298 lines
37 KiB
XML
298 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="28D14201DB2E9A0340FDE7C0E0AB73C1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c8fd3aa9-6203-4d1b-ae7b-367bf1d498b6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949669" ID-ZooBank="999559E0-4E12-45DC-AED9-88374AA3E3D1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1729236181491" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kuwahara, Gregory K., Marshall, Stephen A. & Yau, Tiffany" docDate="2024" docId="03A1976C126D3A7773CA6FCBFC7BF405" docLanguage="en" docName="Zootaxa.5523.4.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5523 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Helicosina Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau 2024, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="464" masterDocId="FF98EF14126C3A72735D6E59FFA1F664" masterDocTitle="Helicosina, a new genus of Neotropical Limosininae (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)" masterLastPageNumber="471" masterPageNumber="459" pageNumber="460" updateTime="1729684655948" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D6E279F651BAC79E34CE3CC5A217EF09">
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<mods:title id="51EEBCF7D166D46ABDC69F2720EA012A">Helicosina, a new genus of Neotropical Limosininae (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="11CE9AFBC8B78A762B321E035FB366DC" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="337C37822EFE2ABAFE0DBFE5160C0A30">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1E93F01AC217475BCC8A44E089916301">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4C131AEA2FF16822450B4FE1391DF10F">Kuwahara, Gregory K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="78C6ED27A2CE424364DF611CC72F452F" type="email">gkuwahar@uoguelph.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="0971A54F9B5EC705A19A598B48492652" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F5CD5B54A7B08666A326B4BE5BB4D44E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7C9AA89E810811E6E8530CFECCD43095">Marshall, Stephen A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="169C9B6EE1EF4255960969AADA55AA9C" type="email">samarsha@uoguelph.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F33487CCE60EAB6421141BA2EDEAF2D4">Yau, Tiffany</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="462124FD05DD0C642EC670D9A6A70CA2" type="email">tyau@alumni.uoguelph.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="A9AC44CE1ACEBE67C6F3BE38D80B11ED">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F3CF2E7544CDD39EC55BA5F5BECA3540">
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<mods:date id="D05C1C8A9E99DFD6189B74771BA181C5">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="41FA4678DA0D81E3376200D4034468E7">2024-10-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D53EEE550D53CC8717A0A2D29FDD187C">5523</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8B7CE3135AC4C1E9521979593BE5FE75">4</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="8E9A4E9A56EC32AC1F5ECC960120EB67">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.5</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="5DAC0C8814EDBEB266B00FC873CEDB2B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="084FDEB366442CB2D28CC1EE5D5B8ED0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5523.4.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1E6A7C7B2367D2718F04639588E309FD" type="Zenodo-Dep">13949669</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A1976C126D3A7773CA6FCBFC7BF405" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13949727" ID-GBIF-Taxon="244134449" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13949727" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A1976C126D3A7773CA6FCBFC7BF405" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A1976C126D3A7773CA6FCBFC7BF405" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<subSubSection id="C31275F1126D3A7373CA6FCBFDE5F7C9" box="[151,580,402,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A7373CA6FCBFDE5F7C9" blockId="1.[151,580,402,429]" box="[151,580,402,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<heading id="D0FF9116126D3A7373CA6FCBFDE5F7C9" bold="true" box="[151,580,402,429]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A7373CA6FCBFDE5F7C9" bold="true" box="[151,580,402,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126D3A7373B36FCBFE4BF7C9" authority="Marshall" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[238,490,402,429]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. n.">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A7373B36FCBFED1F7C9" bold="true" box="[238,368,402,429]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Helicosina</emphasis>
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Marshall
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126D3A7372AF6FCAFDE5F7C9" box="[498,580,403,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31275F1126D3A7373CA6F82FC87F791" box="[151,806,474,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A7373CA6F82FC87F791" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" box="[151,806,474,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A7373CA6F82FE93F790" bold="true" box="[151,306,474,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<typeStatus id="54B398D8126D3A7373CA6F82FF73F791" box="[151,210,475,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126D3A7372646F82FE58F790" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[313,505,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crena" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A7372646F82FE58F790" box="[313,505,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Helicosina crena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126D3A7372A26F82FDF7F791" box="[511,598,475,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(here designated).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31275F1126D3A71739A6FA7FCA6F779" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A73739A6FA7FE30F4CD" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A6FA7FEE3F47C" bold="true" box="[199,322,510,536]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126D3A7372166FA6FE65F47D" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[331,452,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A7372166FA6FE65F47D" box="[331,452,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Helicosina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is easily recognized by the combination of a single cruciate pair of interfrontal setae, short face, characteristically curved palpus, heavy pruinosity, strongly flattened notum with two pairs of dorsocentral setae including one small pair on the suture, long mid tibial setae including a midventral in both sexes, a swollen hind femur, and a suite of male abdominal synapomorphies including conspicuously long and narrow surstylus, and a relatively simple S5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A73739A6CEBFD36F495" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A6CEBFE1CF4A8" bold="true" box="[199,445,690,716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Generic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73729A6CEAFDF1F4A9" box="[455,592,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Body length</emphasis>
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: Males
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<quantity id="4CF08B9F126D3A7371ED6CEBFC9DF4A9" box="[688,828,690,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.2 mm</quantity>
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, females
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<quantity id="4CF08B9F126D3A7370F66CEAFB99F4A9" box="[939,1080,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="460" unit="mm" value="1.9" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.2 mm</quantity>
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. General colour brown to dark brown, legs pale brown to yellow (
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<figureCitation id="13333AFF126D3A7371406C8EFD28F495" box="[541,649,727,753]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[152,255,1795,1819]" captionStartId-1="3.[152,255,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,306,1769]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,309,1845]" captionTargetId-0="figure-76@2.[151,1435,306,1769]" captionTargetId-1="figure-73@3.[151,1435,309,1845]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Helicosina sica gen. et sp. nov., living male, Tiputini Biological Station, Ecuador." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Habitus and head photos of Helicosina species.A, Helicosina crena sp. nov. paratype habitus, lateral; B, Helicosina crena sp. nov. paratype head, anterolateral; C, Helicosina sica sp. nov. paratype habitus, lateral; D, Helicosina sica sp. nov. paratype head, anterolateral; E, Helicosina valga sp. nov. paratype habitus, lateral; F, Helicosina valga sp. nov. paratype head, anterolateral. Scale bars indicate 0.50 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982423" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982425" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13982423/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13982425/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A73739A6CA2FE26F219" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A6CA2FEA5F571" box="[199,260,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Head</emphasis>
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: Dark brown, ocellar triangle, interfrontal plates, and orbital plates paler; antennae yellow to orange-brown; gena brown to orange-brown. Frontal width 2.2–2.5 × interfrontal height. Interfrontal setae in three pairs, middle pair very large and cruciate; two strong lateroclinate fronto-orbital setae, anterior pair smaller (0.8–0.9 ×) than posterior, and several small fronto-orbital setulae; ocellar setae large and diverging; inner and outer vertical setae very large; inner occipital seta small and fine, outer occipital seta large; postocellar setae minute. Vibrissa large, vibrissal angle relatively long and bare; gena with a slightly thickened, upcurved seta close to lower margin and 5–7 smaller setae along the ventral margin. Lunule broad and flat; face slightly bulging outwards; palpus large, slightly inflated, gently curved with 2–3 ventral setae. Antenna divergent; pedicel subconical with a well-developed preapical seta and 5–6 thickened marginal setae; postpedicel slightly flattened and apicodorsally pointed; arista long-pubescent. Eye with a shallow notch at about level of anterior edge of frons, greatest eye diameter 3.8–4.2 × shortest genal height.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A73739A6ADEFC6CF331" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A6ADEFEB9F2C5" box="[199,280,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Thorax</emphasis>
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: Brown; scutum and lower portion of anepisternum dark brown. Notum distinctly flattened. Two pairs of postsutural dorsocentral setae (anterior pair slightly smaller than posterior pair) separated by 4–6 rows of fine acrostichal setulae. Two postpronotal setae, inner seta much smaller and finer; two notopleural setae, anterior notopleural larger than posterior; two stout supra-alar setae; postalar seta large. Katepisternum with a minute anterior seta and a large posterior seta. Scutellum large, broad, flat, semicircular, medial length 0.5–0.6 × its basal width, with four large marginal setae (apical pair 1.6–1.8 × length of basal pair).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A73739A6B06FBD7F049" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A6B06FF5DF31C" box="[199,252,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Legs</emphasis>
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: Yellow, femora tan to brown. Fore and hind femora distinctly swollen (more strongly so in males), hind tibia slightly to distinctly swollen and clavate, hind tarsus swollen; apical tarsomere quadrate and slightly flattened, tarsal claws very large and curved. Fore tibia with several slightly enlarged preapical dorsal setae. Dorsal surface of mid tibia with four proximal (three anterodorsal, one posterodorsal) and four distal (two anterodorsal, one dorsal, one posterodorsal) setae; ventral surface of mid tibia with a strong mid ventral seta and a large apicoventral seta in both sexes. Hind tibia with 2–3 erect preapical dorsal setae and a stout apicoventral seta.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A73739A686EFAA0F085" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A686EFEA0F034" box="[199,257,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Wing</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13333AFF126D3A73724F686EFEF9F035" box="[274,344,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-29@4.[174,1414,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Wing photos of Helicosina species.A, Helicosina crena sp. nov. paratype; B, Helicosina sica sp. nov. paratype; C, Helicosina valga sp. nov. paratype. Scale bars indicate 0.50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13982427/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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): Slightly infuscate, relatively elongate (length 2.2–2.4 × width). CS2 1.1–1.2 × CS3. Vein R
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<subScript id="178C243F126D3A7376DE6810FA3DF033" attach="left" box="[1411,1436,1609,1623]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">2+3</subScript>
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sinuate, distal curve much stronger than basal curve; R
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<subScript id="178C243F126D3A7371A36834FCB9F01F" attach="left" box="[766,792,1645,1659]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">4+5</subScript>
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slightly sinuate, meeting costa just before wing tip; costa extending very slightly beyond apex of R
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<subScript id="178C243F126D3A73713468C8FD22F0FB" attach="left" box="[617,643,1681,1695]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">4+5</subScript>
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(1–2 × costal width). M
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<subScript id="178C243F126D3A7370C868C8FC3CF0FB" attach="left" box="[917,925,1681,1695]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">1</subScript>
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extending beyond dm-m to wing margin as a relatively straight crease; M
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<subScript id="178C243F126D3A73728C68ECFE78F0A7" attach="left" box="[465,473,1717,1731]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">4</subScript>
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extending beyond dm-m by 1.2–1.3 × length of dm-m. CuA+CuP long and sinuate as a colourless crease. Alula narrow, subtriangular. Halter knob dark brown, stem yellow to pale brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB7267A126D3A70739A68B2FE72F779" blockId="1.[151,1437,474,2013]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="461" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis id="B97CFA68126D3A73739A68B2FECEF161" box="[199,367,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="460">Male abdomen</emphasis>
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: T2–5 and S2–4 brown to dark brown, broad, slightly desclerotized around margins, uniformly long setose in posterior half. S5 broad, curved, relatively simple, and long setose at least laterally. Synsternite 6+7 well-developed, S6 portion extending dextrally beyond middle of S5. Epandrium relatively large, saddle-shaped, uniformly long-setose; cercus usually fused medially, forming a well-developed subanal plate; subepandrial sclerite thickened medially. Hypandrium well-developed, Y-shaped, anterior apodeme elongate, slightly sinuate, strongly fused to lateral arms, lateral arms fused to anteroventral corners of epandrium. Surstylus large (subequal in length to epandrial height), elongate (height 2.8–3.4 × length) and tapered, largely bare externally with longer setae along inner-anterior edge. Postgonite small, stout. Phallapodeme large, curved. Basiphallus stout, straight to slightly elbowed, sometimes with a posterior patch of dense setulae, usually with a conical epiphallus; distiphallus large and broad, bulbous, largely membranous and supported by several flattened sclerites, laterally and sometimes dorsally setulose or microtomentose.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7776F2126E3A7073C5695AFBFAF17F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982423" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13982423" box="[152,1115,1795,1820]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13982423/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="461" startId="2.[152,255,1795,1819]" targetBox="[151,1435,306,1769]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A126E3A7073C5695AFBFAF17F" blockId="2.[152,1115,1795,1820]" box="[152,1115,1795,1820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="461">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126E3A7073C5695AFEB8F17F" bold="true" box="[152,281,1795,1819]" pageId="2" pageNumber="461">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126E3A707242695AFE1DF17F" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[287,444,1795,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="461" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sica" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126E3A707242695AFE1DF17F" box="[287,444,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="461">Helicosina sica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126E3A70729F695DFDFCF17F" box="[450,605,1796,1820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="461" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, living male, Tiputini Biological Station, Ecuador.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A126E3A71739A6934FCA6F779" blockId="2.[151,1437,1901,2036]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,150,285]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="462" pageId="2" pageNumber="461">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126E3A70739A6934FE28F1E3" box="[199,393,1901,1927]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="461">Female abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13333AFF126E3A7072C56934FE7FF1E3" box="[408,478,1901,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[184,1404,186,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-19@9.[179,1409,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Helicosina crena sp. nov. female paratype terminalia. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D. single spermatheca; E, paired spermathecae. Abbreviations: cer—cercus, hyp—hypoproct. Scale bars indicate 0.10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13982437/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="461">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): T2–T6 and S2–S6 brown, broad, well sclerotized medially but desclerotized around the margins, uniformly long setose along entire surface. T7 broad, well sclerotized, and uniformly long setose; T8 broad, desclerotized anteromedially and protruding posteromedially (though this may be the epiproct fused to T8) with six long posterior setae. Epiproct absent or fused to posterior margin of T8. Cercus stout, subconical with long dorsal, apical, and apicolateral setae. S7 large (1.5 × length of T7), subquadrate, and relatively densely setose; S8 strongly reduced or absent. Hypoproct broad, U-shaped, densely microtomentose with 8–10 posterior setae. Spermathecae (2+1) stout, bulb spherical/cylindrical with a large and deep apical invagination, stem elongate but thickened below bulb; ducts elongate and membranous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7776F2126F3A7173C56915FDE9F1B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982425" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13982425" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13982425/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" startId="3.[152,255,1868,1892]" targetBox="[151,1435,309,1845]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A126F3A7173C56915FDE9F1B4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1868,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A7173C56915FEB6F100" bold="true" box="[152,279,1868,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus and head photos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A71716C6915FCAAF100" box="[561,779,1868,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A71716C6915FD3EF100" box="[561,671,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina</emphasis>
|
||
species. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A7170496915FC61F100" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[788,960,1868,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crena" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A7170496915FC61F100" box="[788,960,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina crena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126F3A7170986914FBB3F100" box="[965,1042,1869,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype habitus, lateral; B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A7176736915FF71F1EC" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crena" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A7176736915FF71F1EC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina crena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126F3A7173856928FE88F1EC" box="[216,297,1905,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype head, anterolateral; C,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A7171206929FCBDF1EC" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[637,796,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A7171206929FCBDF1EC" box="[637,796,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina sica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126F3A7170786928FCD7F1EC" box="[805,886,1905,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype habitus, lateral; D,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A7177F86929FAE5F1EC" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[1189,1348,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A7177F86929FAE5F1EC" box="[1189,1348,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina sica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126F3A7176116928FA3CF1EC" box="[1356,1437,1905,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype head, anterolateral; E,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A71728669CDFD29F1C8" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[475,648,1940,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A71728669CDFD29F1C8" box="[475,648,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina valga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126F3A7171D269CCFD7FF1C8" box="[655,734,1941,1964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype habitus, lateral; F,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF9126F3A7170A269CDFB0DF1C8" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[1023,1196,1940,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA68126F3A7170A269CDFB0DF1C8" box="[1023,1196,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="462">Helicosina valga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F4713126F3A7177EE69CCFAA3F1C8" box="[1203,1282,1941,1964]" pageId="3" pageNumber="462" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype head, anterolateral. Scale bars indicate 0.50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7776F212683A7673C569CEFC89F1B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982427" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13982427" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13982427/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" startId="4.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[174,1414,181,1919]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A12683A7673C569CEFC89F1B7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812683A7673C569CEFEB9F1CB" bold="true" box="[152,280,1943,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="463">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Wing photos of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912683A7672E269C1FD3BF1D4" box="[447,666,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812683A7672E269C1FD8CF1D4" box="[447,557,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="463">Helicosina</emphasis>
|
||
species. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912683A7671F869C1FCF0F1CB" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[677,849,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crena" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812683A7671F869C1FCF0F1CB" box="[677,849,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="463">Helicosina crena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F471312683A76700A69C1FC04F1CB" box="[855,933,1944,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype; B,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912683A76777669C1FB69F1CB" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[1067,1224,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812683A76777669C1FB69F1CB" box="[1067,1224,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="463">Helicosina sica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F471312683A76779369C1FABDF1CB" box="[1230,1308,1944,1967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype; C,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912683A7673CA69E5FEE2F1B0" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,323,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valga" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812683A7673CA69E5FEE2F1B0" box="[151,323,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="463">Helicosina valga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24F471312683A76721769E5FE38F1B7" box="[330,409,1980,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="463" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
paratype. Scale bars indicate 0.50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31275F112693A77739A6ECEFD9AF69D" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A12693A77739A6ECEFD9AF69D" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A77739A6ECEFEEFF6D5" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The generic name is a combination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7770456ECEFC27F6D5" box="[792,902,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7770456ECEFC27F6D5" box="[792,902,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(inspired by the discovery that species in this group can sometimes be found in furled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A77712F6EE2FD41F6B1" box="[626,736,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A77712F6EE2FD41F6B1" box="[626,736,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves) and -
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7770226EE2FC0FF6B0" box="[895,942,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">sina</emphasis>
|
||
, a frequently used suffix for genera in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7773CA6E86FE86F69D" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,295,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Limosininae">Limosininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The gender is feminine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31275F112693A77739A6F5BFD12F459" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A12693A77739A6F5BFAC7F7B5" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A77739A6F5BFE86F778" bold="true" box="[199,295,258,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Although we have observed, collected, and photographed some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7770A16F5AFBD4F779" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[1020,1141,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7770A16F5AFBD4F779" box="[1020,1141,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Helicosina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults in furled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7776736F5AFA3DF779" box="[1326,1436,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7776736F5AFA3DF779" box="[1326,1436,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
leaves, most of the specimens considered here were taken in Malaise traps, pan traps, or “general collecting”. There are no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7773B86F12FEFFF701" authorityName="Kuwahara & Marshall & Yau" authorityYear="2024" box="[229,350,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Helicosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7773B86F12FEFFF701" box="[229,350,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Helicosina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens among the tens of thousands of Neotropical sphaerocerids we have collected in traps baited with the “usual” sphaerocerid attractants (dung, carrion), but a few specimens were collected in pan traps set in decomposing vegetative material or “kitchen compost”. It is most likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7777146FCAFABDF7C9" box="[1097,1308,403,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7777146FCAFB63F7C9" box="[1097,1218,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Helicosina</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
develop as microbial grazers in small deposits of decomposing plant material, such as may occur deep in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7777EB6FEEFA85F7B5" box="[1206,1316,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Heliconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7777EB6FEEFA85F7B5" box="[1206,1316,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Heliconia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
furls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A12693A77739A6F83FD12F459" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A77739A6F83FED1F790" bold="true" box="[199,368,474,500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7772296F82FDE2F791" box="[372,579,475,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A7772296F82FE4CF791" box="[372,493,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Helicosina</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have no obvious relationships to other Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7777326F82FB5EF791" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1921" box="[1135,1279,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Limosininae">Limosininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.Significantly, they lack the asymmetrical anterior epandrial-hypandrial connections that define the largest clade of Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A7773CA6C7AFE82F459" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,291,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Limosininae">Limosininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C085DF912693A77726E6C7AFE6FF458" authorityName="Spuler" authorityYear="1924" box="[307,462,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Pterogramma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A77726E6C7AFE6FF458" box="[307,462,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Pterogramma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related genera).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31275F112693A77739A6C1FFC7BF405" box="[199,986,582,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB7267A12693A77739A6C1FFC7BF405" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,609]" box="[199,986,582,609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CFA6812693A77739A6C1FFEC0F404" bold="true" box="[199,353,582,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F66EA12693A7772A36C1EFDDAF405" box="[510,635,583,609]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F66EA12693A7771DB6C1EFD44F405" box="[646,741,583,609]" name="Ecuador" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F66EA12693A77707D6C1EFCD8F405" box="[800,889,583,609]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13333AFF12693A7770D56C1EFC6DF405" box="[904,972,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[152,255,1563,1587]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,597,1539]" captionTargetId="figure-197@11.[190,1398,597,1539]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution map for Helicosina. Blue circles indicate H. crena sp. nov., red circles indicate H. sica sp. nov., and green circles indicate H. valga sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13982439/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="464">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |