treatments-xml/data/70/DA/7A/70DA7A581B2055B26630532825D2E569.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" ID-PMC="PMC6070582" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-106-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" ID-PubMed="30072843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326005" ModsDocID="1314-2003-106-1" checkinTime="1532592511837" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, Gloria E., Weerden, Gerard M. van der, Baden, Maria &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2018" docId="70DA7A581B2055B26630532825D2E569" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 106: 1-223" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 106" docPubDate="2018-07-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" docTitle="Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="223" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668138996586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tsarkinen@rbge.org.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Poczai, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 7, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Weerden, Gerard M. van der</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Experimental Garden, Radboud University, Faculty of Science Box 49, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baden, Maria</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK- 5230 Odense M, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2018-07-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number>106</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>223</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="146692536" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:70DA7A581B2055B26630532825D2E569" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/70DA7A581B2055B26630532825D2E569" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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2. 
<taxonomicName LSID="70DA7A58-1B20-55B2-6630-532825D2E569" authority="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768." authorityName="Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Solanum americanum Mill A Habit B Detail of abaxial leaf surface C Detail of adaxial leaf surface D Branch with inflorescence E Leaf F Dissected flower G Fruit (A-D, F-G Cremers 8084; E Farrugia 2773). Drawing by R. Wise." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218710" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Solanum americanum Mill A Habit B Leaves and young inflorescence C Buds and flowers D Mature, shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (A, D Knapp et al. 10210; B Knapp et al. 10205; C Knapp et al. 10360). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218711" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 8</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">Solanum nigrum L. var. patulum</taxonomicName>
L., Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. &quot;Solanum procerius patulum, vulgaris fructu&quot;, cultivated in England, at James 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sherard’s">Sherard's</normalizedToken>
garden in Eltham (Hortus Elthamensis) (lectotype, designated here: Dillenius, Hortus Elthamensis 2: 367, t. 275, f. 355. 1732). &quot;Solanum procerius patulum, vulgaris fructu&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Dillenius 441</emphasis>
(epitype, designated here [as lectotype by 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" refId="B118" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum spp. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 105 - 125" title="Solanum spp." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae." year="2012">Edmonds 2012</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 136]: OXF [Dill-HE 275-355).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq., Collectanea [Jacquin] 2: 288. 1789.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated in Austria at Vienna, said to be from Mauritius (&quot;crescit insula Mauritii&quot;), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Jacquin s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 28: BM [BM000617682]; isolectotype: W [W0022646]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">Solanum patulum</taxonomicName>
(L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 2: 23. 1800.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">Solanum nigrum L. var. patulum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum papilionaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papilionaceum">Solanum papilionaceum</taxonomicName>
Dum.Cours., Bot. Cult. 2: 135. 1802.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated from seeds received from the Jardin Nat. [Paris] (no specimens cited, likely to have been described from living material). Cultivated in Paris (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“H.P.”">&quot;H.P.&quot;</normalizedToken>
), 1825, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. [Herb. Maire] s.n.</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: P [P00582223]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum strictum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strictum">Solanum strictum</taxonomicName>
Zuccagni, Cent. Observ. Bot. [p. 20] No. 49. 1806.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated in Italy; &quot;Semina nobis communicavit Cl. Thouin sub nomine S. nigri sp. nova&quot; (no specimens cited; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zuccagni’s">Zuccagni's</normalizedToken>
herbarium originally at FI but destroyed). Cultivated in Italy in Bologna &quot;j. de Bologna&quot;, 6 Jul 1808, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144215]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum rumphii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rumphii">Solanum rumphii</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Hist. Nat. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
157. 1813.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Indonesia. Malaku: Amboina (no specimens cited; lectotype, designated here: Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinenese 6: t. 26, fig. 2, 1750).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Solanum oleraceum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Encycl. [J. Lamarck &amp; al.] Suppl. 3: 750. 1814.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Antilles”">&quot;Antilles&quot;</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb, Richard s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735: P [P00319557]; isolectotypes: G-DC [G00144258], MPU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schult" authorityYear="1814" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">Solanum dillenii</taxonomicName>
Schult., 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Öster">Oester</normalizedToken>
. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 393. 1814, as &quot; 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="Dilleni" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dilleni" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Dilleni</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Hungary?. &quot;In umbrosis Matra [
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mátra]”">Matra]&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Kitaibel s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BP [Herb. Kit. fasc. IX, No. 102, small-flowered stem only]; isolectotype: B-W [B-W 04364-03]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1816" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum microspermum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="microspermum">Solanum microspermum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Solan. Syn. 12. 1816.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Origin unknown, 1815, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. (Herb. Thibaud) s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144267]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. F. W. Mey" authorityYear="1818" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum erythrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erythrocarpon">Solanum erythrocarpon</taxonomicName>
G.Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 109. 1818.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Suriname. Saramacca: Hamburg (Essequibo), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E.K. Rodschied 31</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: GOET [GOET003505]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ham" authorityYear="1825" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum desvauxii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="desvauxii">Solanum desvauxii</taxonomicName>
Ham., Prod. Pl. Ind. Occ. 26. 1825, nom. illeg. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">S. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq. (cited in synonymy).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Vell., Fl. Flumin. 85. 1829 [1825], nom. illeg., not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. (1753)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. [Rio de Janeiro]: &quot;undequaeque nascitur&quot; (lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="822 - 836" refId="B201" refString="Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Romero, MV, Vignoli-Silva, M, Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, 2015. Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis. Taxon 64 (4): 822 - 836, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" title="Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14" volume="64" year="2015">Knapp et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 832: [illustration] Original parchment plate of Flora Fluminensis in the Manuscript Section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro [cat. no.: mss1198651_112] and later published in Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 2: tab. 109. 1831).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenuiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">Solanum tenuiflorum</taxonomicName>
Steud., Nomencl. ed. 2, 2: 606. 1841.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on (replacement name for) 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Vell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum indecorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indecorum">Solanum indecorum</taxonomicName>
A.Rich., Hist. Fls. Cuba, Fanerogamia 11: 121. 1841.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cuba. Sin loc., 1836, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. de la Sagra s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: P [P00370899]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="nodiflorum">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 16. 1846.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. angulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="angulosum">Solanum nigrum L. var. angulosum</taxonomicName>
Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 16. 1846, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. angulosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="angulosum">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Sendtn. var. angulosum</taxonomicName>
Sendtn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenuiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">Solanum tenuiflorum</taxonomicName>
Steud. (= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Vell.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="aguaraquiya">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
Sendtn., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 10: 17. 1846.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul: &quot;Pat. Joan a St. Barbara&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.F.P. Martius s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: M [M-0171809]; isolectotype: M [M-0171810]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. minus" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="minus">Solanum nigrum L. var. minus</taxonomicName>
Hook.f., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20(2): 201. 1847, as &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">minor</emphasis>
&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Ecuador. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
Islands: James Island [Santiago], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Darwin s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: CGE [CGE00297]; isolectotype: K [K000922162]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum amarantoides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amarantoides">Solanum amarantoides</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 55. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Gaudichaud 522</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735 [as holotype]; second step designated here: P [P00319574]; isolectotypes: P [P00319575], MPU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulum subsp. var. var. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pterocaulum" subSpecies="var." variety="aguaraquiya">Solanum pterocaulum Dunal var. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
(Sendtn.) Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 52. 1852, as ' 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pterocaulon">Solanum pterocaulon</taxonomicName>
'.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. aguaraquiya" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="aguaraquiya">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
Sendtn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ptychanthum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ptychanthum">Solanum ptychanthum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 54. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. United States of America. Georgia: Chatham Co., Savannah, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144485]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. macrophyllum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="macrophyllum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. macrophyllum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Gaudichaud 521</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735: P [P00319582]; isolectotypes: P [P00319583, P00319585], G-DC [G00144100], G [G00343373]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. acuminatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="acuminatum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Sin loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Vauthier 537</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735 [as type ex Herb. Drake]: P [P00319615]; isolectotypes: P [P00319614], G-DC [G00343360]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. petiolastrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="petiolastrum">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. petiolastrum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 46. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Novo Friburgo, 1842, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Claussen 180</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00319584]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inops" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inops">Solanum inops</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 55. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Mexico. &quot;sin. loc.&quot; [Tamaulipas: Tampico, 4 Feb 1827], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.L. Berlandier 46</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144469]; isotypes: BM [BM000775579], F [V0073104F, acc. # 680275], LE, P [P00336046, P00336047, P00336048], W [1889-0291394, 1889-0144848]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="nodiflorum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 637. 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="rumphii" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma rumphii</taxonomicName>
(Dunal) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 637. 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum rumphii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rumphii">Solanum rumphii</taxonomicName>
Dunal
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="nodiflorum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 637. 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="uniflorum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma uniflorum</taxonomicName>
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 638. 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Indonesia. Java: &quot;op den 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Diëng">Dieng</normalizedToken>
, 6000-8000 ft&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F.W. Junghuhn s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: U [U0113977]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">Solanum patulum</taxonomicName>
Kit. ex Kanitz, Linnaea 32: 440. 1863, nom illeg., not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">Solanum patulum</taxonomicName>
(L.) 
<bibRefCitation author="Roth, AW" journalOrPublisher="ARM-W" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B315" refString="Roth, AW, 1800. Catalecta Botanica. fasc. 2. J.F. Gleditsch, Leipzig." title="Catalecta Botanica. fasc. 2. J. F. Gleditsch, Leipzig." year="1800">Roth (1800)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schult" authorityYear="1814" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">Solanum dillenii</taxonomicName>
Schult. (cited in synonymy)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="dillenii">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. dillenii</taxonomicName>
(Schult.) Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 478. 1866.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schult" authorityYear="1814" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">Solanum dillenii</taxonomicName>
Schult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="dillenii">Solanum nigrum L. var. dillenii</taxonomicName>
(Schult.) A.Gray, Synopt. Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 228. 1878.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schult" authorityYear="1814" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">Solanum dillenii</taxonomicName>
Schult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="nodiflorum">Solanum nigrum L. var. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) A.Gray, Synopt. Fl. N. Amer 2(1): 228. 1878.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="oleraceum">Solanum nigrum L. var. oleraceum</taxonomicName>
(Dunal) Hitchc., Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard 4: 111. 1893.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum oleraceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oleraceum">Solanum oleraceum</taxonomicName>
Dunal
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="nodiflorum">Solanum nigrum L. var. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) Hitchc., Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 4: 111. 1893, nom. illeg., not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="nodiflorum">Solanum nigrum L. var. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) A. 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Gray, A, 1878. Order XCV. Solanaceae. Synoptical Flora of North America vol. 2(1). Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Company, New York, 224-244." title="Order XCV. Solanaceae. Synoptical Flora of North America vol. 2 (1). Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Company, New York, 224 - 244." year="1878">Gray (1878)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum</taxonomicName>
(Mill.) O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Mill.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="O.E.Schulz" authorityYear="1909" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="grandifolium" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma grandifolium</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="grandifolia" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma" variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz forma grandifolia</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Puerto Rico. &quot;prope Cayey in sylvis ad rivulum superiorem m. Sept. fl. et. fr.&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.E.E. Sintenis 2429</emphasis>
(probably type, no herbarium cited).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="O.E.Schulz" authorityYear="1909" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="parvifolium" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma parvifolium</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz, Symb. Antill. (Urban) 6: 160. 1909, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="parvifolia" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma var. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma" variety="americanum">Solanum nigrum L, var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz forma parvifolia</taxonomicName>
O.E.Schulz.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cuba. La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas, &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Baker Herb. Cub. 3377</emphasis>
&quot; (probably type, no herbarium cited).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum minutibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minutibaccatum">Solanum minutibaccatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 549. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Bolivia. La Paz: San Carlos, bei Mapiri, 750 m, Aug 1907, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O. Buchtien 1443</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: US [00027684, acc. # 1175843]; isotypes: GOET [GOET003478], NY [00172089]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum inconspicuum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inconspicuum">Solanum inconspicuum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 204. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Peru. Lima: Lima, 12 Jul 1910, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Seler 222</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tenellum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenellum">Solanum tenellum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 219. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brasil. Minas Gerais: &quot;Prope urbem Caldas florens fructibusque instructum&quot;, 4 Oct 1869, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.F. Regnell III 970</emphasis>
(holotype: UPS; isotypes: US [00027821, acc. # 201069, 01931849, acc. # 201352]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum minutibaccatum subsp. curtipedunculatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="minutibaccatum" subSpecies="curtipedunculatum">Solanum minutibaccatum Bitter subsp. curtipedunculatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 205. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Guanai-Tipuani, Apr-Jun 1892, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M. Bang 1462</emphasis>
(holotype: W; isotypes: BM [BM000617672], E [E00106087], M [M-0171808], MO [MO-503647], NDG [NDG42278], NY [00172090, 00172091, 00172092], PH [PH00030453], US [00027685, acc. # 1324656], WIS [0256198WIS]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sciaphilum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sciaphilum">Solanum sciaphilum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 220. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Brazil. Santa Catarina: Pedras Grandes, Aug 1890, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Ule 1678</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed, F neg. 2851; lectotype, designated here: HBG [HBG-511539]; isolectotype: HBG [HBG-511540]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum curtipes" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="curtipes">Solanum curtipes</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 228. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Paraguay. Cordillera: San Bernardino, Aug 1898-1899, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="É">E</normalizedToken>
. Hassler 3104
</emphasis>
(holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, CV" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B248" refString="Morton, CV, 1976. A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba." title="A revision of the Argentine species of Solanum. Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba." year="1976">Morton 1976</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 149; second step designated here: G [G00306710]; isolectotypes: G [G00306711, G00306712, G00306713, G00306714], K [K000532497], P [P00325762], NY [00139112], UC [UC950837]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calvum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calvum">Solanum calvum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 81. 1913.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Mexico. Baja California: Guadalupe Island, 1875, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. Palmer 60</emphasis>
[pro parte] (holotype: UPS; isotypes: BM [BM001017192], MO [MO-159620, MO-568722], NY [00138967, 00759880], YU [YU065319]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum depilatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="depilatum">Solanum depilatum</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 88. 1913.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Madagascar. Toliara: Fort Dauphin [anchorage], 1897, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. Paroisse 10</emphasis>
(holotype: P [P00338747]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum imerinense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="imerinense">Solanum imerinense</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 566. 1913.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Madagascar. Antananarivo: &quot;Central Madagaskar, Imerina&quot;, Dec 1880, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.M. Hildebrandt 3796</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" refId="B118" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum spp. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 105 - 125" title="Solanum spp." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae." year="2012">Edmonds 2012</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 136: M [M-0105626]; isolectotypes: CORD [CORD00006927], P [P00338727, P00338738], BM [BM000887188]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sancti-thomae" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sancti-thomae">Solanum sancti-thomae</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 560. 1913, as &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sancti Thomae</emphasis>
&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Tome and Principe: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Tome, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. Quintas &amp; A. Moller 47</emphasis>
(syntypes: B, destroyed, COI, not located).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. var. var. sapucayense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="sapucayense">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. var. sapucayense</taxonomicName>
Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Genève">Geneve</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
. 2, 8: 150. 1916.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Paraguay. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraguarí">Paraguari</normalizedToken>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sapucaí">Sapucai</normalizedToken>
[
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sapucay”">&quot;Sapucay&quot;</normalizedToken>
], 1914, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Chodat &amp; W. Vischer 46</emphasis>
(holotype: G [G00306708]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="dillenii">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. dillenii</taxonomicName>
(Schult.) Probst, Mitteil. Naturfor. Gesellsch. Solothurn 9: 33. 1932.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schult" authorityYear="1814" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dillenii">Solanum dillenii</taxonomicName>
Schult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. pauciflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="pauciflorum">Solanum nigrum L. var. pauciflorum</taxonomicName>
Liou, Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 3: 454. 1935.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. China. Hainan: Ngai District, Yeung Ling Shan, 5 Jun 1932, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S.K. Lau 209</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BM [BM000942311]; isolectotypes: A, LU?, K [K001152446]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liou" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="merrillianum">Solanum merrillianum</taxonomicName>
Liou, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 455. 1935.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. China. Hainan: Thai Hang, Shek Kuet 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ts’o">Ts'o</normalizedToken>
, Lin Fa Shan and vicinity, Lam Ko District, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W.T. Tsang 412</emphasis>
(holotype: LU [acc. no. 15911, not seen]; isotypes: A [A00077824, A00395157], E [E00718800], MO [acc. # 1037660], S [acc. # S-G-5703]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nakamura &amp; Odashima" authorityYear="1936" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum photeinocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="photeinocarpum">Solanum photeinocarpum</taxonomicName>
Nakam. &amp; Odash., J. Soc. Trop. Agric., Taiwan 8: 54. 1936.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Taiwan. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Taihoku”">&quot;Taihoku&quot;</normalizedToken>
[Taipei?], 28 Feb 1936, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K. Odashima 17720</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: TAI).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polgar" authorityYear="1939" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pachystylum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pachystylum">Solanum pachystylum</taxonomicName>
Polg., Trans.&amp; Proc. Roy. Soc. N. Z. 69: 280. 1940.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. New Zealand. North Island: Auckland, Mt. Wellington, near Auckland, Plant Research Station, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H.H. Allan s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: CHR [8954]; isotypes: CHR [8954 A], CHR [8954 B]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum subsp. var. var. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="americanum" subSpecies="var." variety="nodiflorum">Solanum americanum Mill. var. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) Edmonds, J. Arnold Arb. 52: 634. 1971.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.Y.Wu &amp; S.C.Huang" authorityYear="1974" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum suffruticosum subsp. var. var. merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="suffruticosum" subSpecies="var." variety="merrillianum">Solanum suffruticosum Schousb. ex Lange var. merrillianum</taxonomicName>
(Liou) C.Y.Wu &amp; S.C.Huang, Fl. Hainan. 3: 586. 1974.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liou" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="merrillianum">Solanum merrillianum</taxonomicName>
Liou
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum subsp. nutans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="nutans">Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. subsp. nutans</taxonomicName>
R.J.F.Hend., Contr. Queensland Herb. 16: 30. 1974.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Australia. Queensland: Brisbane, Dept. Primary, Industrial grounds, 3 Jul 1969, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R.J.F. Henderson 518</emphasis>
(holotype: BRI [AQ0023172]; isotypes K [K001080528], NSW [NSW568939], MEL [MEL2289999A]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Edmonds" authorityYear="1977" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="americanum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">Solanum americanum Mill. var. patulum</taxonomicName>
(L.) Edmonds, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 75: 171. 1977.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">Solanum nigrum L. var. patulum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum subsp. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="americanum" subSpecies="nodiflorum">Solanum americanum Mill. subsp. nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
(Jacq.) R.J.F.Hend., Austrobaileya 2: 555. 1988.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">Solanum nodiflorum</taxonomicName>
Jacq.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pauciflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflorum">Solanum pauciflorum</taxonomicName>
(Liou) H.Y.Zhang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 19(2): 131. 1999.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">Solanum americanum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. pauciflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="pauciflorum">Solanum nigrum L. var. pauciflorum</taxonomicName>
Liou
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Cultivated at the Chelsea Physic Garden [in protologue said to &quot;grow naturally in Virginia&quot;], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Miller s.n.</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B103" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 103 [as type]: BM [BM000617683]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Annual to short-lived erect or weakly scrambling perennial herbs up to 1.5 m tall, subwoody and branching at base. Stems spreading, terete or somewhat angled with ridges, green to somewhat purple tinged, older stems often appearing spinescent, not markedly hollow; new growth pubescent with simple, spreading, uniseriate, translucent, eglandular trichomes, these 2-8-celled, 0.2-0.8 mm long, often clustered along the stem angles; older stems glabrescent, with only the trichome bases persisting as pseudo-spines. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 3.5-10.5 cm long, 1.0-4.5 cm wide, ovate to elliptic, membraneous, concolorous, without odour; adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, these evenly spread along the lamina and the veins; abaxial surface similar but more densely pubescent; major veins 3-6 pairs; base attenuate, decurrent on the petiole; margins entire or occasionally sinuate-dentate; apex acute; petioles (0.3-)2.0-3.8(-4.0) cm long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems. Inflorescences 0.6-2.5 cm long, internodal, simple or very rarely furcate, umbelliform to sub-umbelliform, with (3-)4-6(-8) flowers (very rarely with more flowers in branched inflorescences), sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle (0.5-)1.0-1.8 cm long, straight and stout; pedicels 3-9 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.5 mm at the apex, stout, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0-0.5 mm apart, clustered at the tip of the inflorescence. Buds broadly ellipsoid, the corolla 1 exserted/3 beyond the calyx lobe tips before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 0.8-1.3 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, broadly triangular, the tips obtuse, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stem. Corolla 3-6 mm in diameter, white with a yellow-green central portion near the base, stellate, lobed 1/2-2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 2.0-3.2 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely papillate abaxially with 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser on the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.8 mm long, adaxially pubescent with tangled uniseriate trichomes; anthers 0.8-1.5 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, ellipsoid to almost globose, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.2-2.6 mm long, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the lower 2/3 where included in the anther cone, almost included to exserted 0.5(-1.0) mm beyond the anther cone; stigma minutely capitate, the surface minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 4-9(-12) mm in diameter, purplish-black at maturity, the pericarp thin and markedly shiny; fruiting pedicels 13-18 mm long, 0.7-1.0 mm in diameter at the base and 0.8-1.0 mm at apex, stout, straight and spreading, spaced 0-0.5 mm apart, not falling with the fruit, remaining on the plant and persistent on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube less than 1 mm long, the lobes 1(-2) mm long, strongly reflexed at fruit maturity. Seeds 30-50 per berry, 1.0-1.5 mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells mostly absent (Australia, South Pacific and South America), but if present (North America, Mexico, Eurasia and Africa) 2-4(6) per berry, 2-4 larger ones&gt;0.5 mm and two smaller ones &lt;0.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2n</emphasis>
=2x=24 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.9.231" author="Tokunaga, K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 238" refId="B375" refString="Tokunaga, K, 1933. Studies on the chromosome numbers of some species in Solanaceae. Japanese Journal of Genetics 9 (4): 231 - 238, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.9.231" title="Studies on the chromosome numbers of some species in Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.9.231" volume="9" year="1933">Tokunaga 1933</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" author="Nakamura, M" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia Fujii Jubilae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 68" refId="B255" refString="Nakamura, M, 1937. Cyto-genetical studies on the genus Solanum. I. Autopolyploidy of Solanum nigrum Linn. Cytologia Fujii Jubilae 1 (1): 57 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" title="Cyto-genetical studies on the genus Solanum. I. Autopolyploidy of Solanum nigrum Linn." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" volume="1" year="1937">Nakamura 1937</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. photeinocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="photeinocarpum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. photeinocarpum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 
<bibRefCitation author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="70 - 80" refId="B354" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 80" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock 1949</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B163" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser 1955</bibRefCitation>
under 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Baylis, GTS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="379 - 285" refId="B15" refString="Baylis, GTS, 1958. A cytogenetical study of New Zealand forms of Solanum nigrum L., S. nodiflorum Jacq. and S. gracile Otto. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 85: 379 - 285" title="A cytogenetical study of New Zealand forms of Solanum nigrum L., S. nodiflorum Jacq. and S. gracile Otto." volume="85" year="1958">Baylis 1958</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" author="Soria, J" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="245 - 255" refId="B343" refString="Soria, J, Heiser, CB, 1961. A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Economic Botany 15 (3): 245 - 255, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" title="A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" volume="15" year="1961">Soria and Heiser 1961</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" author="Heiser, CB Jr" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="471 - 488" refId="B167" refString="Heiser, CB Jr, Soria, J, Burton, DL, 1965. A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids. American Naturalist 99 (909): 471 - 488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" title="A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" volume="99" year="1965">Heiser et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B103" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B104" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="153 - 167" refId="B109" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1982. Epidermal hair morphology in Solanum L. section Solanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85 (3): 153 - 167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" title="Epidermal hair morphology in Solanum L. section Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" volume="85" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="229 - 246" refId="B110" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1983. Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 (3): 229 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" title="Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" volume="87" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1984.tb01573.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="237 - 251" refId="B111" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1984a. Pollen morphology of Solanum L. section Solanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 88 (3): 237 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1984.tb01573.x" title="Pollen morphology of Solanum L. section Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1984.tb01573.x" volume="88" year="1984 a">1984a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" author="Venkateswarlu, J" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 326" refId="B384" refString="Venkateswarlu, J, Rao, MK, 1972. Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 37 (2): 317 - 326, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" title="Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" volume="37" year="1972">Venkateswarlu and Rao 1972</bibRefCitation>
[vouchers labelled as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
S14, S30, S31]; 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Tandon, SL" editor="Hutchinson, J" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 117" refId="B368" refString="Tandon, SL, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. In: Hutchinson, J, Ed., Evolutionary studies in world crops: Diversity and change in the Indian subcontinent. Cambridge University Press, London: 109 - 117" title="Solanum nigrum L." volumeTitle="Evolutionary studies in world crops: Diversity and change in the Indian subcontinent." year="1974">Tandon 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1975.10796618" author="Bhiravamurty, PV" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="287 - 294" refId="B22" refString="Bhiravamurty, PV, 1975. Pachytene chromosome morphology of Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. Caryologia 28 (3): 287 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1975.10796618" title="Pachytene chromosome morphology of Solanum nodiflorum Jacq." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1975.10796618" volume="28" year="1975">Bhiravamurty 1975</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="369 - 379" refId="B299" refString="Randell, BR, Symon, DE, 1976. Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species. Australian Journal of Botany 24 (3): 369 - 379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" title="Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" volume="24" year="1976">Randell and Symon 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="241 - 246" refId="B141" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986a. Taxonomic status of the Solanum nigrum complex found in India. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 96: 241 - 246" title="Taxonomic status of the Solanum nigrum complex found in India." volume="96" year="1986 a">Ganapathi and Rao 1986a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B365" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01879.x" author="Schilling, EE" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="253 - 259" refId="B327" refString="Schilling, EE, Andersen, RN, 1990. The black nightshades (Solanum section Solanum) of the Indian subcontinent. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 102 (3): 253 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01879.x" title="The black nightshades (Solanum section Solanum) of the Indian subcontinent." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb01879.x" volume="102" year="1990">Schilling and Andersen 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bukenya, ZR" editor="Van der Maesen, LJG" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 37" refId="B47" refString="Bukenya, ZR, 1996. Uses, chromosome number and distribution of Solanum species in Uganda. In: Van der Maesen, LJG, van Medenbach de Rooy, JM, Eds., The Biodiversity of African Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands: 33 - 37" title="Uses, chromosome number and distribution of Solanum species in Uganda." volumeTitle="The Biodiversity of African Plants." year="1996">Bukenya 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" author="Jacoby, A" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 307" refId="B177" refString="Jacoby, A, Labuschagne, MT, 2006. Hybridization studies of five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa and two cocktail tomato cultivars. Euphytica 149 (3): 303 - 307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" title="Hybridization studies of five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa and two cocktail tomato cultivars." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" volume="149" year="2006">Jacoby and Labuschagne 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.855389" author="Moyetta, NR" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="333 - 345" refId="B252" refString="Moyetta, NR, Stiefkens, LB, Bernardello, G, 2013. Karyotypes of South American species of the Morelloid and Dulcamaroid clades (Solanum, Solanaceae). Caryologia 66 (4): 333 - 345, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.855389" title="Karyotypes of South American species of the Morelloid and Dulcamaroid clades (Solanum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2013.855389" volume="66" year="2013">Moyetta et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00592" author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="472 - 483" refId="B273" refString="Olet, EA, Lye, KA, Stedje, B, 2015. Crossing relationships and chromosome numbers of Solanum section Solanum in Uganda. Nordic Journal of Botany 33 (4): 472 - 483, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00592" title="Crossing relationships and chromosome numbers of Solanum section Solanum in Uganda." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00592" volume="33" year="2015">Olet et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326143" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218710" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Detail of abaxial leaf surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Detail of adaxial leaf surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Branch with inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
Leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
Dissected flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
Fruit (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D, F-G</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cremers 8084</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Farrugia 2773</emphasis>
). Drawing by R. Wise.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326145" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218711" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Leaves and young inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Buds and flowers 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Mature, shiny black fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, D</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10210</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10205</emphasis>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Knapp et al. 10360</emphasis>
). Photos by S. Knapp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Distribution of Solanum americanum Mill in the Old World." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218712" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9</figureCitation>
). Globally distributed weed found across tropical and subtropical areas; probably native to the Americas, but there is little evidence for its origin or introduction.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326147" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218712" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mill in the Old World.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Grows in disturbed habitats and associated with human activities in tropical moist to dry areas, in dry areas often found growing in full shade close to water sources; between sea level and 2,000 (-2,500) m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
American Samoa: magalo; Australia: glossy nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
); Benin: odu, ogomo, feibii (
<bibRefCitation author="Essou, J-P" editor="Akoegninou, A" journalOrPublisher="Universited'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="947 - 958" refId="B125" refString="Essou, J-P, Hermans, MJW, 2006. Solanaceae. In: Akoegninou, A, van der Burg, WJ, van der Maesen, LJG, Eds., Flore analytique du Benin. Universited'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou: 947 - 958" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore analytique du Benin." year="2006">Essou and Hermans 2006</bibRefCitation>
); China: shao hua long kui, guang zhi mu long kui (as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="merrillianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. merrillianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, ZY" editor="Wu, ZY" journalOrPublisher="17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="300 - 332" refId="B411" refString="Zhang, ZY, Lu, AM, D'Arcy, WG, 1994. Solanaceae. In: Wu, ZY, Raven, PH, Eds., Flora of China, Vol. 17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: 300 - 332" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, Vol." year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
); Finland: amerikanmustakoiso (
<bibRefCitation author="Haemet-Ahti, L" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B157" refString="Haemet-Ahti, L, Suominen, J, Ulvinen, T, Uotila, P, 1998. Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki." title="Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki." year="1998">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hämet-Ahti">Haemet-Ahti</normalizedToken>
et al. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
); Ghana: ebibirba; Indonesia. booso, doehet ratti, lohoet/lohoetoe [lohoetoe-lohoetoe] ranti; Kenya: mnairi; Madagascar: anamama; Malaysia: beliwan, lutan, ranti, tutan, tutan-toposi; Mauritius: brede martin; New Zealand: small-flowered nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="Webb, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Food Safety" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B393" refString="Webb, CJ, Sykes, WR, Garnock-Jones, PJ, 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchruch." title="Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchruch." year="1988">Webb et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
); Nigeria: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="odú">odu</normalizedToken>
; Niue: plo fua, polo kai; Norfolk Island: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="ang’adsindra">ang'adsindra</normalizedToken>
, bwamunovi; Papua New Guinea: tuskombuk; Philippines: amti niitang [Ifugao people], onti; South Africa: black nightshade; Sri Lanka: kalu kamberiya; Sweden: Amerikansk nattskatta (
<bibRefCitation author="Mossberg, B" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B251" refString="Mossberg, B, Stenberg, L, Karlsson, T, 2003. Den nya Nordiska floran. Wahlstrom &amp; Widstrand, Stockholm." title="Den nya Nordiska floran. Wahlstrom &amp; Widstrand, Stockholm." year="2003">Mossberg et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
); Tanzania: imbenek, mavu, mnafu, mnaru, mwihakhi; Tonga: polo kai, polo tonga; Uganda: ocuga; United States of America[Hawaii]: popolo, popolohua; Vanuatu: ne poro, poro.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In all parts of its range, the leaves of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are used as spinach and the ripe berries are eaten, either raw or cooked.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B176" refString="IUCN, 2016. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an extremely widespread cosmopolitan weed and can be assessed as LC (Least Concern; Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="T7" captionText="Table 7. Preliminary conservation assessments for the Old World members of the Morelloid clade. For details, see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO (Extent of Occurrence) only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The conservation status of species known to be introduced in the Old World has been assessed considering native range only and is discussed under each species treatments." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558">7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a diploid species that can be easily recognised by its shiny black fruits on spreading pedicels with strongly reflexed calyx lobes (to parallel with the pedicel) that are somewhat papillate abaxially. In fruit, the pedicels remain on the plant after fruits fully mature and drop off, leaving behind a distinct group of tightly clustered spreading pedicels with reflexed calyx lobes; this character is easily visible in many herbarium specimens. In flower, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has tiny, almost globose anthers 0.8-1.5 mm long borne on short filaments. It can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. opacum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="opacum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. opacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also has tiny anthers of the same size, in its shorter filaments relative to anther size and in its deltate calyx lobes with rounded tips. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum opacum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="opacum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum opacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has longer filaments relative to anther size, long-triangular calyx lobes and, in fruit, the calyx lobes are appressed to the base of the berry. Three other morelloids with such small anthers can be difficult to distinguish from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are often confused with it in herbaria. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum emulans" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf. does not occur in the Old World (except sometimes in old botanical garden collections, see discussion of the typification of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="patulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. patulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below; it is a species of the north-eastern United States and Canada) has matte berries and longer calyx lobes. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nitidibaccatum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has extremely small anthers, but can be easily distinguished by its glandular pubescence and accrescent calyx in fruit. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum opacum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="opacum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum opacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the third morelloid with tiny anthers and the most difficult to distinguish from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Old World. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. opacum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="opacum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. opacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
co-occur across the Pacific and distinguishing individual specimens can be difficult, but the shiny fruits (versus matte in 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. opacum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="opacum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. opacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and persistent pedicels with strongly reflexed calyx lobes are good characters by which to recognise 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In southeast Asia and China, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is at least partially sympatric with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see discussion of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The species can be distinguished by anther size (0.8-1.5 mm versus ca. 2-2.5 mm) and by inflorescence morphology; 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has few flowers that are tightly congested in the distal part of the inflorescence, while 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has more flowers that are more spaced out along the inflorescence rhachis, although young inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can appear sub-umbellate. In fruit, the strongly reflexed calyx lobes of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinctive and the seeds are smaller than those of the hexaploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ca. 1 mm versus ca. 2 mm long).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liou" authorityYear="1935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum merrillianum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="merrillianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum merrillianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognised as a distinct species in the Flora of China (
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, ZY" editor="Wu, ZY" journalOrPublisher="17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="300 - 332" refId="B411" refString="Zhang, ZY, Lu, AM, D'Arcy, WG, 1994. Solanaceae. In: Wu, ZY, Raven, PH, Eds., Flora of China, Vol. 17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: 300 - 332" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, Vol." year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
), but variation described fits within the observed variation of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after studies of the species across its global range. Specimens described as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. merrillianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="merrillianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. merrillianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show branching inflorescences in some individuals with generally larger number of flowers per inflorescence than seen in 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the larger inflorescences may be due to pre-domestication and/or selection of the species in China and Taiwan, where fruits of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are commonly eaten.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits the highest infraspecific genetic diversity compared to polyploids (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" author="Dehmer, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="551 - 558" refId="B85" refString="Dehmer, KJ, Hammer, K, 2004. Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51 (5): 551 - 558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" title="Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" volume="51" year="2004">Dehmer and Hammer 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Based on its distribution, molecular and crossing experiments, it is believed to be the diploid parent of the two hexaploids 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/g87-107" author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Genome" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="639 - 642" refId="B145" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1987a. Phylogenetic relationships in the evolution of Solanum scabrum. Genome 29 (4): 639 - 642, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/g87-107" title="Phylogenetic relationships in the evolution of Solanum scabrum." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/g87-107" volume="29" year="1987 a">Ganapathi and Rao 1987a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Genome" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B146" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1987b. Cytogenetics of a pentaploid hybrid of Solanum scabrum Mill. and S. villosum Mill. Current Science 56: 1024." title="Cytogenetics of a pentaploid hybrid of Solanum scabrum Mill. and S. villosum Mill. Current Science 56: 1024." year="1987 b">1987b</bibRefCitation>
). There are a relatively few differences between the two species in SSR (
<bibRefCitation author="Dehmer, KJ" editor="van den Berg, RG" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Nijmegen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="85 - 96" refId="B84" refString="Dehmer, KJ, 2001. Conclusions on the taxonomy of the Solanum nigrum complex by molecular analyes of IPK germplasm accessions. In: van den Berg, RG, Barendse, GWM, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, Eds., Solanaceae V: Advances in taxonomy and utilization. University Press, Nijmegen: 85 - 96" title="Conclusions on the taxonomy of the Solanum nigrum complex by molecular analyes of IPK germplasm accessions." volumeTitle="Solanaceae V: Advances in taxonomy and utilization." year="2001">Dehmer 2001</bibRefCitation>
), AFLP (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" author="Dehmer, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="551 - 558" refId="B85" refString="Dehmer, KJ, Hammer, K, 2004. Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51 (5): 551 - 558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" title="Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" volume="51" year="2004">Dehmer and Hammer 2004</bibRefCitation>
), RAPD (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0096-x" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Biologia Plantarum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="543 - 546" refId="B287" refString="Poczai, P, Matyas, K, Taller, J, Szabo, I, 2010. Study of the origin of the rarely cultivated edible Solanum species: Morphological and molecular data. Biologia Plantarum 54 (3): 543 - 546, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0096-x" title="Study of the origin of the rarely cultivated edible Solanum species: Morphological and molecular data." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-010-0096-x" volume="54" year="2010">Poczai et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), ISSR and SCoT (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B285" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
) and intron-targeting markers (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0031-z" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="247 - 266" refId="B284" refString="Poczai, P, Cernak, I, Varga, I, Hyvoenen, J, 2014. Nuclear intron-targeting markers in genetic diversity analysis of black nightshade (Solanum sect. Solanum, Solanaceae) accessions. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 61 (1): 247 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0031-z" title="Nuclear intron-targeting markers in genetic diversity analysis of black nightshade (Solanum sect. Solanum, Solanaceae) accessions." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0031-z" volume="61" year="2014">Poczai et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
) and a number of additive bands could be counted between 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the two hexaploids indicating their parental relationships. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also the putative parent of the tetraploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B285" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The taxonomic status and relationship of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was studied by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B228" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nodiflorum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been considered as a distinct taxon by some (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="513 - 527" refId="B166" refString="Heiser, CB, Burton, DL, Schilling, EE, 1979. Biosystematic and taxometric studies of the Solanum nigrum complex in eastern North America. In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London: 513 - 527" title="Biosystematic and taxometric studies of the Solanum nigrum complex in eastern North America." volumeTitle="The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979">Heiser et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
) while a synonym or infraspecific taxon of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by others (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Stearn, WT" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Arnold Arboretum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="634 - 635" refId="B102" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1971. Solanaceae. In: Stearn, WT, Ed., Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Jamaican gamopetalous plants. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 52: 634 - 635" title="Solanaceae." volume="52" volumeTitle="Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Jamaican gamopetalous plants." year="1971">Edmonds 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="819 - 867" refId="B72" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974b. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819 - 867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" volume="61" year="1974 b">b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B228" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
used AFLP data to study the relationship between the two taxa, but used different taxon concepts than we adopt here, in part because their examination of type specimens was limited. Based on detailed study of the voucher material used, it is clear that the taxon referred to as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B228" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
refers to what is considered 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this treatment, while material referred to as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M.Martens &amp; Galeotti, a species endemic to the New World. Such confusion is easy in this complex group when studying only a portion of species and their ranges even though type material was consulted in the original paper by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B228" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. The taxon referred to as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from Brazil in 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B228" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
also refers to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as treated here, but represents a morphological variation mainly observed within the New World and was hence difficult to interpret with limited sampling in previous studies. The re-examination of the study results by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B228" refString="Manoko, MLK, van den Berg, RG, Feron, RMC, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, 2007. AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 267 (1-4): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" title="AFLP markers support separation of Solanum nodiflorum from Solanum americanum sensu stricto (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0531-4" volume="267" year="2007">Manoko et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
in the light of the new identifications, highlights the fact that clear population structure can be observed within 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as circumscribed here, where populations from Brazil show high genetic divergence from the rest of the World, including northern South American material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The results described above, based on AFLP markers, should be tested with modern population genetic tools such as functional markers (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-9-6" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Hungarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B289" refString="Poczai, P, Varga, I, Laos, M, Cseh, A, Bell, N, Valkonen, JPT, Hyvoenen, J, 2013. Advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers: A review. Plant Methods 9(1): 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-9-6" title="Advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers: A review. Plant Methods 9 (1): 6." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-9-6" year="2013">Poczai et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
) or genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and phylogenetic analysis. Species-level phylogenetic studies with multiple accessions of all species would also be useful in confirming the monophyly of the highly variable and widespread 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the context of other species of the Morelloid clade.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" refId="B118" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum spp. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 105 - 125" title="Solanum spp." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae." year="2012">Edmonds (2012)</bibRefCitation>
incorrectly designated as the lectotype of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">S. nigrum var. patulum</taxonomicName>
L. a specimen in the Dillenian herbarium at OXF. This typification is in conflict with the protologue (see 
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B240" refString="McNeill, J, Barrie, FR, Buck, R, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, K, Prado, J, Prud'homme van Reine, WF, Smith, GF, Weirsema, JH, Turland, NJ, 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) - Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koelz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) - Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koelz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." year="2012">McNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 9.19) because the specimens themselves are not original material for this name. Linnaeus never saw 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dillenius’s">Dillenius's</normalizedToken>
herbarium (
<bibRefCitation author="Jarvis, CE" journalOrPublisher="The New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B183" refString="Jarvis, CE, 2007. Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnean Society of London, London." title="Order Out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and Their Types. Linnean Society of London, London." year="2007">Jarvis 2007</bibRefCitation>
), but based his name entirely on the plates from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hortus Elthamensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." title="Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." year="1732">Dillenius 1732</bibRefCitation>
). We have therefore re-lectotypified this name based on original material and designated the specimen chosen by Edmonds as the epitype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The identity of the species depicted in plate 355 (
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." title="Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." year="1732">Dillenius 1732</bibRefCitation>
) has been the subject of much speculation. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thellung, A" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B373" refString="Thellung, A, 1927. Qu'est-ce que le Solanum dillenii Schultes? Reports of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 8: 186-191." title="Qu'est-ce que le Solanum dillenii Schultes? Reports of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 8: 186 - 191." year="1927">Thellung (1927)</bibRefCitation>
studied material in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dillenius’">Dillenius'</normalizedToken>
herbarium at OXF in an attempt to come to grips with the identity of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below) and made careful annotations on specimens associated with plate 355. Material stored under plate 355 is mixed; some specimens are of the North American endemic 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf. with 9-11 stone cells, calyx lobes appressed to the berry and matte fruit texture and others are of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with no or up to 4 stone cells, strongly reflexed calyx lobes in fruit and shiny mature berries. 
<bibRefCitation author="Thellung, A" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B373" refString="Thellung, A, 1927. Qu'est-ce que le Solanum dillenii Schultes? Reports of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 8: 186-191." title="Qu'est-ce que le Solanum dillenii Schultes? Reports of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles 8: 186 - 191." year="1927">Thellung (1927)</bibRefCitation>
associated the name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the Dillenian specimens of the North American native 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but did not realise that there were two taxa involved in the material stored under plate 355. 
<bibRefCitation author="Polgar, S" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horti Gotoburgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="281 - 288" refId="B293" refString="Polgar, S, 1939. Solanum dillenianum. Acta Horti Gotoburgensis 13: 281 - 288" title="Solanum dillenianum." volume="13" year="1939">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
(1939)
</bibRefCitation>
re-described 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, confining it to his original circumscription (
<bibRefCitation author="Polgar, S" journalOrPublisher="Mi a Solanum Dillenii Schult? Botanikai Koezlemenyek" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="30 - 36" refId="B292" refString="Polgar, S, 1926. Solanum -tanulmanyok I. Mi a Solanum Dillenii Schult? Botanikai Koezlemenyek 23: 30 - 36" title="Solanum - tanulmanyok I." volume="23" year="1926">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
1926
</bibRefCitation>
) and equating it with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and coined a new epithet, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Polg. for the North American material in the Dillenian herbarium that had been called 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="dillenii">S. nigrum var. dillenii</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Gray, A, 1878. Order XCV. Solanaceae. Synoptical Flora of North America vol. 2(1). Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Company, New York, 224-244." title="Order XCV. Solanaceae. Synoptical Flora of North America vol. 2 (1). Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Company, New York, 224 - 244." year="1878">Gray (1878)</bibRefCitation>
. We have epitypified the name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">S. nigrum var. patulum</taxonomicName>
to conform with current usage because, in our view, the plate is unambiguously of a plant of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with small flowers, black fruit and sepals that are strongly reflexed in fruit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum papilionaceum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="papilionaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum papilionaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was almost certainly described from living material only. 
<bibRefCitation author="Dumont de Courset, GLM" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B96" refString="Dumont de Courset, GLM, 1802. Le botaniste cultivateur. Vol. 2. J.J. Fuchs, Paris." title="Le botaniste cultivateur. Vol. 2. J. J. Fuchs, Paris." year="1802">Dumont de Courset (1802</bibRefCitation>
: 135) cited no specimens and gave no other provenance than &quot;Cette morelle, qui 
<normalizedToken originalValue="m’a">m'a</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="été">ete</normalizedToken>
envoye en graines du Jardin. nat&quot;. Searches in Paris have revealed no authentic original material, so we have selected a neotype that is a specimen dated after the description that was cultivated in Paris (P00582223). The specimen matches the description, which is of a plant with small flowers in umbelliform inflorescences and fruits like 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“cassis”">&quot;cassis&quot;</normalizedToken>
(blackcurrants).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The specimens in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zuccagni’s">Zuccagni's</normalizedToken>
herbarium in Florence were consumed by fire, making the designation of a neotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. strictum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="strictum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. strictum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Zucc. necessary. The specimen we have selected is dated later than the description, but is labelled as &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum strictum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strictum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum strictum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Zucc.&quot; and is from Italy in cultivation (G00144215); it was used by Dunal in his 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Prodromus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Prodromus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Prodromus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
treatment as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. strictum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="strictum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. strictum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal 1852</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The identity of 
<bibRefCitation author="Schultes, JA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Physiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B333" refString="Schultes, JA, 1814. CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392-395." title="CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392 - 395." year="1814">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schultes’s">Schultes's</normalizedToken>
(1814)
</bibRefCitation>
name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a complex history. 
<bibRefCitation author="Schultes, JA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Physiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B333" refString="Schultes, JA, 1814. CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392-395." title="CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392 - 395." year="1814">Schultes (1814)</bibRefCitation>
coined a replacement name because the epithet 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“patulum”">&quot;patulum&quot;</normalizedToken>
had been used at the species rank by 
<bibRefCitation author="Persoon, CH" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B280" refString="Persoon, CH, 1805. Synopsis plantarum. vol. 1. C.F. Cramer, Paris and J.G. Cottam, Tubigen." title="Synopsis plantarum. vol. 1. C. F. Cramer, Paris and J. G. Cottam, Tubigen." year="1805">Persoon (1805</bibRefCitation>
: 223) for the Peruvian taxon now known as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. ruizii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ruizii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. ruizii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
S.Knapp (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="63 - 102" refId="B193" refString="Knapp, S, 1989. A revision of the Solanum nitidum group (section Holophylla pro parte): Solanaceae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany 19: 63 - 102" title="A revision of the Solanum nitidum group (section Holophylla pro parte): Solanaceae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)." volume="19" year="1989">Knapp 1989</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041" author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 432" refId="B199" refString="Knapp, S, 2013. A revision of the Dulcamaroid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 22 (0): 1 - 432, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041" title="A revision of the Dulcamaroid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.22.4041" volume="22" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
). He did not realise that 
<bibRefCitation author="Roth, AW" journalOrPublisher="ARM-W" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B315" refString="Roth, AW, 1800. Catalecta Botanica. fasc. 2. J.F. Gleditsch, Leipzig." title="Catalecta Botanica. fasc. 2. J. F. Gleditsch, Leipzig." year="1800">Roth (1800)</bibRefCitation>
had already recombined 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’">Linnaeus'</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="patulum">S. nigrum var. patulum</taxonomicName>
(see above) at the specific rank, basing his description entirely on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hortus Elthamensis</emphasis>
plate 355 (
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." title="Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." year="1732">Dillenius 1732</bibRefCitation>
). In his protologue, Schultes refers to a collection by Kitaibel from Hungary (&quot;das ich vor mir habe&quot; [which I have before me]) and the illustration in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hortus Elthamensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Dillenius, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Kurtziana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B87" refString="Dillenius, JJ, 1732. Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." title="Hortus Elthamensis seu plantarum rariorum. Published by the author, London." year="1732">Dillenius 1732</bibRefCitation>
) and describes a plant with small flowers and fruits borne on erect pedicels. 
<bibRefCitation author="Polgar, S" journalOrPublisher="Mi a Solanum Dillenii Schult? Botanikai Koezlemenyek" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="30 - 36" refId="B292" refString="Polgar, S, 1926. Solanum -tanulmanyok I. Mi a Solanum Dillenii Schult? Botanikai Koezlemenyek 23: 30 - 36" title="Solanum - tanulmanyok I." volume="23" year="1926">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
(1926)
</bibRefCitation>
examined the specimen in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kitaibel’s">Kitaibel's</normalizedToken>
herbarium (&quot;A IX Fasc. 102&quot;) labelled &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
an 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">Solanum patulum</taxonomicName>
, Esse 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">Solanum patulum</taxonomicName>
affirmat Willdenow. In silvis Matrae
</emphasis>
&quot; and equated the specimen with the American species he called 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nodiflorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nodiflorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jacq. and suggested it was not native to Hungary, but rather from a botanic garden. This sheet (Herb. Kit. Fasc. IX, No. 102) in BP is a tangled mixture of two elements (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.51.2009.3-4.10" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Hungarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="337 - 346" refId="B288" refString="Poczai, P, Taller, J, Szabo, I, 2009. Molecular genetic study on a historical Solanum (Solanaceae) herbarium specimen collected by Paulus Kitaibel in the 18th century. Acta Botanica Hungarica 51 (3-4): 337 - 346, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.51.2009.3-4.10" title="Molecular genetic study on a historical Solanum (Solanaceae) herbarium specimen collected by Paulus Kitaibel in the 18 th century." url="https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.51.2009.3-4.10" volume="51" year="2009">Poczai et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). One stem has small flowers in sub-umbellate inflorescences and matches the protologue description (but has no fruit) and the other stem has larger flowers in elongate racemose inflorescences and was identified by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.51.2009.3-4.10" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Hungarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="337 - 346" refId="B288" refString="Poczai, P, Taller, J, Szabo, I, 2009. Molecular genetic study on a historical Solanum (Solanaceae) herbarium specimen collected by Paulus Kitaibel in the 18th century. Acta Botanica Hungarica 51 (3-4): 337 - 346, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.51.2009.3-4.10" title="Molecular genetic study on a historical Solanum (Solanaceae) herbarium specimen collected by Paulus Kitaibel in the 18 th century." url="https://doi.org/10.1556/ABot.51.2009.3-4.10" volume="51" year="2009">Poczai et al (2009)</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum." order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum.">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
It is quite possible that there was considerable mix-up with the labelling of plants in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kitaibel’s">Kitaibel's</normalizedToken>
herbarium; a specimen at BP (Herb. Kit. Fasc. IX, No. 101), exactly matching the small-flowered stem of Herb. Kitaibel fasc. IX, No. 102, is labelled &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum patulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kitaibel’s">Kitaibel's</normalizedToken>
hand and &quot;ex horto&quot; in another hand. It is possible that the large-flowered plants collected in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mátra">Matra</normalizedToken>
(which we identify as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were mixed with small-flowered plants from cultivation and, in distributing duplicates, confusion ensued. As 
<bibRefCitation author="Schultes, JA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Physiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B333" refString="Schultes, JA, 1814. CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392-395." title="CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392 - 395." year="1814">Schultes (1814)</bibRefCitation>
cited a specimen (see 
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B240" refString="McNeill, J, Barrie, FR, Buck, R, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, K, Prado, J, Prud'homme van Reine, WF, Smith, GF, Weirsema, JH, Turland, NJ, 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) - Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koelz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) - Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koelz Scientific Books, Koenigstein." year="2012">McNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
, Art. 9.12), we have lectotypified 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dillenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dillenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the only sheet in the Kitaibel herbarium (BP) that bears the locality cited in 
<bibRefCitation author="Schultes, JA" journalOrPublisher="Plant Physiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B333" refString="Schultes, JA, 1814. CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392-395." title="CLXIV. Nachtschatten (Solanum) Morelle. In: Oesterreich Flora: ein Handbuch auf Botanischen Excursionen vol. 2. C. Schaumberg &amp; Compagnie, Vienna, 392 - 395." year="1814">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schultes’s">Schultes's</normalizedToken>
(1814)
</bibRefCitation>
protologue, but limit our typification to the stem with small flowers only. A sheet in B-W [B-W 04364-03] of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kitaibel’s">Kitaibel's</normalizedToken>
with a label in his hand &quot;161/ 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
an 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum patulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum patulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?/In sylvis Hungaria&quot; is certainly a duplicate; we cannot be sure this is the sheet Schultes had in his possession, since the locality is not exactly the same as that in the protologue and it does not have fruit. The BP sheet (fasc. IX No. 101) is also possibly a duplicate; it does have berries borne on erect pedicels. 
<bibRefCitation author="Gray, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B154" refString="Gray, A, 1878. Order XCV. Solanaceae. Synoptical Flora of North America vol. 2(1). Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Company, New York, 224-244." title="Order XCV. Solanaceae. Synoptical Flora of North America vol. 2 (1). Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor &amp; Company, New York, 224 - 244." year="1878">Gray (1878)</bibRefCitation>
used 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schultes’s">Schultes's</normalizedToken>
epithet at the infraspecific rank (as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. dillenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="dillenii">S. nigrum L. var. dillenii</taxonomicName>
(Schult.) A.Gray) for plants from north-eastern North America now known as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In describing 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. microspermum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="microspermum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. microspermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B100" refString="Dunal, MF, 1816. Solanorum generumque affinium synopsis. Renaud, Montpellier." title="Solanorum generumque affinium synopsis. Renaud, Montpellier." year="1816">Dunal (1816)</bibRefCitation>
used an unpublished name by 
<normalizedToken originalValue="L’Heritier">L'Heritier</normalizedToken>
and cited a specimen and his own unpublished illustration, now held in MPU. We have selected the specimen in G-DC that comes from &quot;herb. Thibaud&quot; and is annotated by Dunal as the lectotype. The online catalogue at G indicates the collector of this sheet as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“L’Héritier">&quot;L'Heritier</normalizedToken>
de Brutelle&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Although the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. erythrocarpon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="erythrocarpon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. erythrocarpon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer, GFW" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B244" refString="Meyer, GFW, 1818. Primitiae florae essequeboensis. H. Dietrich, Goettingen." title="Primitiae florae essequeboensis. H. Dietrich, Goettingen." year="1818">Meyer 1818</bibRefCitation>
) indicates the fruits are red (&quot;Baccae pendulae, pisi minoris magnitudine, lutescenti-rubrae, nitidae&quot;), the specimen in GOET (GOET003505) that represents original material for this name (here selected as the lectotype) matches 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all other respects.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1974a
</bibRefCitation>
: 735) cited as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“type”">&quot;type&quot;</normalizedToken>
a specimen in P as &quot;Type: Herb. Rich. (P)&quot; with a footnote stating that the sheet has two labels, one with &quot;Isle de France&quot; in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dunal’s">Dunal's</normalizedToken>
hand and the other indicating it is from Herb. Richard. Since the protologue does not mention Isle de France and Dunal had nothing to do with the description of this name, this unintentional lectotypification is in conflict with the protologue, in which the locality is &quot;insulae Cubae&quot; and Richard is mentioned. We therefore supersede it and designate a specimen in P (P00370899) that matches the protologue in being from Cuba and originally from Herb. Richard as the lectotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. indecorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="indecorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. indecorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Sendtner," journalOrPublisher="Flora Brasiliensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 231" refId="B336" refString="Sendtner, , 1846. Solanaceae et Cestrineae. Flora Brasiliensis 10: 1 - 231" title="Solanaceae et Cestrineae." volume="10" year="1846">Sendtner (1846)</bibRefCitation>
described his var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. aguaraquiya" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="aguaraquiya">Solanum nigrum aguaraquiya</taxonomicName>
referring to 
<bibRefCitation author="Piso, W" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B283" refString="Piso, W, 1648. Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae. Libro VIII: De ipsa regione et illius incolis. Heller, Leiden." title="Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae. Libro VIII: De ipsa regione et illius incolis. Heller, Leiden." year="1648">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Piso’s">Piso's</normalizedToken>
(1648
</bibRefCitation>
: 55) pre-Linnaean name 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Aguara-quiya”">&quot;Aguara-quiya&quot;</normalizedToken>
and citing un-numbered collections of Sellow and one Martius collection with a number and locality we have here selected as the lectotype. The Sellow collections associated with this name (BR [BR0000005538058], K, W [W0004136]) have large anthers and represent 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodioides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; they have neither numbers nor localities. The specimen selected as lectotype here (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Martius 1225</emphasis>
, M-0171809) contains detail of collection locality cited in the protologue and is hence the best material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1974a)
</bibRefCitation>
lectotypified both 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amarantoides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="amarantoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. amarantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Gaudichaud 552</emphasis>
) and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum subsp. var. var. acuminatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="acuminatum">S. nodiflorum var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vauthier 537</emphasis>
) by stating 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“type”">&quot;type&quot;</normalizedToken>
and a single herbarium, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“P”">&quot;P&quot;</normalizedToken>
. In the case of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amarantoides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="amarantoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. amarantoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two specimens are found in P; we have selected that which has a label with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dunal’s">Dunal's</normalizedToken>
handwriting in a second step lectotypification (P00319574). For 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nodiflorum subsp. var. var. acuminatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nodiflorum" subSpecies="var." variety="acuminatum">S. nodiflorum var. acuminatum</taxonomicName>
, however, 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
(1974a)
</bibRefCitation>
cited &quot;P, ex Herb. Drake&quot;, indicating a single specimen. Unfortunately, this specimen (P00319615) is not the duplicate of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vauthier 537</emphasis>
with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dunal’s">Dunal's</normalizedToken>
label (that with the annotation from Dunal is P00315614), but must be accepted as the lectotype nevertheless.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In describing 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. minutibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="minutibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. minutibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120103305" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 565" refId="B26" refString="Bitter, G, 1912a. Solana nova vel minus cognita I. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 10 (33-36): 529 - 565, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120103305" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita I." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120103305" volume="10" year="1912 a">Bitter (1912a)</bibRefCitation>
cited a single Buchtien collection (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buchtien 1443</emphasis>
), but no herbarium. We have selected the sheet in US (US00027684) as the lectotype because it is the best preserved of the duplicates we have seen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum calvum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calvum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum calvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described using &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palmer 60</emphasis>
p. pte.&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 89" refId="B29" refString="Bitter, G, 1913b. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae novae vel criticae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 75 - 89" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae novae vel criticae." volume="12" year="1913 b">Bitter 1913b</bibRefCitation>
) with a single herbarium cited (&quot;herb. Upsal.&quot;). Edward Palmer began his number series again on every collecting trip (
<bibRefCitation author="McVaugh, R" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B241" refString="McVaugh, R, 1956. Edward Palmer: plant explorer of the American West. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press." title="Edward Palmer: plant explorer of the American West. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press." year="1956">McVaugh 1956</bibRefCitation>
), but the collection number in question here refers to plants collected on Guadalupe Island (Baja California) in 1875. Other duplicates of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palmer 60</emphasis>
(another sheet at UPS, MO [MO-158569]) are part of type material of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bitter, a synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dun" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dunal from Mexico and the south-western United States, while others are of material of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BM001017193 and MO-158570). We exclude these as types of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calvum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="calvum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. calvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and urge caution when interpreting other duplicates of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Palmer 60</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. pauciflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="pauciflorum">S. nigrum var. pauciflorum</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Liou, TN" journalOrPublisher="National Academy of Peiping" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="453 - 458" refId="B220" refString="Liou, TN, 1935. Sur le groupe de Solanum nigrum. Contributions from the Institute of Botany. National Academy of Peiping 3: 453 - 458" title="Sur le groupe de Solanum nigrum. Contributions from the Institute of Botany." volume="3" year="1935">Liou 1935</bibRefCitation>
) cited three specimens from Hainan Island; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chen 1</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wang 2</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lau 209</emphasis>
, all perhaps from LU, although no herbarium was cited. We select here the more widely distributed 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lau 209</emphasis>
with the BM sheet (BM000942311) as lectotype for this name.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A total of 1,074 specimens were examined from 73 countries during the study across Africa, Asia, 
<collectingCountry name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Eurasia and the Pacific. Specimens from the New World were also studied in order to understand the full range of morphology within the species. All specimens examined from the Old World can be seen in Appendix 2 (csv format) and Appendix 3 (traditional Specimens Examined list in pdf format).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>