334 lines
58 KiB
XML
334 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="F4206F39E4EBF2A2AA41E26F5347C125" ID-CLB-Dataset="8824" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4826.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bf4f379-5024-4616-b7b7-a48103cb63bf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4402216" ID-ZooBank="1DC59C31-61D1-4458-897B-29D9CA523634" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609342327324" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Terrana, Lucas, Bo, Marzia, Opresko, Dennis M. & Eeckhaut, Igor" docDate="2020" docId="F57687879373427DFF4CFF39FEDDF910" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4826.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4826 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Antipathes virgata sensu Esper 1788" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="094FFFFF9362426EFFDBFFAEFFD3FFC7" masterDocTitle="Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1698849846245" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4E6490EFE4267558DBFC09DF408BF44A">Shallow-water black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from SW Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="7E06CB0D39276B1C169BBFF34B88944F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="BD6BA39C275BDC3489E6B3EF0B6E76CC">Terrana, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C38A337FC595373A2CA0278426471027">Bo, Marzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="466DB16A4E1478CCB4D037A84A915D53">Opresko, Dennis M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="51DF1AF4B3EDDB4C97D6E47E19CF9383">Eeckhaut, Igor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BE018381AFFA33CB447A7AF06769864A" type="email">lucas.terrana@umons.ac.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="8BDD9B3EE026E8E0532D755032E432B9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FDD9C88AB72EC0BD9B1194FA5D3D02E9">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3B5309E534C66ED65D2FF66DADA13C9C">2020-08-10</mods:number>
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<treatment id="F57687879373427DFF4CFF39FEDDF910" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4448306" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177006758" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4448306" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F57687879373427DFF4CFF39FEDDF910" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F57687879373427DFF4CFF39FEDDF910" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="35C5651A9373427FFF4CFF39FDE0FF76" box="[151,563,151,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF4CFF39FDE0FF76" blockId="17.[151,563,151,213]" box="[151,563,151,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<heading id="262881FD9373427FFF4CFF39FDE0FF76" bold="true" box="[151,563,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129373427FFF4CFF39FDE0FF76" ID-CoL="F2C4" authority="Esper, 1788" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[151,563,151,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
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<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF4CFF39FDE0FF76" bold="true" box="[151,563,151,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF4CFF39FECAFF75" bold="true" box="[151,281,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Antipathes</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFE9DFF39FE48FF76" bold="true" box="[326,411,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">virgata</emphasis>
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Esper, 1788
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="35C5651A9373427FFF4CFF15FD93FEF1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF4CFF15FEC9FF12" blockId="17.[151,563,151,213]" box="[151,282,187,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFF4CFF15FF20FF12" box="[151,243,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFF24FF15FEC9FF12" box="[255,282,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF4CFEAEFD48FED0" blockId="17.[151,667,256,310]" box="[151,667,256,280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129373427FFF4CFEAEFE00FEDF" authority="Esper, 1788" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[151,467,256,280]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
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<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF4CFEAEFE81FED0" box="[151,338,256,280]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Antipathes virgata</emphasis>
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Esper, 1788
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</taxonomicName>
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, pt. II, p. 8, pl. XIV
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF4CFEB0FD93FEF1" blockId="17.[151,667,256,310]" box="[151,576,286,310]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129373427FFF4CFEB0FE15FEF1" authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" box="[151,454,286,310]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scoparia">
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<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF4CFEB0FEB0FEF1" box="[151,355,286,310]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Antipathes scoparia</emphasis>
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||
Lamarck
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</taxonomicName>
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, t. II, p. 307
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="35C5651A9373427FFF4CFECAFE07FE64" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF4CFECAFB32FEB8" blockId="17.[151,1437,356,2039]" box="[151,1249,356,383]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF4CFECAFE52FEB9" bold="true" box="[151,385,356,382]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Material examined.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="CDB73CCC9373427FFE5CFECAFB0DFEB8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3019439313" box="[391,1246,356,383]" elevation="25" location="Toliara" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCount="25" stateProvince="Toliara">
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||
<collectingRegion id="BF1BF8739373427FFE5CFECAFE0AFEB9" box="[391,473,356,382]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Toliara</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCount id="6BD9FD189373427FFE3FFECAFDF7FEB8" box="[484,548,356,383]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">
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<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFE3FFECAFDF3FEB8" box="[484,544,356,383]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="25.0">
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<elevation id="F6F2D1A29373427FFE3FFECAFDF3FEB8" box="[484,544,356,383]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="25.0">25 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.
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||
</specimenCount>
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||
Distal branches of different diameters, specimen INV.131349
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||
</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF1CFE27FE07FE64" blockId="17.[151,1437,356,2039]" box="[199,468,392,419]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF1CFE27FEB0FE64" bold="true" box="[199,355,393,419]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Depth range.</emphasis>
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<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFEB1FE26FE03FE64" box="[362,464,392,419]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="35.0" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="25.0">25–45 m</quantity>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="35C5651A9373427FFF1CFE02FCBCF831" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF1CFE02FF19FBB4" blockId="17.[151,1437,356,2039]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF1CFE02FE8AFE01" bold="true" box="[199,345,428,454]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description.</emphasis>
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A branched and bushy colony measuring
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||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFCF3FE02FCBEFE00" box="[808,877,428,455]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="75.0">75 cm</quantity>
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||
in height with a basal diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFB30FE02FAE4FE00" box="[1259,1335,428,455]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFA9DFE02FA44FE00" box="[1350,1431,428,455]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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, a–c). The branches subdivide pseudo-dichotomously and are vertically elongated and almost parallel, being inserted with an acute angle to the thicker branch (
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<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFDABFE5AFD10FDC8" box="[624,707,500,527]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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, b, c). On the distal thick branches, smaller branches often originate from the same area and from different sides, giving the colony the general shape of a candelabra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFAFBFDB6FAA0FDF4" box="[1312,1395,536,563]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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, c). There is no fusion between adjacent branches (
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<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFD7DFD92FD2AFD90" box="[678,761,572,599]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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, c), but sometimes vertically erected branches can fuse with the main axis when they come in contact. In the upper part of the colony, the terminal branchlets measure up to
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||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFA55FDCFFF6AFD58" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length. Such branchlets measure around
|
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<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFD73FD2BFD3AFD58" box="[680,745,645,671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at their base (measured with the tissues), while a shorter branchlet
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFE87FD06FE7BFD04" box="[348,424,680,707]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="cm" value="5.8">5.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length measures
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFD51FD07FD32FD04" box="[650,737,681,707]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
at the base (measured with the tissues). The polyps are generally found in one row, but on branches they are often arranged on both sides giving the appearance of two rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFAB4FD62FF66FCCC" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, c). When they are arranged in a single row, they can twist around the branch. On thicker axes, they are found all around the axis. Polyps appear large with thick and rounded tentacles and measure 1.0–
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFB57FCBBFB33FCE8" box="[1164,1248,789,815]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. The interpolypar space is not uniform; the polyps can be close together or be spaced up to
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFBBAFC97FB70FC94" box="[1121,1187,825,851]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart, and 8–9 polyps are found along one cm. The spines are conical, sometimes slightly hooked upwards on thin branches and inclined distally on thicker branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFE3FFC2EFDEAFC5C" box="[484,569,896,923]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, d–i). Spines have papillae on two-thirds of their surface on every side and multiple, rounded knobs at the apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFDE5FC0AFD42FC78" box="[574,657,932,959]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, g–i). Spines can also be stout with a flattened and knobbed apex on larger branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFE88FC66FE76FC24" box="[339,421,968,995]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, i). The number of longitudinal rows that can be seen from one aspect varies between five and seven. The polypar and abpolypar spines are equivalent in size, regardless of branch thickness. On all branches measuring less than
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFEA2FBBEFE0EFBEC" box="[377,477,1040,1067]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, the spines are consistently no more than
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFBEBFBBFFB40FBEC" box="[1072,1171,1041,1067]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall, whereas on thicker branches they measure
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFE44FB9BFD97FB88" box="[415,580,1077,1103]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.14" valueMax="0.17" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The overall mutual distance is consistently within the range of
|
||
<quantity id="BA279B749373427FFACEFB9BFF15FBB4" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.435" valueMax="0.56" valueMin="0.31">0.31 to 0.56 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7D6036919373427FFF1CFBD2FCBCF831" blockId="17.[151,1437,356,2039]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFF1CFBD2FE6FFB50" bold="true" box="[199,444,1148,1175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Historically, there have been several descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129373427FFBD8FBD2FB03FB51" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[1027,1232,1148,1174]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFBD8FBD2FB03FB51" box="[1027,1232,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Antipathes virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
referring to specimens coming from different locations and presenting different states of preservation. The original description of the species was made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFE69FB6BFDEEFB18" author="Esper, E. J. C." box="[434,573,1221,1247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref37011" refString="Esper, E. J. C. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen. Theilen 1 - 3 (Lieferungen 1 - 17). Raspe, Nurnberg, 320 + 303 + 230 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper (1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFD92FB6AFD4AFB18" box="[585,665,1220,1247]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, a) who described a specimen coming from the Indian Ocean that he received as a gift from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05C876019373427FFE41FB46FE04FAC5" box="[410,471,1256,1282]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. That specimen is lost. In his description, he stated that the specimen could be “distinguished from any known species by the spreading of its branches and twigs, as well as its growth form”. He also reported about a stem expanding in a “fork-like” shape and branches originating from the same angle, but no details were provided regarding the polyps or the morphology of the spines. In the absence of the type specimen and given the lack of information about taxonomical features, his description is inadequate to define the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFAC5FAD6FEBEFA70" author="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref38471" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian coral described by EJC Esper with select English translations of the original German text. Senckenbergiana biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko & Baron-Szabo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other specimens were then described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFC8FFA32FC35FA70" author="Brook, G." box="[852,998,1436,1463]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 222" refId="ref36204" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 32 (1), 1 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1889">Brook (1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from the Persian Gulf, redescribed by Opresko in 1974, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFE54FA6EFE33FA1C" box="[399,480,1472,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, d–f),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFDF0FA6EFD6AFA1C" author="Roule, L." box="[555,697,1472,1499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref38888" refString="Roule, L. (1905) Description des Antipathaires et Cerianthaires recuellis par SAS le Prince de Monaco dans l'Atlantique nord. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince de Monaco, 30, 1 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59328" type="journal article" year="1905">Roule (1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from the Atlantic Ocean) and Forster
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFBABFA6FFADCFA1C" author="Cooper, C. F." box="[1136,1295,1473,1499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="301 - 321" refId="ref36585" refString="Cooper, C. F. (1909) Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust expedition on the Indian Ocean, 1905. Antipatharia. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12 (4), 301 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00144. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Cooper (1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from Saint-Brandon) which have been later compared by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFD68FA4AFBF0FA38" author="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C." box="[691,1059,1508,1535]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref38471" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian coral described by EJC Esper with select English translations of the original German text. Senckenbergiana biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko & Baron-Szabo (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in their redescription of Esper’s specimens. The latter authors concluded that it was not possible to determine if all these specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129373427FFAADF9A7FF34F981" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFAADF9A7FF34F981" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">An. virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were identical with the one described by Esper, and that it was questionable whether all three authors were dealing with the same species. In any case, a
|
||
<typeStatus id="A26488339373427FFD54F9FFFD3BF9AC" box="[655,744,1617,1643]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
needs to be designated for the species. Although the spines of the present specimen are similar in shape and size as those described from Brook’s specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFB72F9DAFAE1F948" author="Brook, G." box="[1193,1330,1652,1679]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 222" refId="ref36204" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 32 (1), 1 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1889">Brook 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFAE6F9DAFE5AF974" author="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref38471" refString="Opresko, D. M. & Baron-Szabo, R. C. (2001) Re-descriptions of the antipatharian coral described by EJC Esper with select English translations of the original German text. Senckenbergiana biologica, 81, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2001">Opresko & Baron-Szabo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFE1BF936FDCEF974" box="[448,541,1688,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFDF1F937FD94F974" box="[554,583,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11</figureCitation>
|
||
), they differ in their fine morphology: the spines of the Malagasy specimen are papillose with many small knobs at their tips, while those of Brook’s specimen are smooth with a few large tubercles at their tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFE49F94EFE23F93C" box="[402,496,1760,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-20@18.[174,1414,181,1834]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Antipathes cf. virgata sensu Esper, 1788 specimen INV.131349. (a) Entire colony. (b–c) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (d) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (e) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (f) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (g) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (h) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (i) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFE27F94FFDCAF93C" box="[508,537,1761,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The branching pattern also appears to be different (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFBB6F94EFB6CF93C" box="[1133,1215,1760,1787]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, b, d–f). In Brook’s specimen, the branches are mostly on one side of the axis, and they can be bifurcated before twisting and becoming confluent again (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFEA4F886FE03F884" box="[383,464,1832,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, d–e). These features are not observed here. Forster
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFBC1F887FB6DF884" author="Cooper, C. F." box="[1050,1214,1833,1859]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="301 - 321" refId="ref36585" refString="Cooper, C. F. (1909) Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust expedition on the Indian Ocean, 1905. Antipatharia. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12 (4), 301 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00144. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Cooper (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported about different morphological features with branches becoming confluent and fusing together at some point, as well as polyps arranged in four rows along the branch and sharp, triangular spines. The original illustration given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFA87F8DFFF09F868" author="Esper, E. J. C." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref37011" refString="Esper, E. J. C. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen. Theilen 1 - 3 (Lieferungen 1 - 17). Raspe, Nurnberg, 320 + 303 + 230 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper (1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E5E42A149373427FFF3CF83AFEEBF868" box="[231,312,1940,1967]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetId="figure-17@19.[151,1435,192,1293]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 11. Comparison of Antipathes virgata Esper, 1788 and related specimens. (a) Original illustration of An. virgata by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (b) A branch of the specimen An. cf. virgata INV.131349. from Madagascar. (c) A branch of the specimen An. cf. lentipinna INV.131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of An. virgata, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (d–f) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (Brook 1889) of An. virgata from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of An. virgata courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
, a) shows a similar branching pattern for the whole colony, however, given all the previous considerations and the different localities, this specimen might be different from those of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFBEFF816FB1EF814" author="Brook, G." box="[1076,1229,1976,2003]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 222" refId="ref36204" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 32 (1), 1 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1889">Brook (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFB02F816FABEF814" author="Roule, L." box="[1241,1389,1976,2003]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref38888" refString="Roule, L. (1905) Description des Antipathaires et Cerianthaires recuellis par SAS le Prince de Monaco dans l'Atlantique nord. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince de Monaco, 30, 1 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59328" type="journal article" year="1905">Roule (1905)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Forster
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609373427FFF35F873FE47F830" author="Cooper, C. F." box="[238,404,2013,2039]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="301 - 321" refId="ref36585" refString="Cooper, C. F. (1909) Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust expedition on the Indian Ocean, 1905. Antipatharia. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12 (4), 301 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00144. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Cooper (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129373427FFDE7F873FD0EF831" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[572,733,2012,2039]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFDE7F873FDB0F830" box="[572,611,2013,2039]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">An.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839373427FFD56F873FD0EF831" box="[653,733,2013,2038]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is used here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="29A066199370427CFF4CF8ECFD32F82D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4402243" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402243/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[151,250,1858,1882]" targetBox="[174,1414,181,1834]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D6036919370427CFF4CF8ECFD32F82D" blockId="18.[151,1436,1858,2026]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFF4CF8ECFEF2F89D" bold="true" box="[151,289,1858,1882]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129370427CFEF2F8ECFD1BF89D" authority="sensu Esper, 1788" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[297,712,1858,1882]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFEF2F8ECFE46F89D" box="[297,405,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Antipathes</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFE65F8EDFD95F89D" box="[446,582,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">virgata sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Esper, 1788
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen INV.131349. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFC12F8ECFC05F89D" bold="true" box="[969,982,1858,1882]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">a</emphasis>
|
||
) Entire colony. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFB5EF8ECFB78F89D" bold="true" box="[1157,1195,1858,1882]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">b–c</emphasis>
|
||
) Close-up views of the branching pattern and the polyps. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFE2CF8C8FDD6F8B9" bold="true" box="[503,517,1894,1918]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">d</emphasis>
|
||
) Section of a branch 0.35 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFAD1F8C8FAC6F8B9" bold="true" box="[1290,1301,1894,1918]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">e</emphasis>
|
||
) Section of a branch 0.74 mm in diameter. The polypar side is on the right. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFCD3F824FCC3F865" bold="true" box="[776,784,1930,1954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">f</emphasis>
|
||
) Section of a branch 1 mm in diameter. Polyps are found on both sides on this branch. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFEADF800FE50F801" bold="true" box="[374,387,1966,1990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">g</emphasis>
|
||
) Polypar spine on a branch 0.60 mm in diameter. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFC5CF800FC46F801" bold="true" box="[903,917,1966,1990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">h</emphasis>
|
||
) Abpolypar spine on the same branch. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839370427CFAF7F800FAE0F801" bold="true" box="[1324,1331,1966,1990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">i</emphasis>
|
||
) Example of a stout polypar spine on a branch 0.70 mm in diameter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="29A066199371427DFF4CFA9FFCE8F982" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4402245" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4402245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4402245/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[151,250,1329,1353]" targetBox="[151,1435,192,1293]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D6036919371427DFF4CFA9FFCE8F982" blockId="19.[151,1437,1329,1606]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFF4CFA9FFECCFA8E" bold="true" box="[151,287,1329,1353]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFE1DFA9CFCD1FA8D" authority="Esper, 1788" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[454,770,1330,1354]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFE1DFA9CFD52FA8E" box="[454,641,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Antipathes virgata</emphasis>
|
||
Esper, 1788
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related specimens. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFBDBFA9CFBDEFA8D" bold="true" box="[1024,1037,1330,1354]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">a</emphasis>
|
||
) Original illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFAD1FA9CFAA8FA8E" authorityName="sensu Esper" authorityYear="1788" box="[1290,1403,1330,1353]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFAD1FA9CFAA8FA8E" box="[1290,1403,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">An. virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Esper (Esper Fortsetzungen 2, p. 8, pl. 14, 1798) showing the lower portion of the colony. The colony is from the Indian Ocean (gift from India). He reports a colony measuring around 45 cm with no fusion of the branches. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFBACFAD4FB56FA55" bold="true" box="[1143,1157,1402,1426]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">b</emphasis>
|
||
) A branch of the specimen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFF4CFA30FEB6FA71" authority="INV." authorityName="INV." box="[151,357,1438,1462]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFF4CFA30FF68FA72" box="[151,187,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">An.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFF38FA30FEF8FA72" box="[227,299,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">virgata</emphasis>
|
||
INV.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
131349. from Madagascar. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFD5FFA30FD5CFA71" bold="true" box="[644,655,1438,1462]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">c</emphasis>
|
||
) A branch of the specimen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFC77FA30FB4BFA71" authority="INV." authorityName="INV." box="[940,1176,1438,1462]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lentipinna">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFC77FA30FC03FA72" box="[940,976,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">An.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFC23FA30FB8CFA71" box="[1016,1119,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lentipinna</emphasis>
|
||
INV.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
131337 from Madagascar showing the same uniserial branching pattern as Brook’s specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFC87FA6CFC1EFA1E" box="[860,973,1474,1497]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFC87FA6CFC1EFA1E" box="[860,973,1474,1497]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">An. virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but with thick ramifications compared to the latter. (
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFF3BFA4BFED0FA3A" bold="true" box="[224,259,1509,1533]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">d–f</emphasis>
|
||
) Views of the entire colony, a branch and a skeletal section of Brook’s specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609371427DFB97FA48FB1BFA39" author="Brook, G." box="[1100,1224,1510,1534]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 222" refId="ref36204" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 32 (1), 1 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1889">Brook 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFB29FA48FAB7FA3A" box="[1266,1380,1510,1533]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFB29FA48FAB7FA3A" box="[1266,1380,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">An. virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the British Museum. The ramifications are uniserial and thin compared to the specimen from Madagascar. Photo of Brook’s specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BADF4D129371427DFEC2F980FE5AF982" box="[281,393,1582,1605]" class="Anthozoa" family="Antipathidae" genus="Antipathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="virgata">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFEC2F980FE5AF982" box="[281,393,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">An. virgata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
courtesy of Paul Richens of the NHMUK.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="35C5651A9371427DFF1CF9DAFEDDF910" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7D6036919371427DFF1CF9DAFEDDF910" blockId="19.[151,1437,1652,1751]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="4FABEA839371427DFF1CF9DAFEB3F949" bold="true" box="[199,352,1652,1678]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Indian Ocean (
|
||
<typeStatus id="A26488339371427DFDCBF9DAFD91F949" box="[528,578,1652,1678]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609371427DFD70F9DAFCFDF949" author="Esper, E. J. C." box="[683,814,1652,1678]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref37011" refString="Esper, E. J. C. (1798) Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen. Theilen 1 - 3 (Lieferungen 1 - 17). Raspe, Nurnberg, 320 + 303 + 230 pp." type="book" year="1798">Esper 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Persian Gulf (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609371427DFC39F9DAFBBDF949" author="Brook, G." box="[994,1134,1652,1678]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 222" refId="ref36204" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 32 (1), 1 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6513" type="journal article" year="1889">Brook 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cargados Carajos (archipelago of Saint-Brandon, Forster
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609371427DFDD6F936FD71F975" author="Cooper, C. F." box="[525,674,1688,1714]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="301 - 321" refId="ref36585" refString="Cooper, C. F. (1909) Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust expedition on the Indian Ocean, 1905. Antipatharia. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 12 (4), 301 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00144. x" type="journal article" year="1909">Cooper 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Azores, Madeira and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05C876019371427DFC7FF936FBF7F975" box="[932,1060,1688,1714]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="194E4B609371427DFBE8F936FB6AF974" author="Roule, L." box="[1075,1209,1688,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="1 - 100" refId="ref38888" refString="Roule, L. (1905) Description des Antipathaires et Cerianthaires recuellis par SAS le Prince de Monaco dans l'Atlantique nord. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince de Monaco, 30, 1 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 59328" type="journal article" year="1905">Roule 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="05C876019371427DFB16F936FA87F975" box="[1229,1364,1688,1714]" name="Madagascar" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(present study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |