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<mods:title id="6E7F895F90624B5AF5A591137B7D4406">Records of Adult Caligiform Copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) in Marine Plankton from East Asia, Including Descriptions of Two New Species of Caligus (Caligidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="94AFFA449C875B22F91ABA8BD367AC25">Takehara Marine Science Station, Setouchi Field Science Centre, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 5 - 8 - 1 Minato-machi, Takehara, Hiroshima 725 - 0024, Japan E-mail: ohtsuka @ hiroshima-u. ac. jp &amp; Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA14897F264830F99A" box="[156,336,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Caligus orientalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA163A7F264B9BF99A" author="Brandes, C. - H." box="[559,763,1630,1654]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="171 - 181" refId="ref11148" refString="Brandes, C. - H. 1956. Caligus arcticus n. sp., ein parasitischer Copepode auf Trachypterus arcticus Brunniche. Veroffentlichungen des Institut fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven 4: 171 - 181." type="journal article" year="1956">Brandes 1956: 173</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA14A07F0648F2F97A" author="Markevich, A. P." box="[181,402,1662,1686]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref12839" refString="Markevich, A. P. 1956. [Parasitic Copepods on the Fishes of USSR]. Paraziticheskie Vesolonogie Ryb USSR. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Kiev, 259 pp. [In Russian]" type="book" year="1956">Markevich 1956: 184</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="79173E0FD235FFBA14A07FE74824F95B" author="Hwa, T. - K." box="[181,324,1695,1719]" page="48" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA14A07FE74824F95B" author="Hwa, T. - K." box="[181,324,1695,1719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="48 - 58" refId="ref12369" refString="Hwa, T. - K. 1965. Studies on the life history of a fish-louse (Caligus orientalis Gusev). Acta Zoologica Sinica 17: 48 - 58. [In Chinese]" type="journal article" year="1965">Hwa 1965: 48</bibRefCitation>
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Urawa
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA15747FB848F3F93B" box="[353,403,1727,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
1979: 139
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<treatmentCitation id="79173E0FD235FFBA14897E594899F8D5" author="Shen, C. J." box="[156,505,1825,1849]" page="354" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" year="1957">
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD235FFBA14897E594899F8D5" authority="Shen, 1957: 354" authorityName="Shen" authorityPageNumber="354" authorityYear="1957" box="[156,505,1825,1849]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laticorpus">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA14897E59482FF8D5" box="[156,335,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Caligus laticorpus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA15407E594899F8D5" author="Shen, C. J." box="[341,505,1825,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="351 - 377" refId="ref13374" refString="Shen, C. J. 1957. Parasitic copepods from fishes of China, IV. Caligoida. Caligidae (1). Acta Zoologica Sinica 9: 351 - 377 [In Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1957">Shen, 1957: 354</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="79173E0FD235FFBA16167E594BA1F8D5" author="Yamaguti, S." box="[515,705,1825,1849]" page="55" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA16167E594BA1F8D5" author="Yamaguti, S." box="[515,705,1825,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" refId="ref14505" refString="Yamaguti, S. 1963. Parasitic Copepoda and Branchiura of Fishes. Interscience Publishers, New York, 1104 pp." type="book" year="1963">Yamaguti 1963: 55</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="79173E0FD235FFBA16D97E59486BF8B6" author="Yoda, M." page="98" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA16D97E59486BF8B6" author="Yoda, M." pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="98 - 101" refId="ref14564" refString="Yoda, M. 1973. An observation of a surface parasite, Caligus laticorpus, on cultured mullet (Liza haemotocheilia). Fish Pathology 8: 98 - 101." type="journal article" year="1973">Yoda 1973: 98</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="79173E0FD235FFBA15007E3A4B78F8B6" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Uyeno, D. &amp; Tang, D." box="[277,536,1857,1882]" page="103" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD235FFBA15007E3A4B78F8B6" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Uyeno, D. &amp; Tang, D." box="[277,536,1857,1882]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" pagination="103 - 122" refId="ref13032" refString="Nagasawa, K., Uyeno, D. and Tang, D. 2010. A checklist of copepods of the genus Caligus (Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) from fishes in Japanese waters. Bulletin of Biogeographical Society of Japan 65: 103 - 122." type="journal article" year="2010">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA156A7E3A48D0F8B5" box="[383,432,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">et al.</emphasis>
2010: 103
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B0AC4B95D235FFBA14A07EFA4B28F810" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F809181ED235FFBA14A07EFA4B28F810" blockId="9.[156,767,1922,2077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA14A07EFA481EF876" bold="true" box="[181,382,1922,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="48DE1243D235FFBA15887EFB4B23F810" collectingDate="2008-07-06" collectingDateMax="2008-09-20" collectingDateMin="2008-07-06" country="China" location="Ariake Sea" municipality="Amoy" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-adult="1" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Saga">
One adult
<specimenCount id="EEB0D397D235FFBA16197EFE4B7FF876" box="[524,543,1926,1946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="female"></specimenCount>
(XOB-PC 11),
<collectingMunicipality id="186D8264D235FFBA16D47EFB4B9FF877" box="[705,767,1923,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Amoy</collectingMunicipality>
(=Xiamen), Fujian Province,
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED235FFBA15C37EDB4B74F857" box="[470,532,1955,1979]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">China</collectingCountry>
(St. 1),
<date id="8C083EDED235FFBA16657EDB49AFF830" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" value="2008-09-20">
<collectingDate id="9C4CC736D235FFBA16657EDB49AFF830" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" value="2008-09-20">20 September 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
;
<specimenCount id="EEB0D397D235FFBA14CD7EBC487FF830" box="[216,287,1988,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="EEB0D397D235FFBA15317EBF4857F837" box="[292,311,1991,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="male"></specimenCount>
(KMNH IvR 500,504),
<location id="FD694EC5D235FFBA16327EBC4BF6F830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:701FA908D235FFB915277C844D2CF810:FD694EC5D235FFBA16327EBC4BF6F830" box="[551,662,1988,2012]" country="China" municipality="Amoy" name="Ariake Sea" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" stateProvince="Saga">Ariake Sea</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="3A72D6FCD235FFBA16B57EBC4984F810" country="Japan" name="Saga" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Saga Prefecture</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED235FFBA14F87E9D4845F810" box="[237,293,2021,2044]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Japan</collectingCountry>
(St. 2),
<date id="8C083EDED235FFBA15667E9C4883F810" box="[371,483,2020,2044]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" value="2008-07-06">
<collectingDate id="9C4CC736D235FFBA15667E9C4883F810" box="[371,483,2020,2044]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" value="2008-07-06">6 July 2008</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<tableCitation id="B5342DA5D235FFBA15FA7E9C4B59F810" box="[495,569,2020,2044]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[156,204,192,214]" captionText="Table 1. Adults of Caligus and Pandarus found in plankton samples in East Asia in 2008 and 2010." pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B0AC4B95D235FFBA14A0717C4A0CF830" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="description">
<paragraph id="F809181ED235FFBA14A0717C4B9FF7F1" blockId="9.[156,767,1922,2077]" box="[181,767,2052,2077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA14A0717C4853F7F0" bold="true" box="[181,307,2052,2076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Description</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA1547717D48C0F7F1" box="[338,416,2053,2077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Female.</emphasis>
Body (
<figureCitation id="608D049BD235FFBA15EF717D4B30F7F1" box="[506,592,2053,2077]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[156,187,1529,1551]" captionTargetBox="[265,1323,204,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-222@10.[265,1323,204,1507]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. Three previously described species of Caligus found in plankton samples. A, Caligus orientalis Gusev, 1951, female (KMNH IvR 500,503), habitus, dorsal view; B, C. orientalis, male (KMNH IvR 500,504), habitus, dorsal view; C, C. rotundigenitalis Yu, 1933, male (XOB- PC12), habitus, dorsal view; D, C. undulatus Shen and Li, 1959, female (KMNH IvR 500,505), habitus, dorsal view; E, C. undulatus, male (KMNH IvR 500,506), habitus, dorsal view.Scale bars: 1mm (AE), 0.5mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4649352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4649352/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
)
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA1673717D4BDDF7F0" box="[614,701,2053,2077]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.68" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="2.68">2.68 mm</quantity>
long,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F809181ED235FFBA17217C844A9CF93B" blockId="9.[820,1433,1532,2077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
excluding caudal setae. Cepahalothorax slightly longer than wide, 1.60×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA17F27F654D21F9D8" box="[999,1089,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.57" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="1.57">1.57 mm</quantity>
. Fourth pediger wider than long, 0.15×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA17617F454AADF9B9" box="[884,973,1597,1621]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
. Genital complex subrectangular, slightly wider than long, 0.64×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA10397F264DE4F999" box="[1068,1156,1630,1654]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="0.76">0.76 mm</quantity>
, with rounded posterolateral corners. Abdomen small, 0.28×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA10B27F064D9FF97A" box="[1191,1279,1662,1686]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="0.31">0.31 mm</quantity>
, unsegmented. Caudal ramus wider than long, armed with 3 short and 3 long plumose setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F809181ED235FFBA175B7F984A0CF830" blockId="9.[820,1433,1532,2077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA175B7F984AE7F914" box="[846,903,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Male.</emphasis>
Body (
<figureCitation id="608D049BD235FFBA17C87F984D4EF914" box="[989,1070,1760,1784]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[156,187,1529,1551]" captionTargetBox="[265,1323,204,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-222@10.[265,1323,204,1507]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. Three previously described species of Caligus found in plankton samples. A, Caligus orientalis Gusev, 1951, female (KMNH IvR 500,503), habitus, dorsal view; B, C. orientalis, male (KMNH IvR 500,504), habitus, dorsal view; C, C. rotundigenitalis Yu, 1933, male (XOB- PC12), habitus, dorsal view; D, C. undulatus Shen and Li, 1959, female (KMNH IvR 500,505), habitus, dorsal view; E, C. undulatus, male (KMNH IvR 500,506), habitus, dorsal view.Scale bars: 1mm (AE), 0.5mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4649352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4649352/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
)
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA10577F984DF9F91B" box="[1090,1177,1760,1784]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.01" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="3.01">3.01 mm</quantity>
long, excluding caudal setae. Cephalothorax longer than wide, 1.98×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA112E7E794CF4F8F4" box="[1339,1428,1793,1817]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="1.71">1.71 mm</quantity>
. Fourth pediger wider than long, 0.17×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA10F67E594C5CF8D4" box="[1251,1340,1825,1849]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
. Genital complex wider than long, 0.51×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA108C7E3A4D92F8B5" box="[1177,1266,1858,1882]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
, with indented lateral margins and sharp, acute posterolateral projections marking leg 5. Abdomen small, 0.32×
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD235FFBA10C77EFB4C4AF876" box="[1234,1322,1923,1947]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
, distinctly 2-segmented with large anal somite. Caudal ramus as in female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B0AC4B95D235FFB9175B7E9C4B3DF896" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="211" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F809181ED235FFB9175B7E9C4B3DF896" blockId="9.[820,1433,1532,2077]" lastBlockId="10.[156,767,1695,2077]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="211" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA175B7E9C4ACBF810" bold="true" box="[846,939,2020,2044]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Remarks</emphasis>
. This is the first record of male
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD235FFBA110A7E9C4A14F7F1" authorityName="Gusev" authorityYear="1951" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD235FFBA110A7E9C4A14F7F1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Caligus orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED235FFBA17AB717D4A96F7F0" box="[958,1014,2053,2076]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Japan</collectingCountry>
and the second report from
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED235FFBA112C717D4C17F7F1" box="[1337,1399,2053,2077]" name="China" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">China</collectingCountry>
in plankton samples. Both sexes of
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB915FB7FE74B08F95B" authorityName="Gusev" authorityYear="1951" box="[494,616,1695,1719]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB915FB7FE74B08F95B" box="[494,616,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">C. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reported recently from plankton samples at the mouth of the Mankyong River,
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED236FFB915327F984803F91B" box="[295,355,1760,1783]" name="South Korea" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB915617F984B94F914" author="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." box="[372,756,1760,1784]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="202 - 215" refId="ref14132" refString="Venmathi Maran, B. A. and Ohtsuka, S. 2008. Descriptions of caligiform copepods in plankton samples collected from East Asia: Accidental occurrences or a new mode of life cycle? Plankton &amp; Benthos Research 3: 202 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">Venmathi Maran and Ohtsuka 2008</bibRefCitation>
), where the number of males exceeded that of females. The present male (
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD236FFB915217E5948EFF8D5" box="[308,399,1825,1849]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.01" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="mm" value="3.01">3.01 mm</quantity>
) is larger than the present female (
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD236FFB914B67E39499FF8B6" box="[163,255,1857,1882]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.68" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="mm" value="2.68">2.68 mm</quantity>
), in accordance with previous reports (
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9169C7E3A49BAF896" author="Ho, J. S. &amp; Lin, C. L." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref12113" refString="Ho, J. S. and Lin, C. L. 2004 a. Sea Lice of Taiwan (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae). The Sueichan Press, Keelung, 388 pp." type="book" year="2004">Ho and Lin 2004a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB914F67E1A4B32F896" author="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." box="[227,594,1890,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="202 - 215" refId="ref14132" refString="Venmathi Maran, B. A. and Ohtsuka, S. 2008. Descriptions of caligiform copepods in plankton samples collected from East Asia: Accidental occurrences or a new mode of life cycle? Plankton &amp; Benthos Research 3: 202 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">Venmathi Maran and Ohtsuka 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="ACC94896D236FFB914897C814A11F988" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4649352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4649352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4649352/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" startId="10.[156,187,1529,1551]" targetBox="[265,1323,204,1507]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="F809181ED236FFB914897C814A11F988" blockId="10.[156,1432,1529,1636]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
Fig. 8. Three previously described species of
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB916477C814BF4F9E2" baseAuthorityName="Venmathi Maran and Ohtsuka" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[594,660,1529,1550]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB916477C814BF4F9E2" box="[594,660,1529,1550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Caligus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found in plankton samples. A,
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB917AB7C814DB3F9E3" authority="Gusev, 1951" authorityName="Gusev" authorityYear="1951" box="[958,1235,1529,1551]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB917AB7C814D3BF9E2" box="[958,1115,1529,1550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Caligus orientalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB910777C824DB3F9E3" author="Gusev, A. V." box="[1122,1235,1529,1551]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="394 - 463" refId="ref11765" refString="Gusev, A. V. 1951. Parazitologicheski Sbornik 13: 394 - 463, Parasitic Copepoda of some marine fishes. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1951">Gusev, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, female (KMNH IvR 500,503), habitus, dorsal view; B,
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB915DB7F6E4B5BF9C6" authorityName="Gusev" authorityYear="1951" box="[462,571,1557,1579]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB915DB7F6E4B5BF9C6" box="[462,571,1557,1579]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">C. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male (KMNH IvR 500,504), habitus, dorsal view; C,
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB910307F6E4C40F9C7" authority="Yu, 1933" authorityName="Yu" authorityYear="1933" box="[1061,1312,1557,1579]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotundigenitalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB910307F6E4DAAF9C6" box="[1061,1226,1557,1579]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">C. rotundigenitalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB910C57F6E4C40F9C7" author="Yu, S. C." box="[1232,1312,1558,1579]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="117 - 138" refId="ref14596" refString="Yu, S. C. 1933. Chinese parasitic copepods collected by H. W. Wu, with descriptions of new genera and species. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology 4: 117 - 138, In Chinese with English summary." type="book chapter" year="1933">Yu, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, male (XOB- PC12), habitus, dorsal view; D,
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB915D77F4A4B88F9AB" authority="Shen and Li, 1959" authorityName="Shen and Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[450,744,1585,1607]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB915D77F4A4B58F9AA" box="[450,568,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">C. undulatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9162A7F494B88F9AB" author="Shen, C. J. &amp; Li, H. L." box="[575,744,1585,1607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="12 - 23" refId="ref13413" refString="Shen, C. J. and Li, H. L. 1959. Parasitic copepods from fishes of China, IV. Caligoida. Caligidae (3). Acta Zoologica Sinica 11: 12 - 23 [In Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1959">Shen and Li, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, female (KMNH IvR 500,505), habitus, dorsal view; E,
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB910FF7F4A4C00F9AA" authorityName="Shen and Li" authorityYear="1959" box="[1258,1376,1585,1607]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB910FF7F4A4C00F9AA" box="[1258,1376,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">C. undulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male (KMNH IvR 500,506), habitus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (AE), 0.5 mm (C).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="B0AC4B95D236FFB914A07EFA4D2CF810" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F809181ED236FFB914A07EFA4D2CF810" blockId="10.[156,767,1695,2077]" lastBlockId="10.[820,1433,1695,2044]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB914A07EFA485AF876" bold="true" box="[181,314,1922,1946]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB9154C7EFB4B67F877" authorityName="Gusev" authorityYear="1951" box="[345,519,1923,1947]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB9154C7EFB4B67F877" box="[345,519,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Caligus orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a serious pest of cultured mullet
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB915317EDB4B00F857" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[292,608,1955,1979]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mugilidae" genus="Mugil" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mugiliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cephalus">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB915317EDB48DCF857" box="[292,444,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Mugil cephalus</emphasis>
Linnaeus,
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD236FFB9163A7EDB4B00F857" box="[559,608,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46532" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="in" value="1758.0">1758</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED236FFB916907EDC4BA1F857" box="[645,705,1956,1979]" name="South Korea" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB916C47EDB49B1F830" author="Kim, I. H." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref12479" refString="Kim, I. H. 1998. Cirripedia, Symbiotic Copepoda, Pycnogonida. Illustrat- ed Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea. Vol. 38. Ministry of Education, Korea, Seoul, 1038 pp. [In Korean]" type="book" year="1998">Kim 1998</bibRefCitation>
). It is a common parasite in Asia, severely infecting the freshwater fish common carp
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB915E37E9D49ADF7F1" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Cyprinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carpio">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB915E37E9D4BF5F810" box="[502,661,2021,2044]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Cyprinus carpio</emphasis>
Linnaeus,
<quantity id="3F4EB5FBD236FFB91489717D49ADF7F1" box="[156,205,2053,2077]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46532" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="in" value="1758.0">1758</quantity>
</taxonomicName>
in aquaculture facilities (
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB915CA717D4BE5F7F1" author="Suzumoto, H." box="[479,645,2053,2077]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="23 - 27" refId="ref13871" refString="Suzumoto, H. 1974. On a caligid parasite found on injured crusian carp, Carassius auratus in Lake Shinji. Fish Pathology 8: 23 - 27." type="journal article" year="1974">Suzumoto 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB91681717D4A08F95B" author="Matumoto, T." box="[660,872,1695,2076]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="143 - 144" refId="ref12877" refString="Matumoto, T. 1980. Caligus orientalis parasitic on cultured carp. Fish Pathology 14: 143 - 144." type="journal article" year="1980">Matumoto 1980</bibRefCitation>
), and also in marine waters (
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9108A7FE74C6CF95B" author="Hwa, T. - K." box="[1183,1292,1695,1719]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="48 - 58" refId="ref12369" refString="Hwa, T. - K. 1965. Studies on the life history of a fish-louse (Caligus orientalis Gusev). Acta Zoologica Sinica 17: 48 - 58. [In Chinese]" type="journal article" year="1965">Hwa 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9110C7FE74A07F934" author="Urawa, S. &amp; Muroga, K. &amp; Izawa, K." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="139 - 146" refId="ref14094" refString="Urawa, S., Muroga, K. and Izawa, K. 1979. Caligus orientalis Gussev (Copepoda) parasitic on akame (Liza akame). Fish Pathology 13: 139 - 146." type="journal article" year="1979">
Urawa
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB911717FD84CF9F95B" box="[1380,1433,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">et al.</emphasis>
1979
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB917667FB84D36F934" author="Urawa, S. &amp; Kato, T." box="[883,1110,1727,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="161 - 162" refId="ref14054" refString="Urawa, S. and Kato, T. 1991. Heavy infections of Caligus orientalis Gussev (Copepoda: Caligidae) on caged rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in brackish water. Fish Pathology 26: 161 - 162." type="journal article" year="1991">Urawa and Kato 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB910777FC74DAAF934" author="Kim, I. H." box="[1122,1226,1727,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref12479" refString="Kim, I. H. 1998. Cirripedia, Symbiotic Copepoda, Pycnogonida. Illustrat- ed Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea. Vol. 38. Ministry of Education, Korea, Seoul, 1038 pp. [In Korean]" type="book" year="1998">Kim 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB910C07FC74CF4F934" author="Lin, C. L. &amp; Ho, J. S." box="[1237,1428,1727,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="199 - 208" refId="ref12610" refString="Lin, C. L. and Ho, J. S. 1998 a. On a species of Copepoda, Caligus orientalis Gusev, 1951 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on the fishes cultured in saltwater. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan 25: 199 - 208." type="journal article" year="1998">Lin and Ho 1998a</bibRefCitation>
, b), sometimes causing mass mortality (
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB910AB7F984C47F914" author="Kim, I. H." box="[1214,1319,1760,1784]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref12479" refString="Kim, I. H. 1998. Cirripedia, Symbiotic Copepoda, Pycnogonida. Illustrat- ed Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea. Vol. 38. Ministry of Education, Korea, Seoul, 1038 pp. [In Korean]" type="book" year="1998">Kim 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The hosts of
<taxonomicName id="3FB6639DD236FFB917477E794AADF8F4" authorityName="Gusev" authorityYear="1951" box="[850,973,1792,1816]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Caligidae" genus="Caligus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB917477E794AADF8F4" box="[850,973,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">C. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its biology have been reviewed (
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9114C7E794AC3F8D5" author="Nagasawa, K." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="173 - 178" refId="ref12985" refString="Nagasawa, K. 2004. Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus orientalis (Copepoda: Caligidae), of wild and farmed fish in sea and brackish waters of Japan and adjacent regions: a review. Zoological Studies 43: 173 - 178." type="journal article" year="2004">Nagasawa 2004</bibRefCitation>
). It is well distributed in
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED236FFB910B87E594D85F8D4" box="[1197,1253,1825,1848]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB910E07E594A09F8B6" author="Nagasawa, K. &amp; Uyeno, D. &amp; Tang, D." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="103 - 122" refId="ref13032" refString="Nagasawa, K., Uyeno, D. and Tang, D. 2010. A checklist of copepods of the genus Caligus (Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) from fishes in Japanese waters. Bulletin of Biogeographical Society of Japan 65: 103 - 122." type="journal article" year="2010">
Nagasawa
<emphasis id="CAC2C40CD236FFB911707E5A4CF9F8D5" box="[1381,1433,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED236FFB917957E3A4ADCF8B5" box="[896,956,1858,1881]" name="South Korea" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB917C57E394D5EF8B6" author="Kim, I. H." box="[976,1086,1857,1882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref12479" refString="Kim, I. H. 1998. Cirripedia, Symbiotic Copepoda, Pycnogonida. Illustrat- ed Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea. Vol. 38. Ministry of Education, Korea, Seoul, 1038 pp. [In Korean]" type="book" year="1998">Kim 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9105A7E394A08F896" author="Venmathi Maran, B. A. &amp; Ohtsuka, S." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="202 - 215" refId="ref14132" refString="Venmathi Maran, B. A. and Ohtsuka, S. 2008. Descriptions of caligiform copepods in plankton samples collected from East Asia: Accidental occurrences or a new mode of life cycle? Plankton &amp; Benthos Research 3: 202 - 215." type="journal article" year="2008">Venmathi Maran and Ohtsuka 2008</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED236FFB9176A7E1A4ADDF896" box="[895,957,1890,1914]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB917DA7E1A4D20F896" author="Shen, C. J." box="[975,1088,1890,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="351 - 377" refId="ref13374" refString="Shen, C. J. 1957. Parasitic copepods from fishes of China, IV. Caligoida. Caligidae (1). Acta Zoologica Sinica 9: 351 - 377 [In Chinese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1957">Shen 1957</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB9105A7E1B4DDCF896" author="Hwa, T. - K." box="[1103,1212,1890,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="48 - 58" refId="ref12369" refString="Hwa, T. - K. 1965. Studies on the life history of a fish-louse (Caligus orientalis Gusev). Acta Zoologica Sinica 17: 48 - 58. [In Chinese]" type="journal article" year="1965">Hwa 1965</bibRefCitation>
; present study),
<collectingCountry id="80A1588ED236FFB911657E1A4A3EF876" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB917797EFB4D48F877" author="Lin, C. L. &amp; Ho, J. S." box="[876,1064,1923,1947]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="199 - 208" refId="ref12610" refString="Lin, C. L. and Ho, J. S. 1998 a. On a species of Copepoda, Caligus orientalis Gusev, 1951 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Caligidae) parasitic on the fishes cultured in saltwater. Journal of the Fisheries Society of Taiwan 25: 199 - 208." type="journal article" year="1998">Lin and Ho 1998a</bibRefCitation>
, b) and the Russian Far-East (
<bibRefCitation id="9C2765EFD236FFB911437EFB4A08F857" author="Gusev, A. V." pageId="10" pageNumber="211" pagination="394 - 463" refId="ref11765" refString="Gusev, A. V. 1951. Parazitologicheski Sbornik 13: 394 - 463, Parasitic Copepoda of some marine fishes. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1951">Gusev 1951</bibRefCitation>
). The regular occurrence of this species in plankton suggests that it readily detaches from the host and actively swims in the water column.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>