggregated on the fungus hymenium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8C6C78FE18F932FE2CF95E" box="[407,474,1679,1705]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1929,1953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetId="figure-504@1.[151,1435,1386,1902]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 1. Adult female, mother of the studied immatures, scale bar = 2 mm. 2. Eggs right after oviposition, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059698" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), uncovered, and hatched on June 17th, after four days following oviposition (
|
||
<tableCitation id="574C5B8CFF8C6C78FAB7F932FA7DF95E" box="[1336,1419,1679,1705]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetBox="[166,1154,372,718]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Duration of the developmental stages of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4EB13EBFFF8B6C7FFF18FEF1FBBFFE92" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" tableUuid="4EB13EBFFF8B6C7FFF18FEF1FBBFFE92">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). From the
|
||
<specimenCount id="0CC8A5BEFF8C6C78FE8DF90EFEACF939" box="[258,346,1715,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" type="egg">23 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
, five did not hatch. It was possible to observe the first sclerotized larval parts (tarsi and mandibles) within the eggs, probably used to rupture the chorion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="82F572B2FF8C6C78FD7AF96AFCCFF906" box="[757,825,1751,1777]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-264@2.[151,1435,633,1661]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 3–6. Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847). 3. Two eggs and the first hatched larva, scale bar = 1 mm. 4. Larvae at the end of the first instar, scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Gregarious feeding behavior of second instar larvae, scale bar = 2 mm. 6. Second instar larva in the center, among third instar larvae after ecdysis, scale bar = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7059700" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7059700/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="493">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The highest mortality (
|
||
<specimenCount id="0CC8A5BEFF8C6C78FBC3F96AFB2CF906" box="[1100,1242,1751,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" type="larva">seven larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
) was observed in the first larval instar, which lasted seven days (
|
||
<tableCitation id="574C5B8CFF8C6C78FD10F946FD05F8E2" box="[671,755,1787,1813]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetBox="[166,1154,372,718]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Duration of the developmental stages of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4EB13EBFFF8B6C7FFF18FEF1FBBFFE92" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" tableUuid="4EB13EBFFF8B6C7FFF18FEF1FBBFFE92">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The second larval instar (five days) had only one death and the third instar (nine days) had two deaths. The fourth larval instar was the longest (13 days) and the pupal stage lasted 14 days (
|
||
<tableCitation id="574C5B8CFF8C6C78FECBF8FEFE6EF8AA" box="[324,408,1859,1885]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,332,356]" captionTargetBox="[166,1154,372,718]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Duration of the developmental stages of Erotylina jaspidea (Erichson, 1847)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4EB13EBFFF8B6C7FFF18FEF1FBBFFE92" pageId="4" pageNumber="493" tableUuid="4EB13EBFFF8B6C7FFF18FEF1FBBFFE92">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The life span of the adults ranged from 32 to 56 days under laboratory conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |