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<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFF52E32EFEF9CA45" ID-CoL="62GPJ" authorityName="Ausserer" authorityYear="1871" box="[189,331,1028,1054]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Brachythele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E32EFEF9CA45" box="[189,331,1028,1054]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brachythele</emphasis>
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[part] –
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFE5BE32EFD13CA45" author="Ausserer A." box="[436,673,1028,1054]" page="177" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1871">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFE5BE32EFD13CA45" author="Ausserer" box="[436,673,1028,1054]" firstAuthor="Ausserer" page="177" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="117 - 224" refId="ref77203" refString="Ausserer A. 1871. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Arachniden-Familie Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 21: 117 - 224." type="journal article" year="1871">Ausserer 1871: 177</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFD3AE32EFC15CA45" author="Simon E." box="[725,935,1028,1054]" page="304" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1891">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFD3AE32EFC15CA45" author="Simon" box="[725,935,1028,1054]" firstAuthor="Simon" page="304" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="300 - 312" refId="ref82435" refString="Simon E. 1891. Etudes arachnologiques. 23 e Memoire. XXXVIII. Descriptions d'especes et de genres nouveaux de la famille des Aviculariidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 60: 300 - 312." type="journal article" year="1891">Simon 1891: 304</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFC35E32EFB50CA45" author="Caporiacco L." box="[986,1250,1028,1054]" page="113" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1934">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFC35E32EFB50CA45" author="Caporiacco" box="[986,1250,1028,1054]" firstAuthor="Caporiacco" page="113" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="113 - 160" refId="ref77662" refString="Caporiacco L. 1934. Aracnidi dell'Himalaia e del Karakoram raccolti dalla Missione Italiana al Karakoram (1929 - VII). Memorie della Societa entomologica italiana 13: 113 - 160." type="journal article" year="1934">Caporiacco 1934: 113</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFAF9E32EFE11CA1A" author="Spassky S. A." page="363" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1937">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFAF9E32EFE11CA1A" author="Spassky" firstAuthor="Spassky" page="363 - 367" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="361 - 368" refId="ref82512" refString="Spassky S. A. 1937. Araneae palaearcticae novae. Mygalomorphae. I. Festschrift Embrik Strand 3: 361 - 368." type="journal article" year="1937">Spassky 1937: 363–367</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFE5EE30DFD9FCA1A" author="Spassky S." box="[433,557,1063,1090]" page="193" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1952">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFE5EE30DFD9FCA1A" author="Spassky" box="[433,557,1063,1090]" firstAuthor="Spassky" page="193" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="192 - 205" refId="ref82536" refString="Spassky S. 1952. Spiders of the Turan zoogeographic province. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 32: 192 - 205. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="1952">1952: 193</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFD8DE30DFC45CA1A" author="Spassky S. A. &amp; Minenkova K." box="[610,1015,1063,1089]" page="140" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFD8DE30DFC45CA1A" author="Spassky &amp; Minenkova" box="[610,1015,1063,1089]" firstAuthor="Spassky" page="140" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="138 - 141" refId="ref82561" refString="Spassky S. A. &amp; Minenkova K. 1940. New data on spiders of the group Mygalomorphae in the USSR and some conclusions from their geographical distribution. Trudy rostovskogo biologicheskogo Obshchestva 4: 138 - 141. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="1940">Spassky &amp; Minenkova 1940: 140</bibRefCitation>
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. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFBC3E30DFA94CA1A" author="Charitonov D. E." box="[1068,1318,1063,1089]" page="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1946">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFBC3E30DFA94CA1A" author="Charitonov" box="[1068,1318,1063,1089]" firstAuthor="Charitonov" page="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref77775" refString="Charitonov D. E. 1946. New forms of spiders of the USSR. Izvestija Estedvenno-Nauchnogo Instituta pri Molotovskom Gosudarstvennom Universitete imeni M. Gor'kogo 12: 19 - 32. [In Russian and Latin.]" type="journal article" year="1946">Charitonov 1946: 19</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFAD9E30DFEAECA3E" author="Charitonov D. E." page="135" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFAD9E30DFEAECA3E" author="Charitonov" firstAuthor="Charitonov" page="135" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="135 - 139" refId="ref77814" refString="Charitonov D. E. 1948. A new species of Brachythele from Georgia. Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 9: 135 - 139. [In Russian and Latin.]" type="journal article" year="1948">1948: 135</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFEA0E360FD86CA3E" author="Brignoli P. M." box="[335,564,1098,1125]" page="409" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFEA0E360FD86CA3E" accessDate="2024-10-14" author="Brignoli P. M." box="[335,564,1098,1125]" journalOrPublisher="Revue suisse de Zoologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="409 - 413" part="79" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43289053" refId="ref77387" refString="Brignoli P. M. 1972. Une nouvelle Brachythele de l'Iran (Arachnida, Araneae, Dipluridae). Revue suisse de Zoologie 79: 409 - 413. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 43289053 [accessed 14 Oct. 2024]." title="Une nouvelle Brachythele de l'Iran (Arachnida, Araneae, Dipluridae)" type="journal article" year="1972">Brignoli 1972: 409</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. — Mkheidze 1983: 155. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFC7EE361FB9ECA3E" author="Fet V. Y." box="[913,1068,1099,1125]" page="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFC7EE361FB9ECA3E" author="Fet" box="[913,1068,1099,1125]" firstAuthor="Fet" page="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="37 - 41" refId="ref78515" refString="Fet V. Y. 1984. A new species of spider from the Turkmen SSR: Brachythele kopetdaghensis sp. nov. (Aranei, Dipluridae). In: Utochkin A. S. (ed.) Fauna and Ecology of Arachnids: 37 - 41. University of Perm. [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1984">Fet 1984: 37</bibRefCitation>
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. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFBB1E360FAC6CA3E" author="Zonstein S. L." box="[1118,1396,1098,1125]" page="41" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFBB1E360FAC6CA3E" author="Zonstein" box="[1118,1396,1098,1125]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" page="41 - 45" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="41 - 45" refId="ref82955" refString="Zonstein S. L. 1984 b. New species of mygalomorph spiders of the genus Brachythele (Aranei: Dipluridae: Diplurinae) in southern Kirghizia. In: Utochkin A. S. (ed.) Fauna and Ecology of Arachnids: 41 - 45. Perm University. [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1984" yearSuffix="b">Zonstein 1984b: 41–45</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFF03E347FE12CAD3" author="Zonstein S. L." box="[236,416,1133,1160]" page="158" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFF03E347FE12CAD3" author="Zonstein" box="[236,416,1133,1160]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" page="158 - 160" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="156 - 161" refId="ref83012" refString="Zonstein S. L. 1985. Preliminary data on the fauna of the spider suborder Mygalomorphae from the USSR. Trudy zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR 139: 156 - 161. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1985">1985: 158–160</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFF52E3BBFE9DCAF0" ID-CoL="VXK" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1895" box="[189,303,1169,1195]" class="Arachnida" family="Cyrtaucheniidae" genus="Anemesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E3BBFE9DCAF0" box="[189,303,1169,1195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Anemesia</emphasis>
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[part] –
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFE7AE3BBFDFECAF0" author="Denis J." box="[405,588,1169,1196]" page="82" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1958">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFE7AE3BBFDFECAF0" author="Denis" box="[405,588,1169,1196]" firstAuthor="Denis" page="82" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 - 120" refId="ref78160" refString="Denis J. 1958. Araignees (Araneidea) de l'Afghanistan. I. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn 120: 81 - 120." type="journal article" year="1958">Denis 1958: 82</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E39EFE86CA95" box="[189,308,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Raveniola</emphasis>
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–
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFEBAE39EFD0CCA95" author="Zonstein S. &amp; Marusik Y. M." box="[341,702,1204,1230]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB4CFC07D79BD5CADAAEE4549BCCF765" page="74" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFEBAE39EFD0CCA95" author="Zonstein &amp; Marusik" box="[341,702,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" page="74" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="71 - 99" refId="ref83803" refString="Zonstein S. &amp; Marusik Y. M. 2012. A review of the genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) in China, with notes on allied genera and description of four new species from Yunnan. ZooKeys 211: 71 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 211.3060" type="journal article" year="2012">Zonstein &amp; Marusik 2012: 74</bibRefCitation>
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. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFD1DE39EFBB0CA95" author="Li S. &amp; Zonstein S." box="[754,1026,1204,1231]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/751E7C42CD01E99A39DFD6B451CD5852" page="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFD1DE39EFBB0CA95" author="Li &amp; Zonstein" box="[754,1026,1204,1231]" firstAuthor="Li" page="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref79840" refString="Li S. &amp; Zonstein S. 2015. Eight new species of the spider genera Raveniola and Sinopesa from China and Vietnam (Araneae, Nemesiidae). ZooKeys 519: 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 519.8784" type="journal article" year="2015">Li &amp; Zonstein 2015: 3</bibRefCitation>
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. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFBD8E39EFAF9CA94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3848291" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3848291" author="Zonstein S. &amp; Kunt K. B. &amp; Yagmur E. A." box="[1079,1355,1204,1231]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D05632DF1E9741CE08F909FC840C53" page="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFBD8E39EFAF9CA94" author="Zonstein" box="[1079,1355,1204,1231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zonstein" page="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref84106" refString="Zonstein S., Kunt K. B. &amp; Yagmur E. A. 2018. A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia. European Journal of Taxonomy 399: 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.399" type="journal article" year="2018">
Zonstein
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFB45E39FFB6FCA95" box="[1194,1245,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 5
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. —
<treatmentCitation id="0AA02024552DFFBDFF03E3FDFE67CAAA" author="Zonstein S." box="[236,469,1239,1265]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E5C87F73934FFF350BD0E62E4C3E379" page="209" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="2021">
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFF03E3FDFE67CAAA" author="Zonstein S." box="[236,469,1239,1265]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="208 - 212" part="5006" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5006.1.22" refId="ref83656" refString="Zonstein S. 2021. A new species of Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from Western Tien-Shan. Zootaxa 5006 (1): 208 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5006.1.22" title="A new species of Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from Western Tien-Shan" type="journal article" year="2021">Zonstein 2021: 209</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE552DFFBDFF52E233FCDACB3A" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BBE0635552DFFBDFF52E233FEEACB68" blockId="7.[189,344,1305,1331]" box="[189,344,1305,1331]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0F6B159552DFFBDFF52E233FEEACB68" bold="true" box="[189,344,1305,1331]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E233FEEACB68" bold="true" box="[189,344,1305,1331]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<typeStatus id="54BAB897552DFFBDFF52E233FF48CB68" box="[189,250,1305,1331]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635552DFFBDFF52E26DFCDACB3A" blockId="7.[189,872,1351,1378]" box="[189,872,1351,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFF52E26DFDF7CB39" authority="Simon, 1891" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1891" box="[189,581,1351,1378]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Brachythele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E26DFE14CB3A" box="[189,422,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brachythele virgata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFE42E26DFDF7CB39" author="Simon" box="[429,581,1351,1378]" firstAuthor="Simon" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="300 - 312" refId="ref82435" refString="Simon E. 1891. Etudes arachnologiques. 23 e Memoire. XXXVIII. Descriptions d'especes et de genres nouveaux de la famille des Aviculariidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 60: 300 - 312." type="journal article" year="1891">Simon, 1891</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE552DFFBDFF52E2A3FDD9C8D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBE0635552DFFBDFF52E2A3FE7ECBF8" blockId="7.[189,460,1417,1443]" box="[189,460,1417,1443]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0F6B159552DFFBDFF52E2A3FE7ECBF8" bold="true" box="[189,460,1417,1443]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E2A3FE7ECBF8" bold="true" box="[189,460,1417,1443]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnostic characters</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635552DFFBDFF52E29DFDD9C8D9" blockId="7.[189,1399,1463,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFE8EE29DFD36CB89" author="Zonstein" box="[353,644,1463,1490]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zonstein" page="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref84106" refString="Zonstein S., Kunt K. B. &amp; Yagmur E. A. 2018. A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia. European Journal of Taxonomy 399: 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.399" type="journal article" year="2018">
Zonstein
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFE3EE292FDB7CB8A" box="[465,517,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. (2018: 5)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFD7BE29DFCB9CB8A" ID-CoL="77BJ" authorityName="Zonstein, 1987:" authorityYear="1014" box="[660,779,1463,1489]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFD7BE29DFCB9CB8A" box="[660,779,1463,1489]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFCAAE292FC1DCB89" ID-CoL="7HG4" authorityName="Raven &amp; Schwendinger" authorityYear="1995" box="[837,943,1464,1490]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Sinopesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFCAAE292FC1DCB89" box="[837,943,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sinopesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the presence of two (sometimes three) retroventral megaspines located sequentially on tibia I in males (a unique position among male nemesiids) and paired spermathecae in females, each two-branched (or with a lateral diverticulum); a maxillary serrula and preening combs are absent.
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFCF8E10BFC3CC860" ID-CoL="77BJ" authorityName="Zonstein, 1987:" authorityYear="1014" box="[791,910,1569,1595]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFCF8E10BFC3CC860" box="[791,910,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFBDEE108FB29C867" ID-CoL="7HG4" authorityName="Raven &amp; Schwendinger" authorityYear="1995" box="[1073,1179,1570,1596]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Sinopesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFBDEE108FB29C867" box="[1073,1179,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sinopesa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
chiefly by having a noticeably longer and denser leg scopula (vs a short and rare scopula in the latter genus), and a developed leg and carapace setation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE552DFFB2FF52E183FC21CA96" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBE0635552DFFBDFF52E183FCA0C898" blockId="7.[189,786,1705,1731]" box="[189,786,1705,1731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D0F6B159552DFFBDFF52E183FCA0C898" bold="true" box="[189,786,1705,1731]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF52E183FCA0C898" bold="true" box="[189,786,1705,1731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">General characteristics of Central Asian species</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635552DFFBDFF52E1F2FBEBC9B3" blockId="7.[188,1399,1752,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
It should be noted that no common characters shared only by Central Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFB6CE1F2FA88C8A9" box="[1155,1338,1752,1778]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFB6CE1F2FB48C8A9" box="[1155,1274,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, and distinguishing these species from all the Western and Eastern Asian congeners, were found. At the same time, in three Central Asian species groups based on
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFCCDE035FC10C963" ID-CoL="4RMTM" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2009" box="[802,930,1822,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFCCDE035FC86C963" box="[802,820,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFCACE034FC10C963" box="[835,930,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">caudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFC40E035FB85C963" ID-CoL="4RMTP" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2000" box="[943,1079,1822,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFC40E035FC73C963" box="[943,961,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFC20E034FB85C963" box="[975,1079,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFB81E035FB60C963" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1134,1234,1822,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diluta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFB81E035FB32C963" box="[1134,1152,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFB61E034FB60C963" box="[1166,1234,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">diluta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C552DFFBDFB36E035FA84C962" box="[1241,1334,1823,1849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, each of them possesses at least one unique group trait (see the corresponding group diagnoses). Regarding the remaining group based on
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFDC3E04FFD12C925" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1891" box="[556,672,1893,1919]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Brachythele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFDC3E04FFD8EC925" box="[556,572,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFDA3E04FFD12C925" box="[588,672,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the members differ from most other species but show some resemblance to several extra-regional congeners, viz.
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFCD0E0A3FC49C9F9" ID-CoL="6WT99" authorityName="MHNG" baseAuthorityName="Brignoli" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[831,1019,1928,1954]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niedermeyeri">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFCD0E0A3FCFDC9F9" box="[831,847,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFC8FE0A2FC49C9F9" box="[864,1019,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">niedermeyeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFBD6E0A3FB73C9F9" ID-CoL="79599" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2000" box="[1081,1217,1928,1954]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vonwicki">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFBD6E0A3FBFBC9F9" box="[1081,1097,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFBB6E0A2FB73C9F9" box="[1113,1217,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">vonwicki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31646A5552DFFBDFAE2E0A2FA8DC9F9" box="[1293,1343,1928,1954]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Iran</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6552DFFBDFF50E086FEE2C99E" ID-CoL="4RMTV" authorityName="Zhu, Zhang &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="1999" box="[191,336,1963,1990]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hebeinica">
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF50E086FF7DC99E" box="[191,207,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFF31E081FEE2C99E" box="[222,336,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">hebeinica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31646A5552DFFBDFE77E081FE6CC99E" box="[408,478,1963,1989]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0552DFFBDFE01E081FDEBC99E" box="[494,601,1963,1989]" captionStart="Figs 439–447" captionStartId="151.[189,241,1850,1876]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-61@151.[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetPageId="151" captionText="Figs 439–447. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb; retroventral (439, 441, 444– 445), ventral (440, 442–443, 446) and proventral (447) views. 439–440. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (ZISP). 441–442. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH). 443–444. R. kopetdaghensis (Fet, 1984) (ZISP). 445–447. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021 (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990929/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 444</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0552DFFBDFD8AE081FD26C99E" box="[613,660,1963,1989]" captionStart="Figs 448–456" captionStartId="152.[189,241,1848,1874]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-72@152.[189,1399,265,1811]" captionTargetPageId="152" captionText="Figs 448–456. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 453–456), details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (448, 450–451, 454) and ventral (449, 452–453, 455–456) views. 448–449. R. nenilini sp. nov. (SMNH). 450–452. R. ovchinnikovisp. nov. (SMNH). 453. R. ovchinnikovi, paratype (SMNH). 454–455. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from vicinity of Arslanbob (SMNH). 456. R. virgata, ♂ from Charvak (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990933" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990933/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">448</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0552DFFBDFD4FE081FD7DC99D" box="[672,719,1963,1990]" captionStart="Figs 457–465" captionStartId="153.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-72@153.[189,1399,265,1816]" captionTargetPageId="153" captionText="Figs 457–465. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb, ventral (457–458, 462–464); retrolateral (459–460) and retroventral (461, 465) views. 457. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from Jaradar (SMNH). 458. R. virgata, ♂ from Dashman (SMNH). 459–462. R. vulpina sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 463. R. vulpina, paratype from Kyrgolot (SMNH). 464–465. R. vulpina, paratype from Tereksai (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990935/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">459</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0552DFFBDFD35E081FCCDC99D" box="[730,895,1963,1990]" captionStart="Figs 537–554" captionStartId="159.[189,241,1680,1706]" captionTargetBox="[202,1381,265,1650]" captionTargetId="figure-146@159.[202,1381,265,1650]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="Figs 537–554. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 537. R. kirgizica sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 538. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021, female from Chapchama Pass (SMNH). 539– 540. R. mikhailovi, paratypes from Aflatun (ZMMU) and Sary-Chelek Reserve (SMNH), respectively. 541. R. nenilini sp. nov., female from Kamchik Pass (SMNH). 542–543. R. nenilini, paratypes from Kainarsai (SMNH). 544. R. tarabaevi sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 545. R. tarabaevi, paratype from Uzunbulak (SMNH). 546. R. tarabaevi, paratype from Turgen (SMNH). 547. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), paralectotype (MNHN 6506-B361). 548–550. R. virgata, females from surroundings of Arslanbob (SMNH). 551–552. R. vulpina sp. nov., paratypes from Tumanyak (SMNH). 553–554. R. vulpina, from Tereksai (SMNH).Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990947/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">538, 540, 545</figureCitation>
, cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFC5EE081FBDBC99E" author="Zhu" box="[945,1129,1963,1990]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhu" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="366 - 368" refId="ref82871" refString="Zhu M. S., Zhang F. &amp; Zhang J. X. 1999. A new mygalomorph spider (Nemesiidae: Raveniola) from China. Journal of Hubei University 19: 366 - 368." type="journal article" year="1999">
Zhu
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFC07E086FBAEC99E" box="[1000,1052,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 1999
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 1–10;
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFB1EE081FED7C9B3" author="Zonstein &amp; Marusik" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="71 - 99" refId="ref83803" refString="Zonstein S. &amp; Marusik Y. M. 2012. A review of the genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) in China, with notes on allied genera and description of four new species from Yunnan. ZooKeys 211: 71 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 211.3060" type="journal article" year="2012">Zonstein &amp; Marusik 2012</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 39;
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4552DFFBDFE24E0E4FD08C9B3" author="Zonstein" box="[459,698,1998,2025]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref84106" refString="Zonstein S., Kunt K. B. &amp; Yagmur E. A. 2018. A revision of the spider genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae). I. Species from Western Asia. European Journal of Taxonomy 399: 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.399" type="journal article" year="2018">
Zonstein
<emphasis id="B975DA27552DFFBDFDD6E0E5FDDEC9B3" box="[569,620,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 158, 164, 185, 197, 210–212).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E622FC7BCF79" blockId="8.[189,969,264,291]" box="[189,969,264,291]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0F6B1595522FFB2FF52E622FC7BCF79" bold="true" box="[189,969,264,291]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FF52E622FC7BCF79" bold="true" box="[189,969,264,291]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Morphological peculiarities of Central Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD1DE622FCDECF78" ID-CoL="77BJ" authority="Zonstein, 1987" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[754,876,264,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD1DE622FCDECF78" bold="true" box="[754,876,264,291]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E612FE86CF2E" blockId="8.[189,1398,311,373]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FF52E612FEAECF0B" baselines="331,331" box="[189,284,312,338]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Habitus" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">HABITUS</smallCapsWord>
. The studied spiders are mostly small or medium-sized nemesiids with a carapace length of
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05522FFB2FF52E671FE82CF2E" box="[189,304,347,373]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="3.0">3–12 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E6B6FAC6CC3C" blockId="8.[188,1399,412,615]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FF52E6B6FECACFEF" baselines="431,431" box="[189,376,412,438]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Cephalothorax" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CEPHALOTHORAX</smallCapsWord>
. Carapace broadly oval and hirsute, with cephalic part slightly to noticeably higher than thoracic part. Male thoracic fovea very short, pit-like, T-shaped, or gently recurved. Female thoracic fovea short and narrow, nearly straight in most species, or very gently arched (procurved or recurved) in some species. Eye tubercle moderately elevated (better developed than in species from Western Asia). Chelicerae in some species with weak rastellum composed of spike-shaped setae. Maxillae generally with numerous cuspules confined to probasal edge; maxillary serrula absent, as in other
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FB29E566FAC6CC3C" box="[1222,1396,588,615]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FB29E566FA8FCC3D" box="[1222,1341,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E5A4FE7CCD6E" blockId="8.[188,1399,654,821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FF52E5A4FEF7CCFD" baselines="673,673" box="[189,325,654,680]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Structures" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">STRUCTURES</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FEA3E5B9FED4CCFD" baselines="673" box="[332,358,659,678]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">OF</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FE82E5B9FE12CCFD" baselines="673" box="[365,416,659,678]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="legs" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">LEGS</smallCapsWord>
I–IV. Leg scopula varies from dense and moderately long to thin and short. Scopula distal on metatarsi I–II, generally entire on tarsi I and II, divided by setae or absent on tarsi III and IV; females also with usually entire scopula on palpal tarsus. Tarsi I–IV without spines. PTC I–IV biserially and densely dentate (females possess lesser dentate paired claws than conspecific males), unpaired claw small, curved and bare.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E477FCD8CDE6" blockId="8.[188,1400,861,958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FF52E477FF4DCD2E" baselines="880,880" box="[189,255,861,887]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Male" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MALE</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FEE6E448FE8BCD2E" baselines="880" box="[265,313,866,885]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="palp" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">PALP</smallCapsWord>
. Tibia long, fairly slender and spinose. Cymbium with or without spines. Copulatory bulb inserted at apical part of cymbium. Embolus tapering or broadly tipped, with or without keels and ridges, varying in length from relatively short to long and slender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E4CFFAC5CA1E" blockId="8.[187,1399,997,1094]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FF52E4CFFED0CDA6" baselines="1016,1016" box="[189,354,997,1023]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Spermathecae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">SPERMATHECAE</smallCapsWord>
. A pair of wide or narrow spermathecae, each with two distinct branches. In many species, the spermathecal base and the inner branch are poorly differentiated from each other and together they form a continuous spermathecal trunk. Long or short outer branch (lateral diverticulum) always distinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E347FC21CA96" blockId="8.[189,1400,1133,1230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<smallCapsWord id="8D5890E95522FFB2FF52E347FE8ECADE" baselines="1152,1152" box="[189,316,1133,1159]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Spinnerets" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">SPINNERETS</smallCapsWord>
. Two pairs or one pair of spinnerets. PMS vary from medium-sized to very small, with or without functional spigots, or absent in some species. Apical segment of PLS ranges from triangular (most species) to digitiform or even elongate in some species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE5522FFB2FF52E3DFFBFAC86E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E3DFFE3ECB54" blockId="8.[189,396,1269,1295]" box="[189,396,1269,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0F6B1595522FFB2FF52E3DFFE3ECB54" bold="true" box="[189,396,1269,1295]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FF52E3DFFE3ECB54" bold="true" box="[189,396,1269,1295]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Species included</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E20EFBFAC86E" blockId="8.[187,1401,1316,1589]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In view of the new congeners included herein,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD1CE20EFCD8CB65" ID-CoL="77BJ" authorityName="Zonstein, 1987:" authorityYear="1014" box="[755,874,1316,1342]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD1CE20EFCD8CB65" box="[755,874,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently comprises 66 species; 29 of them occur in Central Asia:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FE2CE262FDF6CB3A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[451,580,1351,1378]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FE2CE262FE67CB3A" box="[451,469,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FE0BE26DFDF6CB3A" box="[484,580,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">afghana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FDA5E262FD15CB39" box="[586,679,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD5DE262FC89CB3A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[690,827,1351,1377]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alajensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD5DE262FC89CB3A" box="[690,827,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. alajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FCADE262FC2DCB39" box="[834,927,1352,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FC45E262FB51CB3A" ID-CoL="4RMTM" authority="Zonstein, 2009" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2009" box="[938,1251,1351,1377]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FC45E262FB9BCB3A" box="[938,1065,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. caudata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FBDFE26DFB51CB3A" author="Zonstein" box="[1072,1251,1351,1377]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="37 - 41" refId="ref83362" refString="Zonstein S. 2009. A review of the mygalomorph spiders of the Raveniola caudata - species group (Araneae, Nemesiidae). Zootaxa 2217 (1): 37 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2217.1.2" type="journal article" year="2009">Zonstein, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FB01E262FEDCCBDF" ID-CoL="4RMTP" authority="Zonstein, 2000" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2000" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FB01E262FAC4CB3A" box="[1262,1398,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. concolor</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FF52E240FEDCCBDF" author="Zonstein S. L." box="[189,366,1386,1412]" journalOrPublisher="Tethys Entomological Research" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="49 - 52" part="2" refId="ref83098" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2000 a. Two new species of the mygalomorph spider genus Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southwestern Asia. Tethys Entomological Research 2: 49 - 52." title="Two new species of the mygalomorph spider genus Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from southwestern Asia" type="journal article" year="2000">Zonstein, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FE9AE241FDB3CBDF" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[373,513,1386,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FE9AE241FDB3CBDF" box="[373,513,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FDE9E241FDD3CBDE" box="[518,609,1387,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD84E241FD7FCBDF" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[619,717,1386,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diluta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD84E241FD7FCBDF" box="[619,717,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. diluta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FD3CE241FC9CCBDE" box="[723,814,1387,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FCD5E241FC14CBDF" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[826,934,1386,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FCD5E241FC14CBDF" box="[826,934,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. dolosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FC46E241FBB6CBDE" box="[937,1028,1387,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FBE1E241FAC2CBDF" ID-CoL="4RMTR" authority="(Charitonov, 1946)" baseAuthorityName="Charitonov" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1038,1392,1386,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fedotovi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FBE1E241FB39CBDF" box="[1038,1163,1386,1412]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. fedotovi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FB77E240FAD5CBDF" author="Charitonov" box="[1176,1383,1386,1412]" firstAuthor="Charitonov" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="19 - 32" refId="ref77775" refString="Charitonov D. E. 1946. New forms of spiders of the USSR. Izvestija Estedvenno-Nauchnogo Instituta pri Molotovskom Gosudarstvennom Universitete imeni M. Gor'kogo 12: 19 - 32. [In Russian and Latin.]" type="journal article" year="1946">Charitonov, 1946</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FF54E2A4FD8ECBF3" ID-CoL="4RMTS" authority="(Zonstein, 1984)" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[187,572,1421,1448]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FF54E2A4FEDDCBFC" box="[187,367,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ferghanensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FE90E2A7FD86CBF3" author="Zonstein S. L." box="[383,564,1421,1448]" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Investigations in Kyrgyzstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="144 - 151" part="17" refId="ref82910" refString="Zonstein S. L. 1984 a. To the fauna and ecology of spiders (Aranei) inhabiting the lower strata in the walnut-fruit forests of southern Kirghizia. Entomological Investigations in Kyrgyzstan 17: 144 - 151. [In Russian.]" title="To the fauna and ecology of spiders (Aranei) inhabiting the lower strata in the walnut-fruit forests of southern Kirghizia" type="journal article" year="1984">Zonstein, 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FDA8E2A4FD12CBFC" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[583,672,1421,1447]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FDA8E2A4FD12CBFC" box="[583,672,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. hirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FD49E2A4FCB0CBF3" box="[678,770,1422,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FCE2E2A4FC26CBFC" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[781,916,1421,1447]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FCE2E2A4FC26CBFC" box="[781,916,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FC75E2A4FC44CBF3" box="[922,1014,1422,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FBEEE2A4FB22CBFC" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1025,1168,1422,1447]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inopinata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FBEEE2A4FB22CBFC" box="[1025,1168,1422,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. inopinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FB78E2A4FB41CBF3" box="[1175,1267,1422,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FB11E2A4FAC7CBFC" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1278,1397,1421,1447]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insolita" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FB11E2A4FAC7CBFC" box="[1278,1397,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. insolita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FF53E29BFEAECB90" box="[188,284,1457,1483]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FEC3E298FE51CB90" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[300,483,1457,1483]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karategensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FEC3E298FE51CB90" box="[300,483,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. karategensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FE02E29BFDFFCB90" box="[493,589,1457,1483]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FDB3E298FD54CB90" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[604,742,1457,1483]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirgizica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FDB3E298FD54CB90" box="[604,742,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. kirgizica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FD00E29BFCFDCB90" box="[751,847,1457,1483]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FCB1E298FB7BCB90" ID-CoL="4RMTX" authority="(Fet, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Fet" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[862,1225,1457,1483]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kopetdaghensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FCB1E298FB84CB90" box="[862,1078,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. kopetdaghensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FBA6E29BFB72CB90" author="Fet" box="[1097,1216,1457,1483]" firstAuthor="Fet" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="37 - 41" refId="ref78515" refString="Fet V. Y. 1984. A new species of spider from the Turkmen SSR: Brachythele kopetdaghensis sp. nov. (Aranei, Dipluridae). In: Utochkin A. S. (ed.) Fauna and Ecology of Arachnids: 37 - 41. University of Perm. [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1984">Fet, 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FB38E298FEC3CBB5" ID-CoL="99CMR" authority="Zonstein, 2021" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2021" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mikhailovi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FB38E298FAC5CB90" box="[1239,1399,1457,1483]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. mikhailovi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FF52E2FEFEC3CBB5" author="Zonstein S." box="[189,369,1492,1518]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="208 - 212" part="5006" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5006.1.22" refId="ref83656" refString="Zonstein S. 2021. A new species of Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from Western Tien-Shan. Zootaxa 5006 (1): 208 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5006.1.22" title="A new species of Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) from Western Tien-Shan" type="journal article" year="2021">Zonstein, 2021</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FE6EE2FFFE4FCBB5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[385,509,1492,1518]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nenilini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FE6EE2FFFE4FCBB5" box="[385,509,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. nenilini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FDE9E2FFFDD6CBB4" box="[518,612,1493,1519]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD9DE2FFFD50CBB5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[626,738,1493,1518]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD9DE2FFFD50CBB5" box="[626,738,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FD04E2FFFCF8CBB4" box="[747,842,1493,1519]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FCB8E2FFFC6DCBB5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[855,991,1492,1518]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FCB8E2FFFC6DCBB5" box="[855,991,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ornatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FC07E2FFFBF4CBB4" box="[1000,1094,1493,1519]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FBBBE2FFFABECBB5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1108,1292,1492,1518]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovchinnikovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FBBBE2FFFABECBB5" box="[1108,1292,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ovchinnikovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FAFAE2FFFAC6CBB4" box="[1301,1396,1493,1519]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FF50E2D2FE81C84A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[191,307,1527,1553]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FF50E2D2FE81C84A" box="[191,307,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FEDAE2D2FE23C849" box="[309,401,1528,1554]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FE74E2D2FDA2C84A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[411,528,1528,1553]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pamira" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FE74E2D2FDA2C84A" box="[411,528,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. pamira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FDFAE2D2FDC3C849" box="[533,625,1528,1554]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD94E2D2FC52C849" ID-CoL="6X599" authority="(Spassky, 1937)" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Spassky" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[635,992,1527,1554]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="redikorzevi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD94E2D2FCACC84A" box="[635,798,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. redikorzevi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FCC4E2DDFC65C849" author="Spassky" box="[811,983,1527,1554]" firstAuthor="Spassky" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="361 - 368" refId="ref82512" refString="Spassky S. A. 1937. Araneae palaearcticae novae. Mygalomorphae. I. Festschrift Embrik Strand 3: 361 - 368." type="journal article" year="1937">Spassky, 1937</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FC05E2D2FBC8C84A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1002,1146,1527,1553]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sororcula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FC05E2D2FBC8C84A" box="[1002,1146,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. sororcula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FB90E2D2FB69C849" box="[1151,1243,1528,1554]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FB0AE2D2FAC7C84A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1253,1397,1527,1553]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarabaevi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FB0AE2D2FAC7C84A" box="[1253,1397,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. tarabaevi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FF53E131FEABC86E" box="[188,281,1563,1589]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FEC9E136FDFFC86E" authority="(Simon, 1891)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[294,589,1563,1589]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Brachythele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FEC9E136FE28C86E" box="[294,410,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. virgata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45522FFB2FE45E131FDF6C86E" author="Simon" box="[426,580,1563,1589]" firstAuthor="Simon" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="300 - 312" refId="ref82435" refString="Simon E. 1891. Etudes arachnologiques. 23 e Memoire. XXXVIII. Descriptions d'especes et de genres nouveaux de la famille des Aviculariidae. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 60: 300 - 312." type="journal article" year="1891">Simon, 1891</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FDB5E136FD60C86E" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[602,722,1563,1589]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FDB5E136FD60C86E" box="[602,722,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. vulpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FD36E131FC85C86E" box="[729,823,1563,1589]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FC9BE136FC54C86E" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[884,998,1564,1589]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zyuzini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FC9BE136FC54C86E" box="[884,998,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. zyuzini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5522FFB2FC02E131FBFAC86E" box="[1005,1096,1563,1589]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE5522FFB2FF52E176FA81C954" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E176FE20C82D" blockId="8.[189,402,1628,1654]" box="[189,402,1628,1654]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0F6B1595522FFB2FF52E176FE20C82D" bold="true" box="[189,402,1628,1654]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FF52E176FE20C82D" bold="true" box="[189,402,1628,1654]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Species grouping</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E1A1FA81C954" blockId="8.[189,1399,1675,1807]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">To assist with identifications, the species treated here are assigned to four species groups, according chiefly to the structure of the spinnerets and the male and female copulatory organs. These assignments are preliminary, because males and females in some species are unknown and they are not based on a phylogenetic grouping, though some of the groups may indeed reflect phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE5522FFB3FF52E01CFB04CF88" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB2FF52E01CFE43C90B" blockId="8.[189,497,1846,1872]" box="[189,497,1846,1872]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0F6B1595522FFB2FF52E01CFE43C90B" bold="true" box="[189,497,1846,1872]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FF52E01CFE43C90B" bold="true" box="[189,497,1846,1872]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355522FFB3FF52E04FFB04CF88" blockId="8.[188,1399,1893,2025]" lastBlockId="9.[187,1400,265,468]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Within Central Asia, representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65522FFB2FD78E04FFCBCC924" authorityName="Zonstein, 1987:" authorityYear="1014" box="[663,782,1893,1919]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275522FFB2FD78E04FFCBCC924" box="[663,782,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distributed from the western part of Kopetdagh (
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55522FFB2FF28E0A2FEDFC9F9" box="[199,365,1928,1954]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
) in the west, through the Badkhyz Plateau and Hindu-Koh Mts (passing and skirting the desert plains of the huge Turan Depression), to southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55522FFB2FC92E081FBB4C99E" box="[893,1030,1963,1989]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
in the north-east and to Ladakh (northwestern
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55522FFB2FE84E0E4FE1BC9B3" box="[363,425,1998,2024]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
) in the south-east (see
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05522FFB2FD23E0E4FC85C9B3" box="[716,823,1998,2024]" captionStart="Figs 747–750" captionStartId="183.[189,241,1739,1765]" captionTargetBox="[222,1365,265,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-139@183.[222,1365,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="183" captionText="Figs 747–750. Distribution records of Raveniola spp. 747. Records of all known Central Asian species (), showing the currently known limits of the genus distribution within the region. 748–749. Records of R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (), R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 () and R. inopinata sp. nov. (). 750. Records of R. afghana sp. nov. () and R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (). The terrain areas, corresponding to those shown in Figs 748–749, 751–760 are marked out and indicated according to the abovementioned figures. Country abbreviations: Af = Afghanistan; Cn = China; In = India; Ir = Iran; Kg = Kyrgyzstan; Kz = Kazakhstan; Pa = Pakistan; Tj = Tajikistan; Tu = Turkmenistan; Uz = Uzbekistan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018421/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 747</figureCitation>
). Due to the greater diversity of Central Asian landscapes, compared to Western Asian ones, there is a wider range of inhabited biotopes (including semi-deserts and highlands) and of the corresponding ecological strategies and adaptations. Like Western Asian congeners, most Central Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FD9DE665FC92CF31" box="[626,800,335,362]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FD9DE665FD5BCF32" box="[626,745,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
use natural retreats (usually cavities under rocks or abandoned burrows of other animals) to build primitive burrow-like dwellings, sparsely covered with silk. However, some species inhabiting lowland arid bioms or, conversely, highland biotopes, are found to be true bothrobiont spiders digging deep open burrows with silk lining or without it.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE5523FFB3FF52E6D1FAC4C882" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="key">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF52E6D1FBBFCC4F" blockId="9.[189,1037,506,533]" box="[189,1037,506,533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0F6B1595523FFB3FF52E6D1FBBFCC4F" bold="true" box="[189,1037,506,533]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FF52E6D1FBBFCC4F" bold="true" box="[189,1037,506,533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Key to the Central Asian species groups of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FD3AE6D0FBBFCC4F" ID-CoL="77BJ" authority="Zonstein, 1987" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[725,1037,506,533]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FD3AE6D0FCFDCC4E" bold="true" box="[725,847,506,533]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Raveniola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45523FFB3FCB9E6D0FBBFCC4F" author="Zonstein" box="[854,1037,506,532]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1013 - 1019" refId="ref83052" refString="Zonstein S. L. 1987. A new genus of mygalomorph spiders of the subfamily Nemesiinae (Aranei, Nemesiidae) in the Palearctic fauna. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 66 (7): 1013 - 1019. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1987">Zonstein, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF05E503FE87CC18" blockId="9.[189,1399,553,756]" box="[234,309,553,579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FF05E503FE87CC18" bold="true" box="[234,309,553,579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Males</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<key id="FF9051045523FFB3FF52E567FAC4CA35" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyStep id="30F51E905523FFB3FF52E567FAC5CCAF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF52E567FAC4CCD1" blockId="9.[189,1399,553,756]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF52E567FAC4CCD1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
1. Embolus broadly tipped (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FDCEE566FD78CC3C" box="[545,714,588,615]" captionStart="Figs 379–388" captionStartId="145.[189,241,1844,1870]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-75@145.[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetPageId="145" captionText="Figs 379–388. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (379, 381, 383, 385, 388), ventral (380, 382, 384, 387) and retroventral (386) views. 379–380. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 (SMNH). 381–382. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 383–384. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme (SMNH).385–387. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 388. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 18). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990917/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 379–384</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD35E566FCF4CC3D" box="[730,838,588,614]" captionStart="Figs 466–474" captionStartId="154.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-57@154.[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetPageId="154" captionText="Figs 466–474. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (466–467, 469, 471, 473) and tip of embolus (468, 470, 472, 474), ventral (466, 473–474), retrolateral (467–468) and retoventral (469–472) views. 466–468. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 469–470. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 471–474. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990937/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">466–468</figureCitation>
). Apical segment of PLS elongate (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FB13E566FEAACCD0" captionStart="Figs 555–564" captionStartId="160.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,265,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@160.[213,1375,265,1755]" captionText="Figs 555–564. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (555–557, 560, 563) and ♀♀ (558–559, 561–562, 564), holotypes (except 557, 558, 561, 562, 564). Spinnerets, ventral (555–558, 560–561, 563–564) and lateral (559, 562) views. 555. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009, holotype (SMNH). 556. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 557–558. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme and ♀ from Kepele, respectively (both SMNH). 559. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 560. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 561–562. R. alajensis, paratype (SMNH). 563. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 564. R. cucullata, paratype from Shikildara (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018401/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 555– 557</figureCitation>
) ...............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB24E545FA99CCD1" ID-CoL="4RMTM" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2009" box="[1227,1323,623,650]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB24E545FA99CCD1" bold="true" box="[1227,1323,623,650]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">caudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF2EE5BEFAC5CCAF" blockId="9.[189,1399,553,756]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF2EE5BEFAC5CCAF" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
– Embolus with well-defined thin and curved subapical part (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FC79E5B9FB8BCCF5" box="[918,1081,659,686]" captionStart-0="Figs 379–388" captionStart-1="Figs 389–399" captionStart-2="Figs 400–408" captionStart-3="Figs 409–417" captionStart-4="Figs 418–428" captionStart-5="Figs 429–438" captionStart-6="Figs 439–447" captionStart-7="Figs 448–456" captionStart-8="Figs 457–465" captionStartId-0="145.[189,241,1844,1870]" captionStartId-1="146.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionStartId-2="147.[189,241,1853,1879]" captionStartId-3="148.[189,241,1847,1873]" captionStartId-4="149.[189,241,1845,1871]" captionStartId-5="150.[189,241,1855,1881]" captionStartId-6="151.[189,241,1850,1876]" captionStartId-7="152.[189,241,1848,1874]" captionStartId-8="153.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1814]" captionTargetBox-2="[198,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1398,265,1801]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1398,265,1794]" captionTargetBox-5="[189,1398,265,1818]" captionTargetBox-6="[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetBox-7="[189,1399,265,1811]" captionTargetBox-8="[189,1399,265,1816]" captionTargetId-0="figure-75@145.[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetId-1="figure-68@146.[189,1398,265,1814]" captionTargetId-2="figure-50@147.[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetId-3="figure-49@148.[189,1398,265,1801]" captionTargetId-4="figure-44@149.[189,1398,265,1794]" captionTargetId-5="figure-75@150.[189,1398,265,1818]" captionTargetId-6="figure-61@151.[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetId-7="figure-72@152.[189,1399,265,1811]" captionTargetId-8="figure-72@153.[189,1399,265,1816]" captionTargetPageId-0="145" captionTargetPageId-1="146" captionTargetPageId-2="147" captionTargetPageId-3="148" captionTargetPageId-4="149" captionTargetPageId-5="150" captionTargetPageId-6="151" captionTargetPageId-7="152" captionTargetPageId-8="153" captionText-0="Figs 379–388. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (379, 381, 383, 385, 388), ventral (380, 382, 384, 387) and retroventral (386) views. 379–380. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 (SMNH). 381–382. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 383–384. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme (SMNH).385–387. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 388. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 18). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 389–399. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 392–396), details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (389, 392, 395, 397), retroventral (390, 393, 398) and ventral (391, 394, 396, 399) views. 389– 391. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 392–394. R. cucullata sp. nov., paratype from Shahob (SMNH). 395–396. R. cucullata, paratype from Sangdara (SMNH). 397–399. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 400–408. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 406–408), details of copulatoty bulb; retrolateral (400, 403, 406–407), retroventral (401, 404) and ventral (402, 405, 408) views. 400–402. R. hirta sp. nov. (SMNH). 403–405. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). 406–408. R. ignobilis, paratypes (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-3="Figs 409–417. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb; retroventral (409, 413, 416), retrolateral (410, 412, 415) and ventral (411, 414, 417) views. 409–411. R. insolita sp. nov. (ZISP). 412–414. R. ornata sp. nov. (SMNH). 415–417. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-4="Figs 418–428. Raveniola pamira sp. nov, ♂♂, holotype (418–422) and two paratypes (423–426 and 427–428, respectively), details of copulatoty bulb; retrolateral (418, 427), retroventral (419, 428), ventral (420, 423, 426), proventral (421, 425) and prolateral (422, 424) views (all SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-5="Figs 429–438. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 432–433, 437–438), details of copulatoty bulb, ventral (429, 435, 438), retroventral (430, 434), retrolateral (431, 436–437), proventral (432) and prolateral (433) views. 429–431. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 432–433. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), lectotype (ZMMU). 434–435. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 436. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 437– 438. R. zyuzini, paratype (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-6="Figs 439–447. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb; retroventral (439, 441, 444– 445), ventral (440, 442–443, 446) and proventral (447) views. 439–440. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (ZISP). 441–442. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH). 443–444. R. kopetdaghensis (Fet, 1984) (ZISP). 445–447. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021 (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-7="Figs 448–456. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 453–456), details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (448, 450–451, 454) and ventral (449, 452–453, 455–456) views. 448–449. R. nenilini sp. nov. (SMNH). 450–452. R. ovchinnikovisp. nov. (SMNH). 453. R. ovchinnikovi, paratype (SMNH). 454–455. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from vicinity of Arslanbob (SMNH). 456. R. virgata, ♂ from Charvak (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-8="Figs 457–465. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb, ventral (457–458, 462–464); retrolateral (459–460) and retroventral (461, 465) views. 457. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from Jaradar (SMNH). 458. R. virgata, ♂ from Dashman (SMNH). 459–462. R. vulpina sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 463. R. vulpina, paratype from Kyrgolot (SMNH). 464–465. R. vulpina, paratype from Tereksai (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990917" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990919" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990921" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990923" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990925" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990927" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990929" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990933" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990935" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990917/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990919/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13990921/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13990923/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13990925/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13990927/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/13990929/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/13990933/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/13990935/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 385–465</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FBABE5B9FB02CCF6" box="[1092,1200,659,685]" captionStart-0="Figs 466–474" captionStart-1="Figs 475–486" captionStartId-0="154.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionStartId-1="155.[189,241,1739,1765]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetId-0="figure-57@154.[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetId-1="figure-81@155.[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetPageId-0="154" captionTargetPageId-1="155" captionText-0="Figs 466–474. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (466–467, 469, 471, 473) and tip of embolus (468, 470, 472, 474), ventral (466, 473–474), retrolateral (467–468) and retoventral (469–472) views. 466–468. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 469–470. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 471–474. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH)." captionText-1="Figs 475–486. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (475–476, 478), tip of embolus (477), posterior median (479, 482–483, 485–486) and posterior lateral (481) spinnerets, and individual spigots (480, 484); prolateral (475) ventral (476–478, 481) and posterior (479–480, 482–486) views. 475– 477. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 478, 486. R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (SMNH). 479–481. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 482–484. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 485. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (SMNH)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990937" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990939" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990937/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990939/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">469–478</figureCitation>
). Apical segment of PLS triangular (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FDEFE59CFDDACC8A" box="[512,616,694,721]" captionStart="Figs 555–564" captionStartId="160.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,265,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@160.[213,1375,265,1755]" captionText="Figs 555–564. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (555–557, 560, 563) and ♀♀ (558–559, 561–562, 564), holotypes (except 557, 558, 561, 562, 564). Spinnerets, ventral (555–558, 560–561, 563–564) and lateral (559, 562) views. 555. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009, holotype (SMNH). 556. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 557–558. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme and ♀ from Kepele, respectively (both SMNH). 559. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 560. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 561–562. R. alajensis, paratype (SMNH). 563. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 564. R. cucullata, paratype from Shikildara (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018401/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 563</figureCitation>
, 568, 593, 605, 609, 614) or shortly digitiform (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FB3FE59CFA8ACC8A" box="[1232,1336,694,721]" captionStart="Figs 575–583" captionStartId="162.[189,241,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-74@162.[189,1398,265,1816]" captionText="Figs 575–583. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (575, 577, 581) and ♀♀ (576, 578–580, 582–583); holotypes (575– 577, 581) and paratypes (578–580, 582–583). Spinnerets (575–579, 581–582) and entire abdomen (580, 583), ventral (575–576, 579–580, 582–583) and lateral (577–578, 581) views. 575. R. insolita sp. nov. (ZISP). 576. R. karategensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 577–580. R. ornata sp. nov. (SMNH). 581– 583. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018406/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 581</figureCitation>
, 604, 612) ................................................................................................................................................... 2
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2. Embolus needle-shaped and evenly tapering, with subapical part very gently curved and lacking bends and keels, as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE1EE414FD27CD02" box="[497,661,830,857]" captionStart-0="Figs 439–447" captionStart-1="Figs 448–456" captionStart-2="Figs 457–465" captionStartId-0="151.[189,241,1850,1876]" captionStartId-1="152.[189,241,1848,1874]" captionStartId-2="153.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1399,265,1811]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1399,265,1816]" captionTargetId-0="figure-61@151.[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetId-1="figure-72@152.[189,1399,265,1811]" captionTargetId-2="figure-72@153.[189,1399,265,1816]" captionTargetPageId-0="151" captionTargetPageId-1="152" captionTargetPageId-2="153" captionText-0="Figs 439–447. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb; retroventral (439, 441, 444– 445), ventral (440, 442–443, 446) and proventral (447) views. 439–440. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (ZISP). 441–442. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH). 443–444. R. kopetdaghensis (Fet, 1984) (ZISP). 445–447. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021 (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 448–456. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 453–456), details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (448, 450–451, 454) and ventral (449, 452–453, 455–456) views. 448–449. R. nenilini sp. nov. (SMNH). 450–452. R. ovchinnikovisp. nov. (SMNH). 453. R. ovchinnikovi, paratype (SMNH). 454–455. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from vicinity of Arslanbob (SMNH). 456. R. virgata, ♂ from Charvak (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 457–465. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb, ventral (457–458, 462–464); retrolateral (459–460) and retroventral (461, 465) views. 457. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from Jaradar (SMNH). 458. R. virgata, ♂ from Dashman (SMNH). 459–462. R. vulpina sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 463. R. vulpina, paratype from Kyrgolot (SMNH). 464–465. R. vulpina, paratype from Tereksai (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990929" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990933" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990935" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990929/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990933/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13990935/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 439–465</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD4FE414FD7ECD03" box="[672,716,830,856]" captionStart="Figs 475–486" captionStartId="155.[189,241,1739,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-81@155.[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Figs 475–486. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (475–476, 478), tip of embolus (477), posterior median (479, 482–483, 485–486) and posterior lateral (481) spinnerets, and individual spigots (480, 484); prolateral (475) ventral (476–478, 481) and posterior (479–480, 482–486) views. 475– 477. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 478, 486. R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (SMNH). 479–481. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 482–484. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 485. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (SMNH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990939/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">478</figureCitation>
.......................................................................
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– Embolus with proximal and apical parts separated by bend (often provided with keel), as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FAEBE44BFEABCDC4" captionStart-0="Figs 379–388" captionStart-1="Figs 389–399" captionStart-2="Figs 400–408" captionStart-3="Figs 409–417" captionStart-4="Figs 418–428" captionStart-5="Figs 429–438" captionStartId-0="145.[189,241,1844,1870]" captionStartId-1="146.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionStartId-2="147.[189,241,1853,1879]" captionStartId-3="148.[189,241,1847,1873]" captionStartId-4="149.[189,241,1845,1871]" captionStartId-5="150.[189,241,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1814]" captionTargetBox-2="[198,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1398,265,1801]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1398,265,1794]" captionTargetBox-5="[189,1398,265,1818]" captionTargetId-0="figure-75@145.[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetId-1="figure-68@146.[189,1398,265,1814]" captionTargetId-2="figure-50@147.[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetId-3="figure-49@148.[189,1398,265,1801]" captionTargetId-4="figure-44@149.[189,1398,265,1794]" captionTargetId-5="figure-75@150.[189,1398,265,1818]" captionTargetPageId-0="145" captionTargetPageId-1="146" captionTargetPageId-2="147" captionTargetPageId-3="148" captionTargetPageId-4="149" captionTargetPageId-5="150" captionText-0="Figs 379–388. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (379, 381, 383, 385, 388), ventral (380, 382, 384, 387) and retroventral (386) views. 379–380. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 (SMNH). 381–382. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 383–384. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme (SMNH).385–387. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 388. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 18). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 389–399. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 392–396), details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (389, 392, 395, 397), retroventral (390, 393, 398) and ventral (391, 394, 396, 399) views. 389– 391. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 392–394. R. cucullata sp. nov., paratype from Shahob (SMNH). 395–396. R. cucullata, paratype from Sangdara (SMNH). 397–399. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 400–408. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 406–408), details of copulatoty bulb; retrolateral (400, 403, 406–407), retroventral (401, 404) and ventral (402, 405, 408) views. 400–402. R. hirta sp. nov. (SMNH). 403–405. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). 406–408. R. ignobilis, paratypes (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-3="Figs 409–417. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb; retroventral (409, 413, 416), retrolateral (410, 412, 415) and ventral (411, 414, 417) views. 409–411. R. insolita sp. nov. (ZISP). 412–414. R. ornata sp. nov. (SMNH). 415–417. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-4="Figs 418–428. Raveniola pamira sp. nov, ♂♂, holotype (418–422) and two paratypes (423–426 and 427–428, respectively), details of copulatoty bulb; retrolateral (418, 427), retroventral (419, 428), ventral (420, 423, 426), proventral (421, 425) and prolateral (422, 424) views (all SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-5="Figs 429–438. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 432–433, 437–438), details of copulatoty bulb, ventral (429, 435, 438), retroventral (430, 434), retrolateral (431, 436–437), proventral (432) and prolateral (433) views. 429–431. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 432–433. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), lectotype (ZMMU). 434–435. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 436. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 437– 438. R. zyuzini, paratype (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990917" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990919" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990921" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990923" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990925" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990927" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990917/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990919/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13990921/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13990923/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13990925/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/13990927/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 385– 438</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FECAE4AFFE3ECDC4" box="[293,396,901,927]" captionStart-0="Figs 466–474" captionStart-1="Figs 475–486" captionStartId-0="154.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionStartId-1="155.[189,241,1739,1765]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetId-0="figure-57@154.[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetId-1="figure-81@155.[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetPageId-0="154" captionTargetPageId-1="155" captionText-0="Figs 466–474. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (466–467, 469, 471, 473) and tip of embolus (468, 470, 472, 474), ventral (466, 473–474), retrolateral (467–468) and retoventral (469–472) views. 466–468. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 469–470. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 471–474. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH)." captionText-1="Figs 475–486. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (475–476, 478), tip of embolus (477), posterior median (479, 482–483, 485–486) and posterior lateral (481) spinnerets, and individual spigots (480, 484); prolateral (475) ventral (476–478, 481) and posterior (479–480, 482–486) views. 475– 477. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 478, 486. R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (SMNH). 479–481. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 482–484. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 485. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (SMNH)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990937" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990939" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990937/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990939/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">469–477</figureCitation>
..................................................................................................................................... 3
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<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF52E4ECFAC4CA7C" blockId="9.[189,1399,966,1134]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF52E4ECFAC4CA7C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
3. Cymbium shorter (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE37E4ECFD35CDBA" box="[472,647,966,993]" captionStart-0="Figs 349–363" captionStart-1="Figs 364–378" captionStartId-0="143.[189,241,1727,1753]" captionStartId-1="144.[189,241,1714,1740]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1390,270,1690]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,271,1690]" captionTargetId-0="figure-139@143.[189,1398,265,1690]" captionTargetId-1="figure-142@144.[189,1398,265,1690]" captionTargetPageId-0="143" captionTargetPageId-1="144" captionText-0="Figs 349–363. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 351, 355, 363), palpal tibia, cymbium and copulatory bulb, retrolateral (349–358, 360–361, 363) and retroventral (359, 362) views.349. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 (SMNH). 350. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 351. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme (SMNH). 352. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 353. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 18). 354. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 355. R. cucullata, paratype from Shahob (SMNH). 356. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). 357. R. hirta sp. nov. (SMNH). 358–359. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). 360. R. insolita sp. nov. (ZISP). 361. R. ornata sp. nov. (SMNH). 362. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). 363. R. pamira sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." captionText-1="Figs 364–378. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 366, 369, 376, 378), palpal tibia, cymbium and copulatory bulb, retrolateral (364–377) and retroventral (378) views. 364. R. pamira sp. nov. (SMNH). 365. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 366. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), lectotype (ZMMU). 367. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 368. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 369. R. zyuzini, paratype (SMNH). 370. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (ZISP). 371. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH).372. R. kopetdaghensis (Fet, 1984) (ZISP). 373. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021 (SMNH). 374. R. nenilini sp. nov. (SMNH). 375. R. ovchinnikovi sp. nov. (SMNH). 376. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from vicinity of Arslanbob (SMNH). 377. R. vulpina sp. nov. (SMNH). 378. R. vulpina, paratype from Tereksai (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990913" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990915" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990913/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 352–364</figureCitation>
). Narrowly tapering proximal part of embolus considerably longer than its apical part (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FDACE4C3FD42CA5F" box="[579,752,1001,1028]" captionStart-0="Figs 379–388" captionStart-1="Figs 389–399" captionStart-2="Figs 400–408" captionStart-3="Figs 409–417" captionStart-4="Figs 418–428" captionStartId-0="145.[189,241,1844,1870]" captionStartId-1="146.[189,241,1854,1880]" captionStartId-2="147.[189,241,1853,1879]" captionStartId-3="148.[189,241,1847,1873]" captionStartId-4="149.[189,241,1845,1871]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1814]" captionTargetBox-2="[198,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1398,265,1801]" captionTargetBox-4="[189,1398,265,1794]" captionTargetId-0="figure-75@145.[189,1398,265,1806]" captionTargetId-1="figure-68@146.[189,1398,265,1814]" captionTargetId-2="figure-50@147.[189,1398,265,1817]" captionTargetId-3="figure-49@148.[189,1398,265,1801]" captionTargetId-4="figure-44@149.[189,1398,265,1794]" captionTargetPageId-0="145" captionTargetPageId-1="146" captionTargetPageId-2="147" captionTargetPageId-3="148" captionTargetPageId-4="149" captionText-0="Figs 379–388. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (379, 381, 383, 385, 388), ventral (380, 382, 384, 387) and retroventral (386) views. 379–380. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 (SMNH). 381–382. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 383–384. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme (SMNH).385–387. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 388. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 18). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 389–399. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 392–396), details of copulatoty bulb, retrolateral (389, 392, 395, 397), retroventral (390, 393, 398) and ventral (391, 394, 396, 399) views. 389– 391. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 392–394. R. cucullata sp. nov., paratype from Shahob (SMNH). 395–396. R. cucullata, paratype from Sangdara (SMNH). 397–399. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 400–408. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 406–408), details of copulatoty bulb; retrolateral (400, 403, 406–407), retroventral (401, 404) and ventral (402, 405, 408) views. 400–402. R. hirta sp. nov. (SMNH). 403–405. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). 406–408. R. ignobilis, paratypes (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-3="Figs 409–417. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes, details of copulatoty bulb; retroventral (409, 413, 416), retrolateral (410, 412, 415) and ventral (411, 414, 417) views. 409–411. R. insolita sp. nov. (ZISP). 412–414. R. ornata sp. nov. (SMNH). 415–417. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-4="Figs 418–428. Raveniola pamira sp. nov, ♂♂, holotype (418–422) and two paratypes (423–426 and 427–428, respectively), details of copulatoty bulb; retrolateral (418, 427), retroventral (419, 428), ventral (420, 423, 426), proventral (421, 425) and prolateral (422, 424) views (all SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990917" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990919" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990921" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990923" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990925" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990917/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990919/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13990921/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/13990923/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/13990925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 385–428</figureCitation>
). PMS present (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FC52E4C3FBDDCA5F" box="[957,1135,1001,1028]" captionStart="Figs 555–564" captionStartId="160.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,265,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@160.[213,1375,265,1755]" captionText="Figs 555–564. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (555–557, 560, 563) and ♀♀ (558–559, 561–562, 564), holotypes (except 557, 558, 561, 562, 564). Spinnerets, ventral (555–558, 560–561, 563–564) and lateral (559, 562) views. 555. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009, holotype (SMNH). 556. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 557–558. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme and ♀ from Kepele, respectively (both SMNH). 559. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 560. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 561–562. R. alajensis, paratype (SMNH). 563. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 564. R. cucullata, paratype from Shikildara (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018401/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 560, 563</figureCitation>
, 565, 571, 573, 575, 584) .............................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB2EE326FA99CA7C" ID-CoL="4RMTP" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2000" box="[1217,1323,1036,1063]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB2EE326FA99CA7C" bold="true" box="[1217,1323,1036,1063]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">concolor</emphasis>
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group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF2EE31AFAC4CA35" blockId="9.[189,1399,966,1134]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF2EE31AFAC4CA35" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
– Cymbium longer (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE2FE31AFDD4CA10" box="[448,614,1072,1099]" captionStart="Figs 364–378" captionStartId="144.[189,241,1714,1740]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,271,1690]" captionTargetId="figure-142@144.[189,1398,265,1690]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figs 364–378. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 366, 369, 376, 378), palpal tibia, cymbium and copulatory bulb, retrolateral (364–377) and retroventral (378) views. 364. R. pamira sp. nov. (SMNH). 365. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 366. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), lectotype (ZMMU). 367. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 368. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 369. R. zyuzini, paratype (SMNH). 370. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (ZISP). 371. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH).372. R. kopetdaghensis (Fet, 1984) (ZISP). 373. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021 (SMNH). 374. R. nenilini sp. nov. (SMNH). 375. R. ovchinnikovi sp. nov. (SMNH). 376. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♂ from vicinity of Arslanbob (SMNH). 377. R. vulpina sp. nov. (SMNH). 378. R. vulpina, paratype from Tereksai (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 365–369</figureCitation>
). Broadly tapering proximal part of embolus slightly longer than its apical part (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE9BE379FDAECA36" box="[372,540,1107,1133]" captionStart="Figs 429–438" captionStartId="150.[189,241,1855,1881]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-75@150.[189,1398,265,1818]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="Figs 429–438. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (except 432–433, 437–438), details of copulatoty bulb, ventral (429, 435, 438), retroventral (430, 434), retrolateral (431, 436–437), proventral (432) and prolateral (433) views. 429–431. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 432–433. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), lectotype (ZMMU). 434–435. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 436. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 437– 438. R. zyuzini, paratype (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990927/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 429–438</figureCitation>
). PMS absent (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD24E379FC1BCA35" box="[715,937,1107,1134]" captionStart="Figs 584–592" captionStartId="163.[189,241,1821,1847]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-92@163.[189,1398,265,1789]" captionText="Figs 584–592. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (584, 589, 591) and ♀♀ (585–588, 590, 592), holotypes (except 585–586, 590, 592). Spinnerets, ventral (584–585, 587, 589, 591–592) and lateral (586, 588, 590) views. 584. R. pamira sp. nov. (SMNH). 585–586. R. pamira, paratype (SMNH). 587–588. R. sororcula sp. nov. (SMNH). 589. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 590. R. diluta, paratype (SMNH). 591. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), paralectotype (PSU). 592. R. fedotovi, ♀ from Hojakurgan (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018408/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 589, 591, 585</figureCitation>
) .........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB0AE379FA99CA35" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1253,1323,1107,1134]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diluta">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB0AE379FA99CA35" bold="true" box="[1253,1323,1107,1134]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">diluta</emphasis>
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group
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF05E3BFFEE3CAF4" blockId="9.[189,1399,1173,1305]" box="[234,337,1173,1199]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FF05E3BFFEE3CAF4" bold="true" box="[234,337,1173,1199]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Females</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<key id="FF9051045523FFB3FF52E392FAC4C882" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyStep id="30F51E905523FFB3FF52E392FAC5CB43" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF52E392FAC4CA89" blockId="9.[189,1399,1173,1305]" box="[189,1398,1207,1235]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF52E392FAC4CA89" box="[189,1398,1207,1235]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
1. Apical segment of PLS elongate (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD5AE392FCABCA88" box="[693,793,1208,1235]" captionStart="Figs 555–564" captionStartId="160.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,265,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@160.[213,1375,265,1755]" captionText="Figs 555–564. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (555–557, 560, 563) and ♀♀ (558–559, 561–562, 564), holotypes (except 557, 558, 561, 562, 564). Spinnerets, ventral (555–558, 560–561, 563–564) and lateral (559, 562) views. 555. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009, holotype (SMNH). 556. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 557–558. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme and ♀ from Kepele, respectively (both SMNH). 559. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 560. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 561–562. R. alajensis, paratype (SMNH). 563. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 564. R. cucullata, paratype from Shikildara (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018401/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 558</figureCitation>
) .........................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB24E39DFA99CA89" ID-CoL="4RMTM" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2009" box="[1227,1323,1207,1234]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB24E39DFA99CA89" bold="true" box="[1227,1323,1207,1234]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">caudata</emphasis>
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group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF2EE3F6FAC5CB43" blockId="9.[189,1399,1173,1305]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF2EE3F6FAC5CB43" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
– Apical segment of PLS triangular (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD2DE3F1FC2DCAAD" box="[706,927,1243,1270]" captionStart="Figs 555–564" captionStartId="160.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,265,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@160.[213,1375,265,1755]" captionText="Figs 555–564. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (555–557, 560, 563) and ♀♀ (558–559, 561–562, 564), holotypes (except 557, 558, 561, 562, 564). Spinnerets, ventral (555–558, 560–561, 563–564) and lateral (559, 562) views. 555. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009, holotype (SMNH). 556. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 557–558. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme and ♀ from Kepele, respectively (both SMNH). 559. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 560. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 561–562. R. alajensis, paratype (SMNH). 563. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 564. R. cucullata, paratype from Shikildara (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018401/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 559, 561, 562</figureCitation>
, 567, 569, 572, 586, 588, 594, 600, 607, 615, 618) or shortly digitiform (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD8EE3D4FCF2CB42" box="[609,832,1278,1305]" captionStart="Figs 575–583" captionStartId="162.[189,241,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-74@162.[189,1398,265,1816]" captionText="Figs 575–583. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (575, 577, 581) and ♀♀ (576, 578–580, 582–583); holotypes (575– 577, 581) and paratypes (578–580, 582–583). Spinnerets (575–579, 581–582) and entire abdomen (580, 583), ventral (575–576, 579–580, 582–583) and lateral (577–578, 581) views. 575. R. insolita sp. nov. (ZISP). 576. R. karategensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 577–580. R. ornata sp. nov. (SMNH). 581– 583. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018406/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 578, 579, 582</figureCitation>
)......................................................................... 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F51E905523FFB3FF52E26AFAC5C876" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF52E26AFAC4CB9F" blockId="9.[189,1399,1344,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF52E26AFAC4CB9F" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
2. PMS relatively large (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE10E26AFDC2CB00" box="[511,624,1344,1371]" captionStart="Figs 565–574" captionStartId="161.[189,241,1825,1851]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,265,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-100@161.[202,1386,265,1784]" captionText="Figs 565–574. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (565, 568, 571, 573) and ♀♀ (566–567, 569–570, 572), paratypes (except 568, 571, 573). Spinnerets, ventral (565–566, 571–574), lateral (567–568) and ventrolateral (569–570) views. 565–566. R. cucullata sp. nov., paratypes from Shahob (SMNH). 567. R. cucullata, from Sangdara (SMNH). 568. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). 569–570. R. dolosa, paratypes (SMNH). 571. R. hirta sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 572. R. hirta, paratype (SMNH). 573. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). 574. R. ignobilis, paratype (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018403/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 566</figureCitation>
, 576, 585), medium-sized (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FC26E26AFB88CB00" box="[969,1082,1344,1371]" captionStart="Figs 555–564" captionStartId="160.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[213,1375,265,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-109@160.[213,1375,265,1755]" captionText="Figs 555–564. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (555–557, 560, 563) and ♀♀ (558–559, 561–562, 564), holotypes (except 557, 558, 561, 562, 564). Spinnerets, ventral (555–558, 560–561, 563–564) and lateral (559, 562) views. 555. R. caudata Zonstein, 2009, holotype (SMNH). 556. R. inopinata sp. nov. (SMNH). 557–558. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♂ from Akar-Cheshme and ♀ from Kepele, respectively (both SMNH). 559. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 560. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 561–562. R. alajensis, paratype (SMNH). 563. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 564. R. cucullata, paratype from Shikildara (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018401/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 564</figureCitation>
, 572, 574, 587) or small (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FF1CE249FE25CB25" box="[243,407,1379,1406]" captionStart="Figs 565–574" captionStartId="161.[189,241,1825,1851]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,265,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-100@161.[202,1386,265,1784]" captionText="Figs 565–574. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (565, 568, 571, 573) and ♀♀ (566–567, 569–570, 572), paratypes (except 568, 571, 573). Spinnerets, ventral (565–566, 571–574), lateral (567–568) and ventrolateral (569–570) views. 565–566. R. cucullata sp. nov., paratypes from Shahob (SMNH). 567. R. cucullata, from Sangdara (SMNH). 568. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). 569–570. R. dolosa, paratypes (SMNH). 571. R. hirta sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 572. R. hirta, paratype (SMNH). 573. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). 574. R. ignobilis, paratype (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018403/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 568, 570</figureCitation>
, 578–580, 582–583), but always with apical spigots (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FBABE249FB5BCB26" box="[1092,1257,1379,1405]" captionStart="Figs 475–486" captionStartId="155.[189,241,1739,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-81@155.[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Figs 475–486. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (475–476, 478), tip of embolus (477), posterior median (479, 482–483, 485–486) and posterior lateral (481) spinnerets, and individual spigots (480, 484); prolateral (475) ventral (476–478, 481) and posterior (479–480, 482–486) views. 475– 477. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 478, 486. R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (SMNH). 479–481. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 482–484. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 485. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (SMNH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990939/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 482–483</figureCitation>
). Numerous (&gt; 25) maxillary cuspules arranged in a wide triangular area (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FC3FE2ACFBC8CBFB" box="[976,1146,1414,1440]" captionStart-0="Figs 229–237" captionStart-1="Figs 238–246" captionStartId-0="132.[189,241,1827,1853]" captionStartId-1="133.[189,241,1820,1846]" captionTargetBox-0="[200,1385,265,1784]" captionTargetBox-1="[208,1381,265,1770]" captionTargetId-0="figure-90@132.[200,1385,265,1784]" captionTargetId-1="figure-91@133.[208,1381,265,1770]" captionTargetPageId-0="132" captionTargetPageId-1="133" captionText-0="Figs 229–237. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, paratypes (except 229–230), sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral views. 229. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), ♀ from Kepele (SMNH). 230. R. afghana sp. nov., holotype (NHMD). 231. R. alajensis sp. nov. (SMNH). 232. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 19). 233– 234. R. cucullata sp. nov. from Shikildara (SMNH) and Shahob (SMNH), respectively. 235. R. dolosa sp. nov.(SMNH). 236. R. hirta sp. nov. (SMNH). 237. R. ignobilis sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." captionText-1="Figs 238–246. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, paratypes (except 238, 242, 244), sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral views. 238. R. karategensis sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 239. R. ornata sp. nov., from Sanglok (SMNH). 240. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). 241. R. pamira sp. nov. (SMNH). 242. R. sororcula sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 243. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 244. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), ♀ from Hojakurgan (SMNH). 245. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 246. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990884" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990887" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990884/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990887/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 230–242</figureCitation>
). Spermathecae as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FF02E283FE3FCB9F" box="[237,397,1449,1476]" captionStart-0="Figs 487–503" captionStart-1="Figs 504–521" captionStart-2="Figs 522–536" captionStartId-0="156.[189,241,1695,1721]" captionStartId-1="157.[189,241,1719,1745]" captionStartId-2="158.[189,241,1728,1754]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1653]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1675]" captionTargetBox-2="[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure-102@156.[189,1398,265,1653]" captionTargetId-1="figure-86@157.[189,1398,265,1675]" captionTargetId-2="figure-119@158.[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetPageId-0="156" captionTargetPageId-1="157" captionTargetPageId-2="158" captionText-0="Figs 487–503. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, paratypes (except 487–489), spermathecae, dorsal views. 487–488. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937), Kepele (SMNH). 489. R. afghana sp. nov. (NHMD). 490. Same, holotype. 491–493. R. alajensis sp. nov., Berksu. 494. R. concolor Zonstein, 2000 (MCSN AR 19). 495–496. R. cucullata sp. nov., Shikildara (SMNH). 497. R. cucullata, Shahob (SMNH). 498– 499. R. cucullata, Sangdara (SMNH). 500–503. R. dolosa sp. nov. (SMNH). Abbreviations: isb = inner spermathecal branch; osb = outer spermathecal branch; sb = spermathecal base. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 504–521. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 504–508. R. hirta sp. nov., paratypes (SMNH). 509. R. ignobilis sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 510. R. karategensis sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 511–512. R. karategensis, paratypes (ZISP). 513–514. R. ornata sp. nov., paratypes from Ganjina (SMNH). 515–516. R. ornata, paratypes from Sanglok (SMNH). 517–519. R. ornatula sp. nov., paratypes (SMNH). 520–521. R. pamira sp. nov., paratypes (SMNH). Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-2="Figs 522–536. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 522–523. R. pamira sp. nov., paratype and female from Shahob, respectively (both SMNH). 524. R. sororcula sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 525. R. sororcula, paratype (SMNH). 526–527. R. diluta sp. nov., paratype from Kondara (SMNH). 528–529. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), from Hojakurgan (SMNH). 530–531. R. pallens sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 532–533. R. zyuzini sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 534–536. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984), from Andijan (SMNH), non-type specimen from environs of Jalal-Abad (SMNH), and paratype from Jalal-Abad (SMNH), respectively. Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; sb = spermathecal base; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990941" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990943" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990945" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990941/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990943/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13990945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 489–525</figureCitation>
...............................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB2EE283FA99CB9F" ID-CoL="4RMTP" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2000" box="[1217,1323,1449,1476]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB2EE283FA99CB9F" bold="true" box="[1217,1323,1449,1476]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF2EE2E7FAC5C876" blockId="9.[189,1399,1344,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF2EE2E7FAC5C876" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
– PMS tiny (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE83E2E7FE6ACBB3" box="[364,472,1485,1512]" captionStart="Figs 593–601" captionStartId="164.[189,241,1759,1785]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-74@164.[189,1399,265,1718]" captionText="Figs 593–601. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, holotypes (593, 595, 597–598, 601) and ♀♀ paratypes (594, 596, 599–600). Spinnerets, lateral (593,596–597), ventral (595,598–599, 601) and posterior (594, 600) views. 593–594. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 595–596. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 597–600. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (ZISP). 601. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH). Strictly reduced PMS indicated by white arrows. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018411/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 599</figureCitation>
, 603, 611, 613, 615, 617), without spigots (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FBCCE2E7FB78CBB3" box="[1059,1226,1485,1512]" captionStart="Figs 475–486" captionStartId="155.[189,241,1739,1765]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetId="figure-81@155.[189,1398,265,1691]" captionTargetPageId="155" captionText="Figs 475–486. Raveniola spp., ♂♂, details of copulatoty bulb (475–476, 478), tip of embolus (477), posterior median (479, 482–483, 485–486) and posterior lateral (481) spinnerets, and individual spigots (480, 484); prolateral (475) ventral (476–478, 481) and posterior (479–480, 482–486) views. 475– 477. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). 478, 486. R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (SMNH). 479–481. R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (SMNH). 482–484. R. cucullata sp. nov. (SMNH). 485. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (SMNH)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990939/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 485–486</figureCitation>
), or absent (as in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FEE4E2DAFEC6C850" box="[267,372,1520,1547]" captionStart="Figs 584–592" captionStartId="163.[189,241,1821,1847]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-92@163.[189,1398,265,1789]" captionText="Figs 584–592. Raveniola spp., ♂♂ (584, 589, 591) and ♀♀ (585–588, 590, 592), holotypes (except 585–586, 590, 592). Spinnerets, ventral (584–585, 587, 589, 591–592) and lateral (586, 588, 590) views. 584. R. pamira sp. nov. (SMNH). 585–586. R. pamira, paratype (SMNH). 587–588. R. sororcula sp. nov. (SMNH). 589. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 590. R. diluta, paratype (SMNH). 591. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), paralectotype (PSU). 592. R. fedotovi, ♀ from Hojakurgan (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14018408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14018408/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 592</figureCitation>
, 594). Less numerous (&lt;25) cuspules spread along probasal maxillary heel (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FAEEE2DAFEA8C875" captionStart-0="Figs 238–246" captionStart-1="Figs 247–255" captionStartId-0="133.[189,241,1820,1846]" captionStartId-1="134.[189,241,1809,1835]" captionTargetBox-0="[208,1381,265,1770]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1363,265,1771]" captionTargetId-0="figure-91@133.[208,1381,265,1770]" captionTargetId-1="figure-88@134.[189,1363,265,1771]" captionTargetPageId-0="133" captionTargetPageId-1="134" captionText-0="Figs 238–246. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, paratypes (except 238, 242, 244), sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral views. 238. R. karategensis sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 239. R. ornata sp. nov., from Sanglok (SMNH). 240. R. ornatula sp. nov. (SMNH). 241. R. pamira sp. nov. (SMNH). 242. R. sororcula sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 243. R. diluta sp. nov. (SMNH). 244. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), ♀ from Hojakurgan (SMNH). 245. R. pallens sp. nov. (SMNH). 246. R. zyuzini sp. nov. (SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." captionText-1="Figs 247–255. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, paratypes (except 252–253), sternum, labium and maxillae, ventral views. 247. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (SMNH). 248. R. kirgizica sp. nov. (SMNH). 249–250. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021, from Aflatun (ZMMU) and Karangitun (SMNH), respectively. 251. R. nenilini sp. nov. (SMNH). 252. R. tarabaevi sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 253. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), ♀ from Arslanbob (SMNH). 254–255. R. vulpina sp. nov., from Sary-Chelek Reserve and Tereksai, respectively (both SMNH). Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990887" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990889" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990887/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990889/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 243– 255</figureCitation>
). Spermathecae different (see
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FD92E139FC92C875" box="[637,800,1555,1582]" captionStart-0="Figs 522–536" captionStart-1="Figs 537–554" captionStartId-0="158.[189,241,1728,1754]" captionStartId-1="159.[189,241,1680,1706]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetBox-1="[202,1381,265,1650]" captionTargetId-0="figure-119@158.[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetId-1="figure-146@159.[202,1381,265,1650]" captionTargetPageId-0="158" captionTargetPageId-1="159" captionText-0="Figs 522–536. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 522–523. R. pamira sp. nov., paratype and female from Shahob, respectively (both SMNH). 524. R. sororcula sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 525. R. sororcula, paratype (SMNH). 526–527. R. diluta sp. nov., paratype from Kondara (SMNH). 528–529. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), from Hojakurgan (SMNH). 530–531. R. pallens sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 532–533. R. zyuzini sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 534–536. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984), from Andijan (SMNH), non-type specimen from environs of Jalal-Abad (SMNH), and paratype from Jalal-Abad (SMNH), respectively. Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; sb = spermathecal base; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 537–554. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 537. R. kirgizica sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 538. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021, female from Chapchama Pass (SMNH). 539– 540. R. mikhailovi, paratypes from Aflatun (ZMMU) and Sary-Chelek Reserve (SMNH), respectively. 541. R. nenilini sp. nov., female from Kamchik Pass (SMNH). 542–543. R. nenilini, paratypes from Kainarsai (SMNH). 544. R. tarabaevi sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 545. R. tarabaevi, paratype from Uzunbulak (SMNH). 546. R. tarabaevi, paratype from Turgen (SMNH). 547. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), paralectotype (MNHN 6506-B361). 548–550. R. virgata, females from surroundings of Arslanbob (SMNH). 551–552. R. vulpina sp. nov., paratypes from Tumanyak (SMNH). 553–554. R. vulpina, from Tereksai (SMNH).Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990945" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990947" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990945/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990947/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 526–554</figureCitation>
) ............................................................................. 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30F51E905523FFB3FF52E17FFAC4C882" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF52E17FFAC4C8C8" blockId="9.[189,1398,1621,1753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF52E17FFAC4C8C8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
3. PMS absent. Spermathecae with wide bases and short robust inner branches (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FB1AE17FFEA5C8C8" captionStart="Figs 522–536" captionStartId="158.[189,241,1728,1754]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetId="figure-119@158.[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetPageId="158" captionText="Figs 522–536. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 522–523. R. pamira sp. nov., paratype and female from Shahob, respectively (both SMNH). 524. R. sororcula sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 525. R. sororcula, paratype (SMNH). 526–527. R. diluta sp. nov., paratype from Kondara (SMNH). 528–529. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), from Hojakurgan (SMNH). 530–531. R. pallens sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 532–533. R. zyuzini sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 534–536. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984), from Andijan (SMNH), non-type specimen from environs of Jalal-Abad (SMNH), and paratype from Jalal-Abad (SMNH), respectively. Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; sb = spermathecal base; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 526– 533</figureCitation>
) ..................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB0AE15DFA99C8C9" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1253,1323,1655,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diluta">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB0AE15DFA99C8C9" bold="true" box="[1253,1323,1655,1682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">diluta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355523FFB3FF2EE1B6FAC4C882" blockId="9.[189,1398,1621,1753]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<keyLead id="30F0A5005523FFB3FF2EE1B6FAC4C882" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
– PMS usually present (absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FDB6E1B6FC9FC8EE" ID-CoL="4RMTX" baseAuthorityName="Fet" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[601,813,1691,1717]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kopetdaghensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FDB6E1B6FC9FC8EE" box="[601,813,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">R. kopetdaghensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Spermathecae with narrow bases; shape of inner branch differs (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05523FFB3FE73E194FDF2C882" box="[412,576,1726,1753]" captionStart-0="Figs 522–536" captionStart-1="Figs 537–554" captionStartId-0="158.[189,241,1728,1754]" captionStartId-1="159.[189,241,1680,1706]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetBox-1="[202,1381,265,1650]" captionTargetId-0="figure-119@158.[189,1398,265,1688]" captionTargetId-1="figure-146@159.[202,1381,265,1650]" captionTargetPageId-0="158" captionTargetPageId-1="159" captionText-0="Figs 522–536. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 522–523. R. pamira sp. nov., paratype and female from Shahob, respectively (both SMNH). 524. R. sororcula sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 525. R. sororcula, paratype (SMNH). 526–527. R. diluta sp. nov., paratype from Kondara (SMNH). 528–529. R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946), from Hojakurgan (SMNH). 530–531. R. pallens sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 532–533. R. zyuzini sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 534–536. R. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984), from Andijan (SMNH), non-type specimen from environs of Jalal-Abad (SMNH), and paratype from Jalal-Abad (SMNH), respectively. Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; sb = spermathecal base; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Figs 537–554. Raveniola spp., ♀♀, spermathecae, dorsal views. 537. R. kirgizica sp. nov., paratype (SMNH). 538. R. mikhailovi Zonstein, 2021, female from Chapchama Pass (SMNH). 539– 540. R. mikhailovi, paratypes from Aflatun (ZMMU) and Sary-Chelek Reserve (SMNH), respectively. 541. R. nenilini sp. nov., female from Kamchik Pass (SMNH). 542–543. R. nenilini, paratypes from Kainarsai (SMNH). 544. R. tarabaevi sp. nov., holotype (SMNH). 545. R. tarabaevi, paratype from Uzunbulak (SMNH). 546. R. tarabaevi, paratype from Turgen (SMNH). 547. R. virgata (Simon, 1891), paralectotype (MNHN 6506-B361). 548–550. R. virgata, females from surroundings of Arslanbob (SMNH). 551–552. R. vulpina sp. nov., paratypes from Tumanyak (SMNH). 553–554. R. vulpina, from Tereksai (SMNH).Abbreviations: ld = lateral diverticulum; st = spermathecal trunk. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990945" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990947" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990945/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990947/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 534–554</figureCitation>
).........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65523FFB3FB39E194FA99C883" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1238,1323,1726,1752]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Brachythele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275523FFB3FB39E194FA99C883" bold="true" box="[1238,1323,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE5578FFE8FF52E1A4FE46C8F1" box="[189,500,1677,1706]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355578FFE8FF52E1A4FE46C8F1" blockId="82.[189,500,1677,1706]" box="[189,500,1677,1706]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B975DA275578FFE8FF52E1A4FE46C8F1" bold="true" box="[189,500,1677,1706]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Data on natural history</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31B55BE5578FFECFF52E1E9FAB0CADC" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBE06355578FFE8FF52E1E9FE9BC886" blockId="82.[189,297,1731,1757]" box="[189,297,1731,1757]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<heading id="D0F6B1595578FFE8FF52E1E9FE9BC886" bold="true" box="[189,297,1731,1757]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275578FFE8FF52E1E9FE9BC886" bold="true" box="[189,297,1731,1757]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Habitats</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355578FFE8FF52E1D9FE40C9B2" blockId="82.[188,1399,1779,2025]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
Depending on the altitude, prevailing landscape, precipitation regime and thermal conditions, all inhabited biotopes can be conditionally divided into three main zonal
<typeStatus id="54BAB8975578FFE8FC17E032FB88C969" box="[1016,1082,1816,1842]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">types</typeStatus>
. The first of these includes a harsh and periodically dry zone of foothills and low mountain ridges limited by lower and upper boundaries at altitudes of
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05578FFE8FE07E04BFDDEC920" box="[488,620,1889,1916]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" unit="m" value="475.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="450.0">450–500 m</quantity>
and
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05578FFE8FD4CE04BFCF5C920" box="[675,839,1889,1916]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–1500 m</quantity>
, respectively. These biotopes are located mostly on loess substrate, on slopes covered with different
<typeStatus id="54BAB8975578FFE8FCDAE0ACFCC1C9FB" box="[821,883,1926,1952]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">types</typeStatus>
of xerophilic drought-resistant vegetation: from ephemeral semi-deserts to dense shrubland and sparse woodland composed of low sclerophyll trees (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05578FFE8FEEBE0E4FE1BC9B3" box="[260,425,1998,2024]" captionStart="Figs 619–626" captionStartId="167.[189,241,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-96@167.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="167" captionText="Figs 619–626. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. caudata Zonstein, 2009 (619–621), R. inopinata sp. nov. (622, SMNH), and R. redikorzevi (Spassky, 1937) (623–626), Tajikistan (619–622), and Turkmenistan (623–626). 619–620. Vahsh Karatau Mts and Aruktau Mts respectively. 621–622. Panj Karatau Mts, midland slopes at 1120 m a.s.l., and flattened summit area at 1500–1600 m a.s.l., respectively. 623–624. Zulfagar Mts, as seen from foothills and close to the top area, respectively. 625. Badhyz Plateau, Kyzyl- Djar Canyon. 626. Same, surroundings of Kepele Well (images courtesy of Victor Fet)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990949/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs 619–626</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05578FFE8FE5AE0E4FE54C9B2" box="[437,486,1998,2025]" captionStart="Figs 715–722" captionStartId="179.[189,241,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-99@179.[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetPageId="179" captionText="Figs 715–722. Raveniola spp., habitats ofR. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (715–716), R. kirgizicasp. nov. (717–718), R. kopetdaghensis(Fet, 1984) (719) and R. mikhailoviZonstein, 2021 (720–722); Kyrgyzstan (715, 717–718, 720–722), Uzbekistan (716) and Turkmenistan (719). 715. Foothills on the loess substrate, surroundings of Tash-Kumyr Town (courtesy of Alexander Zhdanko). 716. Burrow entance, semi-desertous environs of Pap Town. 717–718. Alay Mts (northern slope), montane juniper woodland. 719. Kopetdagh Mts, Aidere Canyon (courtesy of Vera Rezheninova and Victor Fet). 720–721. Chatkal Mts, Sary-Chelek Reserve. 722. Same, surroundings of Chapchama Pass." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990975/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">715</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355579FFE9FF52E623FC14CC29" blockId="83.[188,1400,265,627]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Similar to the Western Asian species of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FD76E623FCBDCF78" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[665,783,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FD76E623FCBDCF78" box="[665,783,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a higher level of species diversity in Central Asian congeners occurs in the most moist, mild and favorable midland-mountain forest zone (hosting 18 of the 29 regional species). However, compared with the western part of Asia, both the lower and the upper borders of this zone in the central part of the continent are at a higher altitude (which can be explained by the present-day continental climate of the region). Depending on the specific subregion, this zone can comprise a single and continuous area (as for example in southern
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55579FFE9FC19E6EEFB33CF85" box="[1014,1153,452,478]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
;
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FB64E6E9FA9DCF86" box="[1163,1327,451,477]" captionStart="Figs 715–722" captionStartId="179.[189,241,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-99@179.[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetPageId="179" captionText="Figs 715–722. Raveniola spp., habitats ofR. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (715–716), R. kirgizicasp. nov. (717–718), R. kopetdaghensis(Fet, 1984) (719) and R. mikhailoviZonstein, 2021 (720–722); Kyrgyzstan (715, 717–718, 720–722), Uzbekistan (716) and Turkmenistan (719). 715. Foothills on the loess substrate, surroundings of Tash-Kumyr Town (courtesy of Alexander Zhdanko). 716. Burrow entance, semi-desertous environs of Pap Town. 717–718. Alay Mts (northern slope), montane juniper woodland. 719. Kopetdagh Mts, Aidere Canyon (courtesy of Vera Rezheninova and Victor Fet). 720–721. Chatkal Mts, Sary-Chelek Reserve. 722. Same, surroundings of Chapchama Pass." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990975/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 720–721</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FAD6E6E9FADACF86" box="[1337,1384,451,477]" captionStart="Figs 731–738" captionStartId="181.[189,241,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-87@181.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="Figs 731–738. Raveniola spp. Habitats of R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (731–734), and R. vulpina sp. nov. (735–738), Kyrgyzstan. 731. Ferghana Mts, forested slopes near Arslanbob Town. 732. Same, a montane walnut forest. 733–734. Same, the forest floor; a spider retreat under an overturned stone (showing a female and one of the protected juveniles indicated with white arrows). 735–737. Chatkal Mts (southern slope), Sary-Chelek Reserve, spruce woodlands.738. Talas Mts (southern slope), Uzun-Akhmat Canyon, slopes with montane steppes and fir woodlands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990981/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">731</figureCitation>
), or it can represent a mozaic of more or less isolated fragments (like those in
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55579FFE9FB8FE6C2FB61CC59" box="[1120,1235,488,514]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55579FFE9FF50E524FEF4CC73" box="[191,326,526,552]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
, shown in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FE24E524FDC2CC7C" box="[459,624,525,552]" captionStart="Figs 627–634" captionStartId="168.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,265,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-99@168.[202,1382,265,1748]" captionTargetPageId="168" captionText="Figs 627–634. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. alajensis sp. nov. (627–628) and R. cucullata sp. nov. (629 –634), together with a partially sympatric congener, R. ignobilis sp. nov. (629–631), Kyrgyzstan (627– 628), and Tajikistan (629–634). 627–628. Trans-Alay Mts, as seen from the Alay Valley, and highland biotopes, respectively. 629–630. Hazratisho Mts, as seen from the neighboring montane slopes, and closer midland area, respectively.631. Same, Kapar (Sangdara) River valley. 632. Vahsh Mts, Mullokoni Canyon. 633–634. Same, a spider retreat under an overturned stone, showing spiderlings (indicated with white arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990953/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 631–632</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FD91E527FD5ACC7C" box="[638,744,525,551]" captionStart="Figs 699–706" captionStartId="177.[189,241,1818,1844]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-73@177.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="177" captionText="Figs 699–706. Habitats and retreats of Raveniola diluta sp. nov., Tajikistan, Hissar Mts (south slope). 699–700. Rocky slopes with shrubland and woodland fragments, Sorbo Canyon, 1500–1800 m a.s.l. 701–702. Same, Saidai-Miyona Canyon, 1400–1500 m. 703–704. A rocky forest floor under the tree canopy. 705. An aside opened spider retreat under an overturned stone (indicated with a white arrow). 706. Same, close-up view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990971/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">699–700</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FD19E524FC95CC73" box="[758,807,526,552]" captionStart="Figs 707–714" captionStartId="178.[189,241,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-85@178.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="178" captionText="Figs 707–714. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946) (707–710) and R. zyuzini sp. nov. (711–714), Uzbekistan. 707. Hissar Mts (northwestern slope), montane slopes south of Ishkent Village. 708. Zeravshan Mts, Kitab Reserve, Hojakurgan Canyon. 709–710. Same, a rocky substrate under the tree canopy. 711. Babatagh Mts, as seen from foothills. 712. Same, as seen from the midland zone (ca 1200 m a.s.l.). 713–714. Same, the collection sites at 1400 m and 1800 m a.s.l., respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990973/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">708</figureCitation>
). Within Central Asia, the lower boundary of this zone is at an altitude of at least
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FDDEE519FDCECC16" box="[561,636,563,590]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
(in the western Kopetdagh Mts), but usually
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FB7FE519FA81CC16" box="[1168,1331,563,590]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–1500 m</quantity>
a.s.l.; the corresponding upper limit is confined to
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FD29E572FCDACC28" box="[710,872,600,627]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="2150.0" valueMax="2300.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–2300 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355579FFE9FF52E5B1FA8DCD10" blockId="83.[188,1399,667,843]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Finally, the third group of biotopes is represented by highland landscapes, with juniper and coniferous forests, subalpine and alpine meadows and meadow-steppes on the rocky slopes (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FB66E5EBFA82CC80" box="[1161,1328,705,731]" captionStart="Figs 627–634" captionStartId="168.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,265,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-99@168.[202,1382,265,1748]" captionTargetPageId="168" captionText="Figs 627–634. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. alajensis sp. nov. (627–628) and R. cucullata sp. nov. (629 –634), together with a partially sympatric congener, R. ignobilis sp. nov. (629–631), Kyrgyzstan (627– 628), and Tajikistan (629–634). 627–628. Trans-Alay Mts, as seen from the Alay Valley, and highland biotopes, respectively. 629–630. Hazratisho Mts, as seen from the neighboring montane slopes, and closer midland area, respectively.631. Same, Kapar (Sangdara) River valley. 632. Vahsh Mts, Mullokoni Canyon. 633–634. Same, a spider retreat under an overturned stone, showing spiderlings (indicated with white arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990953/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 627–628</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FAD2E5EBFF5ECD5A" captionStart="Figs 651–658" captionStartId="171.[189,241,1828,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-81@171.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="171" captionText="Figs 651–658. Habitats and burrows of R. hirta sp. Tajikistan, Darvaz Mts. 651. Haburabot Pass, as seen from a road observation site, at 2500 m a.s.l. 652. Same, the top pass area at 3300 m. 653–654. Same, the collection site at 2850–2900 m a.s.l. 655–656. Burrow entrance hidden in the grass. 657. Same, decamouflaged. 658. Same, the burrow was partially dug out and destroyed by a collector to demonstrate the absence of silk lining." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990959/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">651– 654</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FF18E5CCFE28CD5B" box="[247,410,742,768]" captionStart="Figs 675–682" captionStartId="174.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,265,1749]" captionTargetId="figure-109@174.[202,1380,265,1749]" captionTargetPageId="174" captionText="Figs 675–682. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. insolita sp. nov. (675, 677), R. karategensis sp. nov. (675, 678, 679), and R. pamira sp. nov. (676, 680–682), Tajikistan. 675. Obihingou River valley, with Peter I Mts left and Darvaz Mts right. 676. Darvaz Mts, near Miyonadu Village. 677. Peter I Mts, highlands (2500–3500 m a.s.l.). 678. Same, sparse juniper forest at 1800–2300 m a.s.l. 679. Same, Harvikush Canyon (ca 1900 m a.s.l.). 680. Same, surroundings of Childara (2100 m a.s.l.). 681. Darvaz Mts, Obiviskharvi Canyon, riverside woodland at 2200 m a.s.l. 682. Same, highland alpine meadows on rocky slopes (3000–3400 m a.s.l.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990965/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">677–679, 682</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FE4AE5CCFDFBCD5B" box="[421,585,742,768]" captionStart="Figs 715–722" captionStartId="179.[189,241,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-99@179.[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetPageId="179" captionText="Figs 715–722. Raveniola spp., habitats ofR. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (715–716), R. kirgizicasp. nov. (717–718), R. kopetdaghensis(Fet, 1984) (719) and R. mikhailoviZonstein, 2021 (720–722); Kyrgyzstan (715, 717–718, 720–722), Uzbekistan (716) and Turkmenistan (719). 715. Foothills on the loess substrate, surroundings of Tash-Kumyr Town (courtesy of Alexander Zhdanko). 716. Burrow entance, semi-desertous environs of Pap Town. 717–718. Alay Mts (northern slope), montane juniper woodland. 719. Kopetdagh Mts, Aidere Canyon (courtesy of Vera Rezheninova and Victor Fet). 720–721. Chatkal Mts, Sary-Chelek Reserve. 722. Same, surroundings of Chapchama Pass." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990975/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">717–718, 722</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FDBBE5CCFD37CD5B" box="[596,645,742,768]" captionStart="Figs 731–738" captionStartId="181.[189,241,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-87@181.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="Figs 731–738. Raveniola spp. Habitats of R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (731–734), and R. vulpina sp. nov. (735–738), Kyrgyzstan. 731. Ferghana Mts, forested slopes near Arslanbob Town. 732. Same, a montane walnut forest. 733–734. Same, the forest floor; a spider retreat under an overturned stone (showing a female and one of the protected juveniles indicated with white arrows). 735–737. Chatkal Mts (southern slope), Sary-Chelek Reserve, spruce woodlands.738. Talas Mts (southern slope), Uzun-Akhmat Canyon, slopes with montane steppes and fir woodlands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990981/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">738</figureCitation>
). The lower edge of this zone is located at an altitude
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FB1DE5CCFF61CD7D" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="2150.0" valueMax="2300.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–2300 m</quantity>
a.s.l. The highest altitudinal record for Central Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FCB5E421FBBBCD7D" box="[858,1033,779,806]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FCB5E421FC63CD7E" box="[858,977,779,805]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
is registered in this zone at an altitude of
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FED1E41BFE52CD10" box="[318,480,817,843]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="3550.0" valueMax="3700.0" valueMin="3400.0">3400–3700 m</quantity>
in Darvaz Mts,
<collectingCountry id="F31646A55579FFE9FD72E41AFCA2CD11" box="[669,784,816,842]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45579FFE9FCF0E41AFC6BCD10" author="Andreeva" box="[799,985,816,843]" firstAuthor="Andreeva" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="323 - 352" refId="ref77094" refString="Andreeva E. M. 1975. Distribution and ecology of spiders (Araneae) in Tajikistan. Fragmenta Faunistica 20 (19): 323 - 352. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00159301 FF 1975.20.19.323" type="journal article" year="1975">Andreeva 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC45579FFE9FC0AE41AFB91CD11" author="Andreeva" box="[997,1059,816,842]" firstAuthor="Andreeva" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refId="ref77135" refString="Andreeva E. M. 1976. Spiders of Tajikistan. Donish, Dushanbe. [In Russian.]" type="book" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
; under
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FB97E41AFA82CD10" box="[1144,1328,816,843]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Brachythele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB97E41AFAB4CD11" box="[1144,1286,816,842]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Brachythele</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355579FFE9FF52E45EFE7BCDD5" blockId="83.[189,457,884,910]" box="[189,457,884,910]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<heading id="D0F6B1595579FFE9FF52E45EFE7BCDD5" bold="true" box="[189,457,884,910]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FF52E45EFE7BCDD5" bold="true" box="[189,457,884,910]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Burrows and retreats</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355579FFE9FF52E48EFD40CAB3" blockId="83.[188,1399,932,1257]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Sampling and direct observations on the ecology of Central Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FBE4E48EFB72CDE4" box="[1035,1216,932,959]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FBE4E48EFB30CDE5" box="[1035,1154,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
in the natural environment have shown that the majority of species do not dig their own burrows. Rather, these spiders exploit different natural refuges to hide themselves. In most cases, such refuges comprise cavities and hollows in the soil under stones, where the spiders thinly and scarcely line the bottom and walls with silk (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FF16E313FE2DCA0F" box="[249,415,1081,1108]" captionStart="Figs 635–642" captionStartId="169.[189,241,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-29@169.[189,1398,265,1785]" captionTargetPageId="169" captionText="Figs 635–642. Retreats of Raveniola cucullata sp. nov., Tajikistan, Peter I Mts, surroundings of Shahob. When distantly viewed, the depicted retreat and spider are indicated with a white arrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990955/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 635–642</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FE43E313FDA7CA0F" box="[428,533,1081,1108]" captionStart="Figs 643–650" captionStartId="170.[189,241,1816,1842]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-37@170.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="170" captionText="Figs 643–650. Raveniola spp., habitats of two sympatric congeners, R. cucullata sp. nov. and R. dolosa sp. nov. (643–646), and retreats used by representatives of the latter species (647–650). Tajikistan, Peter I Mts, surroundings of Shahob." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990957/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">647–650</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FDCDE313FD39CA08" box="[546,651,1081,1107]" captionStart-0="Figs 683–690" captionStart-1="Figs 691–698" captionStartId-0="175.[189,241,1817,1843]" captionStartId-1="176.[189,241,1818,1844]" captionTargetBox-0="[189,1398,265,1785]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1398,265,1783]" captionTargetId-0="figure-35@175.[189,1398,265,1785]" captionTargetId-1="figure-27@176.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId-0="175" captionTargetPageId-1="176" captionText-0="Figs 683–690. Retreats of Raveniola pamira sp. nov., Tajikistan, Darvaz Mts, Obiviskharvi Canyon, near abandoned Viskharvi-Bolo Village (2100 m a.s.l.). When distantly viewed/poorly visible, the depicted retreats and spiders are indicated with a white arrow." captionText-1="Figs 691–698. Retreats of Raveniola sororcula sp. nov. and live females protecting their egg sacs. Tajikistan, Darvaz Mts, Obiviskharvi Canyon, surroundings of Hurk Village (1700 m a.s.l.)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990967" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990969" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13990967/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13990969/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">683–698</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FD77E313FCB3CA0F" box="[664,769,1081,1108]" captionStart="Figs 699–706" captionStartId="177.[189,241,1818,1844]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-73@177.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="177" captionText="Figs 699–706. Habitats and retreats of Raveniola diluta sp. nov., Tajikistan, Hissar Mts (south slope). 699–700. Rocky slopes with shrubland and woodland fragments, Sorbo Canyon, 1500–1800 m a.s.l. 701–702. Same, Saidai-Miyona Canyon, 1400–1500 m. 703–704. A rocky forest floor under the tree canopy. 705. An aside opened spider retreat under an overturned stone (indicated with a white arrow). 706. Same, close-up view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990971/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">705–706</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FCE1E310FCC8CA0F" box="[782,890,1082,1108]" captionStart="Figs 731–738" captionStartId="181.[189,241,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-87@181.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="Figs 731–738. Raveniola spp. Habitats of R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (731–734), and R. vulpina sp. nov. (735–738), Kyrgyzstan. 731. Ferghana Mts, forested slopes near Arslanbob Town. 732. Same, a montane walnut forest. 733–734. Same, the forest floor; a spider retreat under an overturned stone (showing a female and one of the protected juveniles indicated with white arrows). 735–737. Chatkal Mts (southern slope), Sary-Chelek Reserve, spruce woodlands.738. Talas Mts (southern slope), Uzun-Akhmat Canyon, slopes with montane steppes and fir woodlands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990981/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">733–734</figureCitation>
). Several species, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FB64E313FAC5CA08" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1163,1399,1081,1107]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB64E313FAC5CA08" box="[1163,1399,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FF52E375FEA8CA22" box="[189,282,1119,1145]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, are able to further deepen less suitable refuges (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FCBEE375FC4ACA22" box="[849,1016,1119,1145]" captionStart="Figs 627–634" captionStartId="168.[189,241,1786,1812]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,265,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-99@168.[202,1382,265,1748]" captionTargetPageId="168" captionText="Figs 627–634. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. alajensis sp. nov. (627–628) and R. cucullata sp. nov. (629 –634), together with a partially sympatric congener, R. ignobilis sp. nov. (629–631), Kyrgyzstan (627– 628), and Tajikistan (629–634). 627–628. Trans-Alay Mts, as seen from the Alay Valley, and highland biotopes, respectively. 629–630. Hazratisho Mts, as seen from the neighboring montane slopes, and closer midland area, respectively.631. Same, Kapar (Sangdara) River valley. 632. Vahsh Mts, Mullokoni Canyon. 633–634. Same, a spider retreat under an overturned stone, showing spiderlings (indicated with white arrows)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990953/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 633–634</figureCitation>
). In contrast, some adult females belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FEBBE3AFFE43CAC5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2021" box="[340,497,1156,1182]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mikhailovi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FEBBE3AFFED4CAC5" box="[340,358,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FE9AE3AEFE43CAC5" box="[373,497,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">mikhailovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FE11E3AFFDCACAC5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[510,632,1156,1182]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nenilini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FE11E3AFFDA2CAC5" box="[510,528,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FDF1E3AEFDCACAC5" box="[542,632,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">nenilini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FD91E3AEFD68CAC5" box="[638,730,1156,1182]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FD0CE3AFFCEACAC5" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[739,856,1156,1182]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FD0CE3AFFD47CAC5" box="[739,757,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FCEBE3AFFCEACAC5" box="[772,856,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FC62E3AFFBB4CAC5" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[909,1030,1156,1182]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FC62E3AFFC2DCAC5" box="[909,927,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FC41E3AEFBB4CAC5" box="[942,1030,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">vulpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FBE3E3AEFBDACAC5" box="[1036,1128,1156,1182]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, when inhabiting moist slopes that are devoid of suitable stones and logs (as shown in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FC7AE383FB8ACA98" box="[917,1080,1193,1219]" captionStart="Figs 723–730" captionStartId="180.[189,241,1816,1842]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-81@180.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="180" captionText="Figs 723–730. Habitats of Raveniola nenilini sp. nov., Uzbekistan. 723. Pskem River valley and Charvak Reservoir, with Ugam Mts left and Pskem Mts right. 724. Ugam Mts, Kainarsai Gorge. 725– 726. Same, a walnut forest growing in a ravine. 727. Karzhantau Mts, Humsan Canyon. 728. Chimgan Mts, Gulikamsai Gorge. 729. Chatkal Mts (western slope), Aksakata Canyon, northwestern slope of Mt Syurenata. 730. Same, midland juniper woodland on rocky slopes (ca 1700 m a.s.l.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990977/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 724–726</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FBACE383FB1CCA98" box="[1091,1198,1193,1219]" captionStart="Figs 731–738" captionStartId="181.[189,241,1819,1845]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-87@181.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="Figs 731–738. Raveniola spp. Habitats of R. virgata (Simon, 1891) (731–734), and R. vulpina sp. nov. (735–738), Kyrgyzstan. 731. Ferghana Mts, forested slopes near Arslanbob Town. 732. Same, a montane walnut forest. 733–734. Same, the forest floor; a spider retreat under an overturned stone (showing a female and one of the protected juveniles indicated with white arrows). 735–737. Chatkal Mts (southern slope), Sary-Chelek Reserve, spruce woodlands.738. Talas Mts (southern slope), Uzun-Akhmat Canyon, slopes with montane steppes and fir woodlands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990981/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">731–732</figureCitation>
), can settle using natural open depressions adjacent to tree trunks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355579FFE9FF52E238FCC0C80D" blockId="83.[188,1399,1298,1622]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
The three species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FDEBE238FDD1CB77" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2009" box="[516,611,1298,1324]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FDEBE238FDD1CB77" box="[516,611,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">caudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group are mostly known from wandering males, which have occasionally been found under stones, used as temporary shelter during daytime. The only known female of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FED5E276FD8CCB2D" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Spassky" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[314,574,1372,1398]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="redikorzevi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FED5E276FD8CCB2D" box="[314,574,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola redikorzevi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, as well as all the known juvenuiles of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FB73E277FAADCB2D" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2009" box="[1180,1311,1372,1399]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caudata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB73E277FB1CCB2D" box="[1180,1198,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB2FE276FAADCB2D" box="[1216,1311,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">caudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FAB2E277FEF2CBC0" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Spassky" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="redikorzevi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FAB2E277FADDCB2D" box="[1373,1391,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FF52E2ABFEF2CBC0" box="[189,320,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">redikorzevi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were collected from abandoned burrows of gerbils (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FC38E2ABFEB6CB9A" authority="(Lichtenstein, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rhombomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opimus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FC38E2ABFB7ACBC0" box="[983,1224,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Rhombomys opimus</emphasis>
(Lichtenstein, 1823)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FEFDE282FE09CB9A" box="[274,443,1447,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FEFDE282FE33CB9A" box="[274,385,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Meriones</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
) and tortoises (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FD98E28DFB80CB9A" authority="(Grey, 1844))" baseAuthorityName="Grey" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[631,1074,1447,1473]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Agrionemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horsfieldii">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FD98E28DFC36CB9A" box="[631,900,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Agrionemys horsfieldii</emphasis>
(Grey, 1844))
</taxonomicName>
. Within the
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FB28E282FAA9CB9A" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1223,1307,1448,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB28E282FAA9CB9A" box="[1223,1307,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FEE0E2E7FE77CBBD" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[271,453,1484,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovchinnikovi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FEE0E2E7FE77CBBD" box="[271,453,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R. ovchinnikovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been found to hide deeply inside abandoned burrows of small vertebrate animals. Another uncommon econiche settled by the latter species is that of the natural deep crevices in outcrops of loess substrate. Finally, all hand-collected specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FC06E13DFBD8C86B" baseAuthorityName="Charitonov" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1001,1130,1558,1584]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fedotovi">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FC06E13DFBD8C86B" box="[1001,1130,1558,1584]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R. fedotovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found inhabiting screes in woodlands under the tree canopy (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FD50E116FCD5C80D" box="[703,871,1596,1622]" captionStart="Figs 707–714" captionStartId="178.[189,241,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-85@178.[189,1399,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="178" captionText="Figs 707–714. Raveniola spp., habitats of R. fedotovi (Charitonov, 1946) (707–710) and R. zyuzini sp. nov. (711–714), Uzbekistan. 707. Hissar Mts (northwestern slope), montane slopes south of Ishkent Village. 708. Zeravshan Mts, Kitab Reserve, Hojakurgan Canyon. 709–710. Same, a rocky substrate under the tree canopy. 711. Babatagh Mts, as seen from foothills. 712. Same, as seen from the midland zone (ca 1200 m a.s.l.). 713–714. Same, the collection sites at 1400 m and 1800 m a.s.l., respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990973/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs 708–710</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE06355579FFE9FF52E155FC56C9B3" blockId="83.[187,1400,1663,2025]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Only a few Central Asian species of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FD95E155FD43C8C2" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[634,753,1663,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FD95E155FD43C8C2" box="[634,753,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to dig their own burrows. It is noteworthy that these burrowing species occurred closer to either the lower or the upper habitat limits of the Central Asian congeners, but are not found in the most favorable environments of the mid-mountain zone. The only species that inhabits the loess foothills of Western Tien Shan (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB05579FFE9FC2DE1C5FB95C951" box="[962,1063,1775,1802]" captionStart="Figs 715–722" captionStartId="179.[189,241,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-99@179.[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetPageId="179" captionText="Figs 715–722. Raveniola spp., habitats ofR. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (715–716), R. kirgizicasp. nov. (717–718), R. kopetdaghensis(Fet, 1984) (719) and R. mikhailoviZonstein, 2021 (720–722); Kyrgyzstan (715, 717–718, 720–722), Uzbekistan (716) and Turkmenistan (719). 715. Foothills on the loess substrate, surroundings of Tash-Kumyr Town (courtesy of Alexander Zhdanko). 716. Burrow entance, semi-desertous environs of Pap Town. 717–718. Alay Mts (northern slope), montane juniper woodland. 719. Kopetdagh Mts, Aidere Canyon (courtesy of Vera Rezheninova and Victor Fet). 720–721. Chatkal Mts, Sary-Chelek Reserve. 722. Same, surroundings of Chapchama Pass." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990975/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 715</figureCitation>
), with their long dry summer period, is
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FEDFE03FFE57C975" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[304,485,1812,1839]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FEDFE03FFEF0C975" box="[304,322,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FEBFE03EFE57C975" box="[336,485,1812,1838]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, known as a strictly obligate burrower. In contrast, the four highland members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FEE4E013FEC1C908" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2000" box="[267,371,1849,1875]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FEE4E013FEC1C908" box="[267,371,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FE20E010FDE2C908" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[463,592,1849,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FE20E010FE52C908" box="[463,480,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FE1FE013FDE2C908" box="[496,592,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">afghana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FDB6E010FD05C90F" box="[601,695,1850,1876]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FD2BE010FCFFC908" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[708,845,1849,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alajensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FD2BE010FD67C908" box="[708,725,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FD0AE013FCFFC908" box="[741,845,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">alajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FCBAE010FC01C90F" box="[853,947,1850,1876]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FC2EE010FBA9C908" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[961,1051,1849,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FC2EE010FC60C908" box="[961,978,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FC0DE013FBA9C908" box="[994,1051,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">hirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FBC5E010FB34C90F" box="[1066,1158,1850,1876]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FB2DE010FAC4C908" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1218,1398,1849,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karategensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB2DE010FB61C908" box="[1218,1235,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FB0DE013FAC4C908" box="[1250,1398,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">karategensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FF52E075FEAAC922" box="[189,280,1887,1913]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, which inhabit the subalpine juniper forests, subalpine and alpine meadows, and meadow-steppes at an altitude of
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FE67E0AEFD83C9C5" box="[392,561,1924,1950]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="2800.0" valueMax="3700.0" valueMin="1900.0">1900–3700 m</quantity>
, have also been collected exclusively from their burrows.
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB65579FFE9FAEFE0AEFEA7C998" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insolita" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA275579FFE9FAEFE0AEFEA7C998" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Raveniola insolita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C5579FFE9FEF1E080FECEC99F" box="[286,380,1962,1988]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, known only from a single male, which was collected at an altitude of
<quantity id="4CF9ABD05579FFE9FB24E083FAC3C99F" box="[1227,1393,1961,1988]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="m" value="3350.0" valueMax="3400.0" valueMin="3300.0">3300–3400 m</quantity>
, can probably also be assigned to the members of the latter subgroup.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E623FC00CCFC" blockId="84.[187,1401,265,680]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
Unlike the similarly unprotected holes dug and used by members of the obligate burrowing Central Asian genus
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFEE5E607FECECF1C" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1895" box="[266,380,301,327]" class="Arachnida" family="Cyrtaucheniidae" genus="Anemesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFEE5E607FECECF1C" box="[266,380,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Anemesia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the burrows of a few bothrobiont
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFCF2E606FC7ECF1C" box="[797,972,300,327]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFCF2E606FC26CF1D" box="[797,916,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
appear to be arranged more simply. Compared with the burrow structure found in
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD35E67AFC36CF31" box="[730,900,336,362]" class="Arachnida" family="Cyrtaucheniidae" genus="Anemesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD35E67AFCFECF31" box="[730,844,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Anemesia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557EFFEEFC2DE67AFBCCCF31" author="Zonstein" box="[962,1150,336,362]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref83568" refString="Zonstein S. 2018 b. A revision of the spider genus Anemesia (Araneae, Cyrtaucheniidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 485: 1 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2018.485" type="journal article" year="2018" yearSuffix="b">Zonstein 2018b</bibRefCitation>
: figs 330–367), these burrows are almost similarly deep (ca
<quantity id="4CF9ABD0557EFFEEFD90E659FD41CFD6" box="[639,755,371,397]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="cm" value="35.0" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="30.0">30–40 cm</quantity>
in length), but are noticeably narrower in their median part and much more scarcely silk lined (except for the terminal living chamber, which is more densely lined). The open entrance mostly lacks the silk lining and resembles a hole used by other terrestrial arthropods (the bothrobiont coleopterans, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD33E6F7FCDDCFAC" box="[732,879,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Lethrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD33E6F7FC84CFAC" box="[732,822,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Lethrus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, or woodlice; see
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557EFFEEFBD0E6F7FB14CFA3" box="[1087,1190,477,504]" captionStart="Figs 651–658" captionStartId="171.[189,241,1828,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-81@171.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="171" captionText="Figs 651–658. Habitats and burrows of R. hirta sp. Tajikistan, Darvaz Mts. 651. Haburabot Pass, as seen from a road observation site, at 2500 m a.s.l. 652. Same, the top pass area at 3300 m. 653–654. Same, the collection site at 2850–2900 m a.s.l. 655–656. Burrow entrance hidden in the grass. 657. Same, decamouflaged. 658. Same, the burrow was partially dug out and destroyed by a collector to demonstrate the absence of silk lining." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990959/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 657</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557EFFEEFB5EE6F7FB50CFAC" box="[1201,1250,477,503]" captionStart="Figs 715–722" captionStartId="179.[189,241,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-99@179.[197,1386,265,1758]" captionTargetPageId="179" captionText="Figs 715–722. Raveniola spp., habitats ofR. ferghanensis (Zonstein, 1984) (715–716), R. kirgizicasp. nov. (717–718), R. kopetdaghensis(Fet, 1984) (719) and R. mikhailoviZonstein, 2021 (720–722); Kyrgyzstan (715, 717–718, 720–722), Uzbekistan (716) and Turkmenistan (719). 715. Foothills on the loess substrate, surroundings of Tash-Kumyr Town (courtesy of Alexander Zhdanko). 716. Burrow entance, semi-desertous environs of Pap Town. 717–718. Alay Mts (northern slope), montane juniper woodland. 719. Kopetdagh Mts, Aidere Canyon (courtesy of Vera Rezheninova and Victor Fet). 720–721. Chatkal Mts, Sary-Chelek Reserve. 722. Same, surroundings of Chapchama Pass." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990975/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">716</figureCitation>
). Sometimes this entrance is partially camouflaged by the surrounding detritus or vegetation (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557EFFEEFB81E52AFAA1CC40" box="[1134,1299,512,539]" captionStart="Figs 651–658" captionStartId="171.[189,241,1828,1854]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-81@171.[189,1398,265,1784]" captionTargetPageId="171" captionText="Figs 651–658. Habitats and burrows of R. hirta sp. Tajikistan, Darvaz Mts. 651. Haburabot Pass, as seen from a road observation site, at 2500 m a.s.l. 652. Same, the top pass area at 3300 m. 653–654. Same, the collection site at 2850–2900 m a.s.l. 655–656. Burrow entrance hidden in the grass. 657. Same, decamouflaged. 658. Same, the burrow was partially dug out and destroyed by a collector to demonstrate the absence of silk lining." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990959/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 655–656</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557EFFEEFACFE52AFAE2CC41" box="[1312,1360,512,538]" captionStart="Figs 659–666" captionStartId="172.[189,241,1821,1847]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-62@172.[189,1398,264,1783]" captionTargetPageId="172" captionText="Figs 659–666. Habitats and burrows ofRaveniola karategensis sp. nov. Tajikistan, Peter I Mts, Harvikush Canyon. 659–660, 663. Burrow entrances on the woodland floor. 661–662, 664–665. Same, close-up view. 666. A female dug out from its burrow. When distantly viewed, the depicted retreat and spider are indicated with a white arrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990961/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">661</figureCitation>
). A more complex variant of an entrance arrangement was observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFC0AE50EFB2BCC66" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[997,1177,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karategensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC0AE50EFB2BCC66" box="[997,1177,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. karategensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFB4BE50EFAB1CC65" box="[1188,1283,548,574]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, in which the burrow mouth was visibly silk lined and provided with a low rim (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557EFFEEFBFDE56DFB09CC39" box="[1042,1211,583,610]" captionStart="Figs 659–666" captionStartId="172.[189,241,1821,1847]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-62@172.[189,1398,264,1783]" captionTargetPageId="172" captionText="Figs 659–666. Habitats and burrows ofRaveniola karategensis sp. nov. Tajikistan, Peter I Mts, Harvikush Canyon. 659–660, 663. Burrow entrances on the woodland floor. 661–662, 664–665. Same, close-up view. 666. A female dug out from its burrow. When distantly viewed, the depicted retreat and spider are indicated with a white arrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990961/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figs 659–665</figureCitation>
). The expanded living chamber always has a horizontal extension, as shown in
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557EFFEEFC77E540FC4FCCDF" box="[920,1021,618,644]" captionStart="Figs 659–666" captionStartId="172.[189,241,1821,1847]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,264,1783]" captionTargetId="figure-62@172.[189,1398,264,1783]" captionTargetPageId="172" captionText="Figs 659–666. Habitats and burrows ofRaveniola karategensis sp. nov. Tajikistan, Peter I Mts, Harvikush Canyon. 659–660, 663. Burrow entrances on the woodland floor. 661–662, 664–665. Same, close-up view. 666. A female dug out from its burrow. When distantly viewed, the depicted retreat and spider are indicated with a white arrow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990961/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 666</figureCitation>
. In all cases, no lateral chambers connecting the burrow shaft with the soil surface were observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E5E5FE8DCCB2" blockId="84.[189,319,719,745]" box="[189,319,719,745]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<heading id="D0F6B159557EFFEEFF52E5E5FE8DCCB2" bold="true" box="[189,319,719,745]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF52E5E5FE8DCCB2" bold="true" box="[189,319,719,745]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Phenology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E5D4FAA4CA22" blockId="84.[188,1399,766,1146]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
Data on the phenology of the congeners are sparse and based completely on fragmentary field observations. The collecting data indicate that in localities with a dry summer period the wandering adult
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFAEFE40BFAC5CD60" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[1280,1399,801,827]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFAEFE40BFAC5CD60" box="[1280,1399,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
males occur in April–May (the most wet and favourable period). In some species inhabiting this
<typeStatus id="54BAB897557EFFEEFACAE46FFAEACD04" box="[1317,1368,837,863]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">type</typeStatus>
of biotope, a second appearance of wandering males, connected with the end of a dry period in October– November, can be observed (particularly, in
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD5EE4A6FC8ECDFE" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[689,828,907,933]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD5EE4A6FC8ECDFE" box="[689,828,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFCACE4A6FC2FCDFD" box="[835,925,908,934]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFC4CE4A6FBEBCDFE" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[931,1113,907,934]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC4CE4A6FC07CDFE" box="[931,949,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC2BE4A1FBEBCDFE" box="[964,1113,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFB7FE4A6FAD7CDFE" baseAuthorityName="Fet" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1168,1381,907,934]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kopetdaghensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB7FE4A6FB10CDFE" box="[1168,1186,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB5FE4A1FAD7CDFE" box="[1200,1381,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">kopetdaghensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Several congeners, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFDEFE485FD35CD93" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[512,647,942,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignobilis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFDEFE485FD35CD93" box="[512,647,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. ignobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFD60E485FD5ECD92" box="[655,748,943,969]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD17E485FC22CD93" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[760,912,942,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subornata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD17E485FC22CD93" box="[760,912,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. subornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFC78E485FC40CD92" box="[919,1010,943,969]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFBC4E485FB50CD93" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1067,1250,942,968]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovchinnikovi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFBC4E485FB50CD93" box="[1067,1250,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. ovchinnikovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFB06E485FAF5CD92" box="[1257,1351,943,969]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, are known as species with males collected only in October. In highland members of the genus, e.g., in
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF52E4DCFEF7CA54" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[189,325,1013,1039]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alajensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF52E4DCFEF7CA54" box="[189,325,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. alajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFEA3E4DCFE14CA4B" box="[332,422,1014,1040]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFE32E4DCFD84CA54" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[477,566,1013,1039]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFE32E4DCFD84CA54" box="[477,566,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. hirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFDD2E4DCFD28CA4B" box="[573,666,1014,1040]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, the peak of their activity, including the presence of wandering adult males, unsurprisingly moves into the mid-summer (July). Males of the most mesophilic species, like
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF1CE317FEDBCA0D" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[243,361,1084,1110]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF1CE317FEB7CA0D" box="[243,261,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFEFAE317FEDBCA0D" box="[277,361,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, within the humid areas (such as the midlands of the Ferghana Mts in the environs of Arslanbob, with summer rainfalls) can be almost evenly found from mid-April to late October.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E38BFDD1CB7E" blockId="84.[189,1399,1185,1317]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
Females with egg sacs can be found in July (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD01E38BFCC8CAE0" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[750,890,1185,1211]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alajensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD01E38BFCC8CAE0" box="[750,890,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. alajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFC69E38BFC55CAE0" box="[902,999,1185,1211]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFC19E38BFB3ACAE0" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1014,1160,1185,1211]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC19E38BFB3ACAE0" box="[1014,1160,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFB7CE38BFB46CAE0" box="[1171,1268,1185,1211]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFAEBE38BFAC4CAE0" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1284,1398,1185,1211]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dolosa" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFAEBE38BFAC4CAE0" box="[1284,1398,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. dolosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFF52E3EEFEAACA85" box="[189,280,1220,1246]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFECFE3EFFE61CA85" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[288,467,1220,1246]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karategensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFECFE3EFFE61CA85" box="[288,467,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. karategensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFE34E3EEFD84CA85" box="[475,566,1220,1246]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFDD1E3EFFD69CA85" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2021" box="[574,731,1220,1246]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mikhailovi">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFDD1E3EFFDE2CA85" box="[574,592,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFDB0E3EEFD69CA85" box="[607,731,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">mikhailovi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD08E3EFFCE9CA85" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[743,859,1221,1246]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pamira" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD08E3EFFCE9CA85" box="[743,859,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. pamira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFC8FE3EEFC09CA85" box="[864,955,1220,1246]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFC2BE3EFFBE0CA85" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[964,1106,1220,1246]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sororcula" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC2BE3EFFBE0CA85" box="[964,1106,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. sororcula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFBB5E3EEFB00CA85" box="[1114,1202,1220,1246]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFB0AE3EFFAC4CA85" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[1253,1398,1220,1246]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarabaevi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB0AE3EFFB45CA85" box="[1253,1271,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFAE9E3EEFAC4CA85" box="[1286,1398,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">tarabaevi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFF52E3C2FEA9CB5A" box="[189,283,1255,1282]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
), or in July and August (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFDD6E3C2FD1FCB5A" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[569,685,1256,1282]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFDD6E3C2FDF9CB5A" box="[569,587,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFDB6E3C2FD1FCB5A" box="[601,685,1256,1281]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD54E3C2FC81CB5A" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[699,819,1255,1281]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulpina" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD54E3C2FC81CB5A" box="[699,819,1255,1281]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. vulpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557EFFEEFCD5E3C2FC2BCB5A" box="[826,921,1255,1282]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
). The egg sac usually reaches
<quantity id="4CF9ABD0557EFFEEFB16E3CDFAC5CB59" box="[1273,1399,1255,1282]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12–19 mm</quantity>
in diameter and contais 25–
<specimenCount id="9D07CDBC557EFFEEFDEEE220FDEDCB7E" box="[513,607,1290,1317]" count="45" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="egg">45 eggs</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E266FE92CB3D" blockId="84.[189,288,1356,1382]" box="[189,288,1356,1382]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
<heading id="D0F6B159557EFFEEFF52E266FE92CB3D" bold="true" box="[189,288,1356,1382]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF52E266FE92CB3D" bold="true" box="[189,288,1356,1382]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Feeding</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E251FD93C879" blockId="84.[189,1399,1403,1571]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
Some currently incomplete data, which nevertheless appear to fit the general trends, have been obtained for only two Central Asian species of the genus:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFCF1E2B4FB87CBE3" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[798,1077,1438,1464]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFCF1E2B4FB87CBE3" box="[798,1077,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Raveniola ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFB99E2B5FB5DCBE3" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1142,1263,1439,1465]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB99E2B5FB3ACBE3" box="[1142,1160,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB74E2B5FB5DCBE3" box="[1179,1263,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These are only generalized data on the composition of the prey remains; no quantitative counts were made. The corresponding data for other regional congeners are fragmentary and not comparable to each other, and thus are not considered below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557EFFEEFF52E160FDAFC9B3" blockId="84.[187,1399,1610,2024]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
In
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF0EE160FE4AC83F" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[225,504,1610,1636]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF0EE160FE4AC83F" box="[225,504,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Raveniola ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a major part of the “kitchen leftovers” retrieved from the bottom of the investigated burrows was represented by the head capsules and other fragmented parts of foraging ants (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF11E1BAFE11C8F1" box="[254,419,1680,1706]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFE5DE1BAFD8FC8F1" box="[434,573,1680,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
), including the wandering predatory foragers
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFB89E1BAFE21C895" authority="(Nylander, 1849)" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Catagliphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB89E1BAFAC5C8F1" box="[1126,1399,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Catagliphus aenescens</emphasis>
(Nylander, 1849)
</taxonomicName>
, and the marching carpophagous ants
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFC7DE19EFA88C895" authority="(Nylander, 1849)" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[914,1338,1716,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muticus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC7DE19EFBE7C896" box="[914,1109,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Messor muticus</emphasis>
(Nylander, 1849)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF52E1F2FDF5C8AA" authority="(Ruzsky, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Ruzsky" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[189,583,1751,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aralocaspius">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF52E1F2FF67C8AA" box="[189,213,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF07E1FDFE32C8AA" box="[232,384,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">aralocaspius</emphasis>
(Ruzsky, 1902)
</taxonomicName>
. The minor part of the chitinous remains, observed as leftovers in most of the studied burrows, belonged to burrowing arthropods, which share these biotopes with
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF52E034FEC0C963" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[189,370,1822,1848]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF52E034FF7DC96C" box="[189,207,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFF32E034FEC0C963" box="[221,370,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the xerophilic terrestrial woodlice
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFCFCE034FAB3C963" authority="(Uljanin, 1874)" baseAuthorityName="Uljanin" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[787,1281,1822,1848]" class="Malacostraca" family="Agnaridae" genus="Hemilepistus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFCFCE034FBF4C963" box="[787,1094,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Hemilepistus fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
(Uljanin, 1874)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFAFEE034FAC1C963" box="[1297,1395,1822,1848]" class="Malacostraca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Isopoda</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFF52E06BFE8BC900" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2003" box="[189,313,1857,1883]" class="Malacostraca" family="Agnaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agnaridae</taxonomicName>
) and the colonial coleopterans
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD5AE06BFCFBC907" box="[693,841,1857,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Lethrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFD5AE06BFCBDC900" box="[693,783,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Lethrus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFCB4E06BFC53C900" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[859,993,1857,1883]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFC00E06BFB34C900" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1007,1158,1857,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geotrupidae</taxonomicName>
). The latter remains tended to belong to either
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFE0AE04FFC91C925" authority="Kraatz, 1883" authorityName="Kraatz" authorityYear="1883" box="[485,803,1892,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Lethrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcipennis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFE0AE04FFE47C925" box="[485,501,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFDEBE04EFD3AC925" box="[516,648,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">sulcipennis</emphasis>
Kraatz, 1883
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFCABE04FFB13C925" authority="Semenov, 1894" authorityName="Semenov" authorityYear="1894" box="[836,1185,1892,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Lethrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micronatus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFCABE04FFCE6C925" box="[836,852,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">L</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFC8CE04FFC54C925" box="[867,998,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">micronatus</emphasis>
Semenov, 1894
</taxonomicName>
, or both sympatric species, which inhabit the same biotopes. Finally, some of the burrows contained remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFB08E0A2FF6CC99D" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Madotrogus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFB08E0A2FAC7C9F9" box="[1255,1397,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Madotrogus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
aff.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557EFFEEFEFBE081FE28C99E" box="[276,410,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">ferganensis</emphasis>
(Protzenko, 1962) (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFD6AE081FCB9C99E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[645,779,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFCF9E081FC04C99E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[790,950,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
), as well as of some other unidentified representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557EFFEEFE7BE0E4FDABC9B3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[404,537,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFEFFF52E623FC18CCBF" blockId="85.[187,1399,265,741]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Regarding
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFED1E623FDA3CF78" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[318,529,265,291]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFED1E623FDA3CF78" box="[318,529,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Raveniola virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are somewhat more complete data on the composition of their prey. Similar to the above, most of the prey remains were represented by a few ant species (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFB22E605FAC0CF12" box="[1229,1394,303,329]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFF50E67EFEF8CF35" box="[191,330,340,366]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
), but in this case by ants wandering through or nesting within the forest floor:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFB0DE67EFDBBCFC8" authority="K. Arnoldi, 1967" authorityName="K. Arnoldi" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reichardti">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFB0DE67EFE82CFC8" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Camponotus reichardti</emphasis>
K. Arnoldi, 1967
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFDF7E650FCDDCFC8" authority="Santschi, 1923" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1923" box="[536,879,377,403]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFDF7E650FD07CFC8" box="[536,693,377,403]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Messor rufus</emphasis>
Santschi, 1923
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFC42E650FAC0CFC8" authority="K. Arnoldi, 1976" authorityName="K. Arnoldi" authorityYear="1976" box="[941,1394,377,404]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juglandeti">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFC42E650FB2BCFC8" box="[941,1177,377,403]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Myrmica juglandeti</emphasis>
K. Arnoldi, 1976
</taxonomicName>
. Most of the other collected and studied remains belonged to the following representatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFF52E6EEFEF0CF85" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[189,322,452,478]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFEBBE6EEFE62CF85" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[340,464,452,478]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFE0DE6EEFD2BCF84" box="[482,665,452,479]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Chilotomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFE0DE6EEFDDBCF85" box="[482,617,452,478]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Chilotomus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFD47E6EEFBF9CF85" authority="Shauberger, 1932" authorityName="Shauberger" authorityYear="1932" box="[680,1099,452,478]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Eocarterus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uzgentensis">
aff.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFD31E6EFFCD7CF85" box="[734,869,453,478]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">uzgentensis</emphasis>
Shauberger, 1932
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFBB1E6EFFED8CC5F" authority="Heyden, 1884" authorityName="Heyden" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Eocarterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uzgentensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFBB1E6EFFAC4CF85" box="[1118,1398,453,478]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Eocarterus uzgentensis</emphasis>
Heyden, 1884
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFE93E6C3FDA9CC5F" box="[380,539,489,516]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Harpalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFE93E6C3FE59CC58" box="[380,491,489,515]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Harpalus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFDC1E6C0FD02CC5F" box="[558,688,490,516]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Leistus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFDC1E6C0FD33CC58" box="[558,641,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Leistus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
aff.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFD1EE6C3FCC5CC58" box="[753,887,489,515]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">ferganensis</emphasis>
Semenov &amp; Znojko, 1928,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFB34E6C3FAC3CC5F" box="[1243,1393,489,516]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Poecilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFB34E6C3FAF2CC58" box="[1243,1344,489,515]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Poecilus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFF52E525FEC7CC72" box="[189,373,527,553]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Pterostichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFF52E525FEFDCC72" box="[189,335,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Pterostichus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
aff.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFE4AE525FDAECC72" box="[421,540,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">sodalicius</emphasis>
Heyden, 1885,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFD3EE525FCEACC72" box="[721,856,527,553]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Trechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFD3EE525FC9FCC72" box="[721,813,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Trechus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFC8CE525FBBCCC72" box="[867,1038,527,553]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFBFAE525FB08CC72" box="[1045,1210,527,553]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Asiodonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFBFAE525FB3DCC72" box="[1045,1167,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Asiodonus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFB2CE525FAC3CC72" box="[1219,1393,527,553]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Polydrosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFB2CE525FAF4CC72" box="[1219,1350,527,553]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Polydrosus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFF54E51EFE85CC15" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[187,311,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Elateridae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFEACE51EFE43CC14" box="[323,497,564,591]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Selastomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFEACE51EFE75CC15" box="[323,455,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Selastomus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFE11E51EFD26CC15" authorityName="MacLeay" authorityYear="1819" box="[510,660,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Glaphyridae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFD72E51EFCE6CC14" box="[669,852,564,591]" class="Insecta" family="Glaphyridae" genus="Amphicoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFD72E51EFC9BCC15" box="[669,809,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Amphicoma</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFC8EE51EFBB5CC15" box="[865,1031,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Staphylinidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFBFEE51EFB09CC14" box="[1041,1211,564,591]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Philonthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFBFEE51EFB22CC15" box="[1041,1168,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Philonthus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFB28E51EFAC1CC15" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1223,1395,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tenebrionidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFF53E570FE87CC2F" box="[188,309,602,628]" class="Insecta" family="Terebellidae" genus="Laena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFF53E570FEB7CC28" box="[188,261,602,627]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Laena</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFEA9E573FD63CC2F" authority="(Reitter, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Reitter" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[326,721,601,628]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Zophohelops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tiro">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFEA9E573FDA0CC28" box="[326,530,601,627]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Zophohelops tiro</emphasis>
(Reitter, 1902)
</taxonomicName>
. The remains of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFC4BE573FAC5CC2F" authority="Bei-Bienko, 1950" authorityName="Bei-Bienko" authorityYear="1950" box="[932,1399,601,628]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" genus="Ectobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="delicatulus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFC4BE573FB25CC28" box="[932,1175,601,627]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Ectobius delicatulus</emphasis>
Bei-Bienko, 1950
</taxonomicName>
(Blattoidea:
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFEA1E555FE7CCCC2" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1865" box="[334,462,639,665]" class="Insecta" family="Ectobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ectobiidae</taxonomicName>
) were more frequent, while fragments of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFC5CE555FAC3CCC2" authority="Zalesskaya, 1978" authorityName="Zalesskaya" authorityYear="1978" box="[947,1393,639,665]" class="Chilopoda" family="Lithobiidae" genus="Hessebius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithobiomorpha" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plumatus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFC5CE555FB2FCCC2" box="[947,1181,639,665]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hessebius plumatus</emphasis>
Zalesskaya, 1978
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFF52E58EFECACCE5" box="[189,376,676,702]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Monotarsobium</emphasis>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFE56E58EFD8ACCE5" box="[441,568,676,702]" class="Chilopoda" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Chilopoda</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFDA8E58EFD62CCE5" authorityName="Newport &amp; May" authorityYear="1844" box="[583,720,676,702]" class="Chilopoda" family="Lithobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lithobiomorpha" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lithobiidae</taxonomicName>
) and remnants of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFC5AE58EFBF7CCE4" box="[949,1093,676,703]" class="Arachnida" family="Dysderidae" genus="Dysdera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFC5AE58EFBAACCE5" box="[949,1048,676,702]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Dysdera</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFBBFE58EFF4ACCBE" authority="Charitonov, 1956" authorityName="Charitonov" authorityYear="1956" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldii">
aff.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFB6CE58EFB50CCE5" box="[1155,1250,676,702]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">arnoldii</emphasis>
Charitonov, 1956
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFEE8E5E0FEDFCCBF" authorityName="Clerck" authorityYear="1757" box="[263,365,714,740]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFE96E5E0FDB3CCBF" authorityName="C.L.Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[377,513,714,740]" class="Arachnida" family="Dysderidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dysderidae</taxonomicName>
) were found in a few isolated cases.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFEFFF52E427FEAACD7C" blockId="85.[189,280,781,807]" box="[189,280,781,807]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
<heading id="D0F6B159557FFFEFFF52E427FEAACD7C" bold="true" box="[189,280,781,807]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFF52E427FEAACD7C" bold="true" box="[189,280,781,807]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Mating</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFEFFF52E414FC1ACA63" blockId="85.[189,1400,830,1081]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Regarding Central Asian
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFE04E414FD2CCD02" box="[491,670,830,857]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFE04E414FDD0CD03" box="[491,610,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, fairly satisfactory data are available only for representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFF30E44EFEE4CD26" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[223,342,868,894]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFF30E44EFF43CD26" box="[223,241,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFEEDE44EFEE4CD26" box="[258,342,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
kept in captivity (for details see
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557FFFEFFD09E449FC11CD25" author="Zonstein" box="[742,931,867,894]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="171 - 174" refId="ref83281" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2002 c. Copulation in Middle Asian species of the mygalomorph spider genus Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 (Araneae: Nemesiidae). Entomological Investigations in Kyrgyzstan 22: 171 - 174. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="c">Zonstein 2002c</bibRefCitation>
). The corresponding observations were carried out on
<date id="FFBF20F5557FFFEFFE9CE4A3FDC7CDF8" box="[371,629,905,931]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1992-10-20" valueMax="1992-10-22" valueMin="1992-10-20">October 20–22, 1992</date>
. To imitate the natural environment, observations were made at night, under dim lighting, in large cages for each pair, allowing greater mobility of males and females. Each female was placed in its cage one day before the male, enabling the females to find or to dig a refuge (which mostly resembled an open cavity between lumps of soil). After introducing a male into each cage, the sequence of events in most cases was as follows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFEFFF52E348FE5BCB06" blockId="85.[188,1399,1122,1373]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Having discovered the entrance to the female’s refuge, the male began to tap with the tips of the palps on the substrate, demonstrating a short courtship stage. When the female appeared, within a few seconds the male made several pedalling movements with the palps (resembling the pedalling of a cyclist). The male then stretched forward its first pair of legs, moved towards the female and approached her (see
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557FFFEFFF52E3D2FED0CB49" box="[189,354,1272,1298]" captionStart="Figs 739–746" captionStartId="182.[190,242,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-19@182.[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="Figs 739–746. Copulation in Raveniola virgata (Simon, 1891). The depicted phases are explained in the text (p. 86)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990983/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 739–741</figureCitation>
). This is followed by touching the female with the tips of the male’s legs I for 3–4 seconds (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557FFFEFFF2AE237FE9ECB6C" box="[197,300,1309,1335]" captionStart="Figs 739–746" captionStartId="182.[190,242,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-19@182.[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="Figs 739–746. Copulation in Raveniola virgata (Simon, 1891). The depicted phases are explained in the text (p. 86)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990983/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 742</figureCitation>
). Concurrently, the male’s legs II were also raised off the ground surface and began to vibrate, tapping the female’s legs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFEFFF52E2ACFB18C800" blockId="85.[188,1400,1414,1628]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
A few seconds later, the male used its megaspines to grab the trochanters or femora of the female’s palps, gripping them on their proventral side (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557FFFEFFD39E286FCCCCB9D" box="[726,894,1452,1478]" captionStart="Figs 739–746" captionStartId="182.[190,242,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-19@182.[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="Figs 739–746. Copulation in Raveniola virgata (Simon, 1891). The depicted phases are explained in the text (p. 86)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990983/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 743–744</figureCitation>
). The male then bent his first pair of legs at the tibiometatarsal joint and extended them upward. The male thereby closed the clamps, clasped the female’s palps, and lifted the female’s cephalothorax upward, so that the latter formed an angle with her abdomen, sometimes reaching almost 90° (
<figureCitation id="133A1AB0557FFFEFFD5CE136FCE8C86C" box="[691,858,1564,1591]" captionStart="Figs 739–746" captionStartId="182.[190,242,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetId="figure-19@182.[189,1398,265,1791]" captionTargetPageId="182" captionText="Figs 739–746. Copulation in Raveniola virgata (Simon, 1891). The depicted phases are explained in the text (p. 86)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13990983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13990983/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 745–746</figureCitation>
). The entire operation lasted no more than 2–5 seconds. Following attachment, one of the emboli entered the spermathecal openings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFEFFF52E1AFFC55C954" blockId="85.[189,1399,1669,1808]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">During each recorded phase of mating, the longest of them was the copulation process itself (from the initial insertion of the embolus into the copulatory organs of the female until its final removal). This stage is considered hereafter as the duration of copulation. All other stages – approach, initiation, coupling and uncoupling of the partners – took several seconds each.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557FFFECFF52E013FDC4CFEF" blockId="85.[188,1399,1849,2025]" lastBlockId="86.[189,1399,265,436]" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
The data obtained from laboratory observations on the copulation behavior in 20 pairs of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557FFFEFFB10E010FAC5C908" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1279,1399,1849,1875]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFB10E010FAA3C908" box="[1279,1297,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557FFFEFFACCE010FAC5C908" box="[1315,1399,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicate that the duration of a basic insertion/removal act in this species varies from 27 seconds to 13 min. and 20 sec., averaging 6 min. and 13.2 sec. Usually, the entire copulation process ended with this single act. However, in six pairs a continuation was observed, associated with a one-time change of the involved palp. Even more rarely (three observations), a quadruple insertion of the emboli was detected. In the latter case, the total duration of copulation, which averaged about 10 min. for the examined specimens, increased up to 14–19 minutes. During copulation, the male continued to move towards the female, turning her onto her dorsal side. Having completed copulation, the male removed the involved embolus. Then, pressing on the female palpal femora, the male knocked the female over, climbing over her before the female could roll back.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557CFFECFF52E6F6FB1ECCF0" blockId="86.[189,1399,476,684]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
According to a few observations of captive representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFC5DE6F7FBF1CFAD" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[946,1091,476,503]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFC5DE6F7FC76CFAD" box="[946,964,477,502]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFC39E6F6FBF1CFAD" box="[982,1091,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">cucullata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557CFFECFBA1E6F7FB1DCFAC" box="[1102,1199,477,503]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFB51E6F7FAC5CFAD" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1214,1399,476,503]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFB51E6F7FB62CFAD" box="[1214,1232,477,502]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFB0DE6F6FAC5CFAD" box="[1250,1399,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFF1CE52BFEC3CC41" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[243,369,512,539]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nenilini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFF1CE52BFEB7CC41" box="[243,261,513,538]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFEF8E52AFEC3CC41" box="[279,369,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">nenilini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557CFFECFE93E52BFE68CC40" box="[380,474,513,539]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(one, one, and two observed but not documented encounters, respectively), the courtship and copulation in these species occured in a similar way. In the natural environment, a copulating pair of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFE7BE560FDBBCC38" authorityName="SMNH" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[404,521,585,611]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFE7BE560FE14CC38" box="[404,422,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFE5AE560FDBBCC38" box="[437,521,586,611]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has incidentally been observed only once (see
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557CFFECFBC0E563FB6ECC38" author="Zonstein" box="[1071,1244,585,611]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="1013 - 1019" refId="ref83052" refString="Zonstein S. L. 1987. A new genus of mygalomorph spiders of the subfamily Nemesiinae (Aranei, Nemesiidae) in the Palearctic fauna. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 66 (7): 1013 - 1019. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1987">Zonstein 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, this took place during the daytime, which was somewhat surprising, because such behavior cannot be considered characteristic for either nemesiids, or for mygalomorph spiders in general.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557CFFECFF52E5FEFE8ACCB5" blockId="86.[189,312,724,750]" box="[189,312,724,750]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
<heading id="D0F6B159557CFFECFF52E5FEFE8ACCB5" bold="true" box="[189,312,724,750]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFF52E5FEFE8ACCB5" bold="true" box="[189,312,724,750]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Predators</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBE0635557CFFECFF52E429FAB0CADC" blockId="86.[185,1399,771,1160]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
All known data on the predators interacting with and feeding on the Central Asian species of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFB10E429FAC4CD46" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[1279,1398,771,797]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFB10E429FAC4CD46" box="[1279,1398,771,797]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refer only to a few taxa of spider wasps (
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFD64E402FC82CD19" box="[651,816,808,834]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFCD5E40DFC77CD1A" box="[826,965,807,833]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pompilidae</taxonomicName>
). The pompilids that hunt and prey on these members of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFE60E466FDB4CD3D" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[399,518,844,870]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFE60E466FDB4CD3D" box="[399,518,844,870]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belong to the pompiline genera
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFC94E466FB02CD3D" authority="Haupt, 1962" authorityName="Haupt" authorityYear="1962" box="[891,1200,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Pareiocurgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFC94E466FBABCD3E" box="[891,1049,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Pareiocurgus</emphasis>
Haupt, 1962
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFB0AE466FEF2CDD1" authority="Wolf, 1970" authorityName="Wolf" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Pamirospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFB0AE466FAC7CD3D" box="[1253,1397,844,870]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Pamirospila</emphasis>
Wolf, 1970
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFEABE45BFC83CDD1" authority="(F. Morawitz, 1893)" baseAuthorityName="F. Morawitz" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[324,817,880,906]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Pareiocurgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latigena">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFEABE45BFDF4CDD1" box="[324,582,880,906]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Pareiocurgus latigena</emphasis>
(F. Morawitz, 1893)
</taxonomicName>
is known from
<collectingCountry id="F31646A5557CFFECFC31E45AFBD7CDD1" box="[990,1125,880,906]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31646A5557CFFECFB83E45AFB6DCDD1" box="[1132,1247,880,906]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="F31646A5557CFFECFF56E4BFFEF6CDF4" box="[185,324,917,943]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
. These wasps feed on several species of burrowing spiders, including
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFB61E4BFFAF1CDF5" authorityName="ZISP" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[1166,1347,916,943]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferghanensis">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFB61E4BFFB2CCDF5" box="[1166,1182,917,942]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFB41E4BEFAF1CDF5" box="[1198,1347,916,942]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">ferghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and representatives of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFE73E493FD59CD89" authority="(Zonstein 2000 b)" baseAuthorityName="Zonstein" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[412,747,952,979]" class="Arachnida" family="Cyrtaucheniidae" genus="Anemesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFE73E493FDBCCD88" box="[412,526,953,979]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Anemesia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557CFFECFDCEE492FD51CD89" author="Zonstein" box="[545,739,952,978]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="167 - 186" refId="ref83136" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2000 b. New data on Central Asian representatives of the spider wasp genera Hemipepsis Dahlbom, 1843, Dipogon Fox, 1897, Tachyagetes Haupt, 1930, Pareiocurgus Haupt, 1962 and Pamirospila Wolf, 1970 stat. n. (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). Tethys Entomological Research 2: 167 - 186." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">Zonstein 2000b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. All five species of the endemic Central Asian genus
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFF52E4F6FEFFCDAD" authorityName="Wolf" authorityYear="1970" box="[189,333,988,1014]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Pamirospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFF52E4F6FEFFCDAD" box="[189,333,988,1014]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Pamirospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(surveyed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557CFFECFE14E4F6FD0ACDAD" author="Zonstein" box="[507,696,988,1014]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="167 - 186" refId="ref83136" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2000 b. New data on Central Asian representatives of the spider wasp genera Hemipepsis Dahlbom, 1843, Dipogon Fox, 1897, Tachyagetes Haupt, 1930, Pareiocurgus Haupt, 1962 and Pamirospila Wolf, 1970 stat. n. (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). Tethys Entomological Research 2: 167 - 186." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">Zonstein 2000b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557CFFECFD29E4F7FCA3CDAC" author="Zonstein" box="[710,785,989,1015]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="115 - 118" refId="ref83198" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2002 a. Notes on Middle Asian spider wasps of the genera Arachnospila Kincaid, 1900 and Pamirospila Wolf, 1970 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). Entomological Investigations in Kyrgyzstan 22: 115 - 118." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">2002a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557CFFECFCF0E4F6FCD8CDAD" author="Zonstein" box="[799,874,988,1014]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="119 - 144" refId="ref83240" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2002 b. Supplementary materials to the spider wasp fauna (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of Kyrgyzstan. Entomological Investigations in Kyrgyzstan 22: 119 - 144. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="b">2002b</bibRefCitation>
) are probably specialized predators feeding only on
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFEF1E32BFE7FCA40" box="[286,461,1025,1051]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFEF1E32BFE27CA40" box="[286,405,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Raveniola</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFE3AE32BFDD7CA40" authorityName="Wolf" authorityYear="1970" box="[469,613,1025,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Pompilidae" genus="Pamirospila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFE3AE32BFDD7CA40" box="[469,613,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Pamirospila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is confined to the same range as that of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFBAFE32BFB05CA40" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="1987" box="[1088,1207,1025,1051]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFBAFE32BFB05CA40" box="[1088,1207,1025,1051]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Raveniola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Central Asia. Additionally, at least twice, females of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFD74E30CFC74CA64" authority="(Haupt, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="Haupt" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[667,966,1061,1087]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pamira">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFD74E30CFD1FCA64" box="[667,685,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFD50E30CFCA6CA64" box="[703,788,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">pamira</emphasis>
(Haupt, 1930)
</taxonomicName>
have each been observed leaving a burrow of
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFED1E360FE74CA38" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[318,454,1097,1124]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alajensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFED1E360FEFCCA38" box="[318,334,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFEB1E363FE74CA38" box="[350,454,1097,1123]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">alajensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557CFFECFE3FE360FD9CCA3F" box="[464,558,1098,1124]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with the living chamber littered with soil lumps and with a paralyzed spider inside. A similar interaction has also been noted for
<taxonomicName id="4C017DB6557CFFECFC82E344FC75CADC" authorityName="Zonstein" authorityYear="2024" box="[877,967,1133,1160]" class="Arachnida" family="Nemesiidae" genus="Raveniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFC82E344FCCDCADC" box="[877,895,1134,1159]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B975DA27557CFFECFC61E347FC75CADC" box="[910,967,1133,1159]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">hirta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A246675C557CFFECFC21E344FB9BCAD3" box="[974,1065,1134,1160]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF907BC4557CFFECFBD7E347FB44CADC" author="Zonstein" box="[1080,1270,1133,1159]" firstAuthor="Zonstein" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" pagination="167 - 186" refId="ref83136" refString="Zonstein S. L. 2000 b. New data on Central Asian representatives of the spider wasp genera Hemipepsis Dahlbom, 1843, Dipogon Fox, 1897, Tachyagetes Haupt, 1930, Pareiocurgus Haupt, 1962 and Pamirospila Wolf, 1970 stat. n. (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). Tethys Entomological Research 2: 167 - 186." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">Zonstein 2000b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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