358 lines
44 KiB
XML
358 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B9B52F44DC4B1DDEAC6D46A97D0F24CA">New shallow-water sponges (Porifera) from the Galápagos Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8A6C3A2ED9ADC4BDC2561A082C795675" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F55C7DA6CBB9B0266ECFE1D278895C0A">Hickman, Cleveland</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="36789EC7B29207332A5F508893E2CC5F">Kelly, Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4FB2D0C4916664E6053D7426EE70F19C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D5DD3371DCB98C6FABD1498C37404008">2021</mods:date>
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<heading id="00595732FFD1FFF1FF678CF2B3EAC9AB" bold="true" box="[151,690,655,682]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF678CF2B3EAC9AB" ID-CoL="THHF" authority="(De Laubenfels, 1949)" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[151,690,655,682]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678CF2B3EAC9AB" bold="true" box="[151,690,655,682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678CF2B049C9A8" bold="true" box="[151,273,655,682]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FECE8CF2B0C1C9A8" bold="true" box="[318,409,655,682]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">molitba</emphasis>
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(
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678CCEB1B3C9CC" blockId="10.[151,690,655,718]" box="[151,235,691,718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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(
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<figureCitation id="C395FCDBFFD1FFF1FF508CCEB1BAC9CC" box="[160,226,691,718]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1526,1550]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-140@11.[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Chalinula cf. molitba (De Laubenfels, 1949). MCCDRS9439: A. In situ. B. Deck photo of a small sample; C. Cross section of the choanosome. D. Oxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5158079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="13B4B3D5FFD1FFF1FF678C85B26FC888" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678C85B33CC812" blockId="10.[151,1098,760,906]" box="[151,612,760,784]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF678C85B33CC812" ID-CoL="3JCMP" authority="De Laubenfels 1949: 9 - 10" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityPageNumber="9 - 10" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,612,760,784]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678C85B008C812" box="[151,336,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haliclona molitba</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FEA78C85B33CC812" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[343,612,760,784]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref38578" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1949) Sponges of the Western Bahamas. American Museum Novitates, 1431, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1949">De Laubenfels 1949: 9–10</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678D6BB3CBC82C" blockId="10.[151,1098,760,906]" box="[151,659,790,814]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="7BBEC770FFD1FFF1FF678D6BB3CBC82C" box="[151,659,790,814]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitation id="DA0FC64FFFD1FFF1FF678D6BB3CBC82C" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[151,659,790,814]" page="47" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1950">
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<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF678D6BB3CBC82C" ID-CoL="3JCH5" authority="De Laubenfels, 1950: 45 - 47" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityPageNumber="45 - 47" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,659,790,814]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="crassiloba">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678D6BB035C82C" box="[151,365,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haliclona crassiloba</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FE838D6AB3CBC82C" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[371,659,790,814]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 154" refId="ref38604" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27 (1), 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1950. tb 00227. x" type="journal article" year="1950">De Laubenfels, 1950: 45–47</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678D48B512C84F" blockId="10.[151,1098,760,906]" box="[151,1098,821,845]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="7BBEC770FFD1FFF1FF678D48B512C84F" box="[151,1098,821,845]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitation id="DA0FC64FFFD1FFF1FF678D48B23FC84F" author="De Weerdt, W. H. & Rutzler, K. & Smith, K. P." box="[151,871,821,845]" page="198" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1991">
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<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF678D48B23FC84F" ID-CoL="3JCPQ" authority="De Weerdt, Rutzler & Smith, 1991: 197 - 198" authorityName="De Weerdt, Rutzler" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,871,821,845]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pseudomolitba">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678D48B0C0C84F" box="[151,408,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Haliclona pseudomolitba</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FE6E8D48B23FC84F" author="De Weerdt, W. H. & Rutzler, K. & Smith, K. P." box="[414,871,821,845]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="189 - 205" refId="ref38858" refString="De Weerdt, W. H., Rutzler, K. & Smith, K. P. (1991) The Chalinidae (Porifera) of Twin Cays, Belize, and adjacent waters. Proceedings of the Biological Socety of Washsington, 104 (1), 189 - 205." type="journal article" year="1991">De Weerdt, Rützler & Smith, 1991: 197–198</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; fig. 3d,
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–h, 5a–b, d
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678D29B323C86E" blockId="10.[151,1098,760,906]" box="[151,635,851,876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="7BBEC770FFD1FFF1FF678D29B323C86E" box="[151,635,851,876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitation id="DA0FC64FFFD1FFF1FF678D29B364C869" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[151,572,851,876]" page="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="1980">
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<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF678D29B364C869" ID-CoL="4RS2F" authority="Van Soest, 1980: 14 - 15" authorityName="Van Soest" authorityPageNumber="14 - 15" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,572,851,876]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Reniera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="carmabi">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678D29B01AC86E" box="[151,322,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reniera carmabi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FEB88D29B364C869" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[328,572,851,876]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref42434" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1980) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), 1 - 173." type="journal article" year="1980">Van Soest, 1980: 14–15</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. fig. 4
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678D0FB26FC888" blockId="10.[151,1098,760,906]" box="[151,823,882,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<treatmentCitation id="DA0FC64FFFD1FFF1FF678D0FB309C888" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[151,593,882,906]" page="59" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="2000">
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<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF678D0FB309C888" ID-CoL="THHF" authority="De Weerdt, 2000: 55 - 59" authorityName="De Weerdt" authorityPageNumber="55 - 59" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,593,882,906]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678D0FB008C888" box="[151,336,882,906]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula molitba</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FEA78D0EB309C888" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[343,593,882,906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref38728" refString="De Weerdt, W. H. (2000) A monograph of the shallow-water Chalinidae (Porifera, Haplosclerida) of the Caribbean. Bueaufortia, 50 (1), 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2000">De Weerdt, 2000: 55–59</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 2e, f, 3s, w, 42a–f
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="13B4B3D5FFD1FFF1FF678DC5B58ACF18" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF678DC5B45EC8D1" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" box="[151,1286,952,979]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF678DC5B0D9C8D0" bold="true" box="[151,385,952,978]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined.</emphasis>
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MCCDRS9439, Los Hermanos Islands,
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,
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,
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,
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<date id="2F10C69EFFD1FFF1FB878DC4B45AC8D1" box="[1143,1282,953,979]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2003-01-18">18 Jan 2003</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378DA0B03EC8F4" bold="true" box="[199,358,988,1015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<typeStatus id="84155EFCFFD1FFF1FF378DA0B05AC8F5" box="[199,258,989,1015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23B9A0CEFFD1FFF1FE9C8DA1B08EC8F4" box="[364,470,988,1014]" name="Bermuda" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378A7DB58ACF18" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" box="[199,1234,1024,1051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378A7DB0ABCF18" bold="true" box="[199,499,1024,1051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Habitat and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23B9A0CEFFD1FFF1FCC78A7DB2F9CF18" box="[823,929,1024,1050]" name="Bermuda" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23B9A0CEFFD1FFF1FC5C8A7DB2ABCF18" box="[940,1011,1024,1050]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Galápagos Islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="13B4B3D5FFD1FFF1FF378A59B5D3CE39" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378A59B0B6CFA8" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378A59B001CF3C" bold="true" box="[199,345,1060,1086]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Thinly encrusting sponge, ≤
|
||
<quantity id="9C564DBBFFD1FFF1FD518A58B3A8CF3D" box="[673,752,1061,1087]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick, covered in short cylindrical or volcano shaped oscules that are around
|
||
<quantity id="9C564DBBFFD1FFF1FEB48A35B0DDCF61" box="[324,389,1096,1123]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and
|
||
<quantity id="9C564DBBFFD1FFF1FE028A34B36ACF61" box="[498,562,1097,1123]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Colour in life is lilac, with faint tan patches, oscules have a sharp, whitish margin; colour in ethanol is golden brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C395FCDBFFD1FFF1FD218A11B214CF85" box="[721,844,1132,1159]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1526,1550]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-140@11.[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Chalinula cf. molitba (De Laubenfels, 1949). MCCDRS9439: A. In situ. B. Deck photo of a small sample; C. Cross section of the choanosome. D. Oxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5158079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Texture is extremely soft, compressible, easily torn, surface is smooth to the touch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378AC9B51ACE15" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378AC9B06DCFCC" bold="true" box="[199,309,1204,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
No ectosomal skeleton is present. The choanosomal skeleton is an isotropic reticulation of spicules that are completely encased in spongin. Most secondary tracts are unispicular, but occasionally they are 2–3 spicules in length. Free spicules are also present at low density in the choanosome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C395FCDBFFD1FFF1FC2C8A81B56DCE15" box="[988,1077,1276,1303]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1526,1550]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-140@11.[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Chalinula cf. molitba (De Laubenfels, 1949). MCCDRS9439: A. In situ. B. Deck photo of a small sample; C. Cross section of the choanosome. D. Oxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5158079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378B5DB5D3CE39" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" box="[199,1163,1312,1339]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378B5DB068CE38" bold="true" box="[199,304,1312,1338]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Spicules.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FEC78B5DB09BCE38" box="[311,451,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
—small oxeas; 113 (103–129) × 7 (5–9) µm (n = 20) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C395FCDBFFD1FFF1FBD48B5DB525CE39" box="[1060,1149,1312,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1526,1550]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetId="figure-140@11.[151,1436,417,1503]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Chalinula cf. molitba (De Laubenfels, 1949). MCCDRS9439: A. In situ. B. Deck photo of a small sample; C. Cross section of the choanosome. D. Oxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5158079/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="13B4B3D5FFD1FFF0FF378B38B35DCD96" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378B38B52FCEED" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378B38B06CCE5D" bold="true" box="[199,308,1349,1375]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="84155EFCFFD1FFF1FE838B39B08DCE5C" box="[371,469,1348,1374]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FE0A8B39B291CE5D" authority="(De Laubenfels, 1949)" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[506,969,1348,1375]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FE0A8B39B39ECE5C" box="[506,710,1348,1374]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula molitba</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FD248B38B298CE5D" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[724,960,1348,1375]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref38578" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1949) Sponges of the Western Bahamas. American Museum Novitates, 1431, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1949">De Laubenfels, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as a violet coloured, amorphous sponge with a reticulated skeleton of fibres that were around 30 µm in diameter and lightly cored by oxeas (100 × 2 µm).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FEC98BF0B359CEA5" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[313,513,1420,1447]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref38728" refString="De Weerdt, W. H. (2000) A monograph of the shallow-water Chalinidae (Porifera, Haplosclerida) of the Caribbean. Bueaufortia, 50 (1), 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2000">De Weerdt (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the species after examining over
|
||
<specimenCount id="4DA82BD7FFD1FFF1FC0E8BF1B5C0CEA4" box="[1022,1176,1420,1446]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">60 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, to include a wide variety of characteristics, ranging from: tubular to encrusting specimens; spongin- to spicule-dominated skeletons with scarce spongin; and strongyloxeas (45–99 × 0.5–2.6 µm) to oxeas (66–144 × 1.3–7 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378B85B0DCCC30" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF378B85B0CDCD10" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[199,405,1528,1554]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF378B85B0CDCD10" box="[199,405,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula molitba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an eastern Atlantic species that has not been recorded from the eastern Pacific. However, the gross morphology, skeletal architecture and colour in life of our specimen fits well within the range of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FF47883CB068CD58" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[183,304,1600,1627]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FF47883CB068CD58" box="[183,304,1600,1627]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. molitba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FE3B883CB3C4CD59" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[459,668,1600,1627]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref38728" refString="De Weerdt, W. H. (2000) A monograph of the shallow-water Chalinidae (Porifera, Haplosclerida) of the Caribbean. Bueaufortia, 50 (1), 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2000">De Weerdt (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Given the wide range of characteristics in De Weerdt’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FAD4883CB4C5CD58" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1316,1437,1600,1627]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FAD4883CB4C5CD58" box="[1316,1437,1600,1627]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. molitba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, it is probable that they are not all the same species, but separation of these specimens, and ours, is likely to require re-examination using molecular tools. Molecular techniques such as sequencing mitochondrial DNA markers are becoming increasingly important for resolving accurate species boundaries (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FB4B88D1B4CDCDC5" author="Swierts, T. & Peijnenburg, K. T. & De Leeuw, C. A. & Breeuwer, J. A. & Cleary, D. F. & De Voogd, N. J." box="[1211,1429,1708,1735]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="933 - 945" refId="ref42019" refString="Swierts, T., Peijnenburg, K. T., De Leeuw, C. A., Breeuwer, J. A., Cleary, D. F. & De Voogd, N. J. (2017) Globally intertwined evolutionary history of giant barrel sponges. Coral Reefs, 36 (3), 933 - 945. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 017 - 1585 - 6" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Swierts
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FAE888D0B40ACDC4" box="[1304,1362,1708,1734]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and answering broad questions of whether the purported distribution of sponges across the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="23B9A0CEFFD1FFF1FB6488ACB5B5CDE9" box="[1172,1261,1745,1771]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
isthmus is real. The Galápagos specimen has been given a tentative assignment to this species until further taxonomic work on the species is conducted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF1FF378941B318CC9C" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FE408941B378CC54" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" box="[432,544,1852,1878]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FE408941B378CC54" box="[432,544,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from the eastern Pacific:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FBE48941B181CC79" authority="(De Laubenfels, 1930)" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ecbasis">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FBE48941B586CC54" box="[1044,1246,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula ecbasis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FB1F8940B188CC79" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="24 - 29" refId="ref38325" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1930) The Sponges of California. (Abstracts of dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy). Stanford University Bulletin, 5, 24 - 29." type="journal article" year="1930">De Laubenfels, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="996A2EBCFFD1FFF1FEEF891DB0CCCC78" box="[287,404,1888,1914]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. That species differs from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="996A2EBCFFD1FFF1FD1C891DB23ACC78" box="[748,866,1888,1914]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimen in that it is a digitate or ramose sponge, up to
|
||
<quantity id="9C564DBBFFD1FFF1FF2789F8B044CC9D" box="[215,284,1925,1951]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
high, with apical oscules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD1FFF0FF3789D7B343CA8B" blockId="10.[151,1437,952,2023]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FF3789D7B0A0CCC1" author="Avila, E. & Carballo, J. L." box="[199,504,1960,1989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="257 - 264" refId="ref36862" refString="Avila, E. & Carballo, J. L. (2008) A preliminary assessment of the invasiveness of the Indo-Pacific sponge Chalinula nematifera on coral communities from the tropical Eastern Pacific. Biological Invasions, 11 (2), 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 008 - 9230 - 5" type="journal article" year="2008">Ávila and Carballo (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the western Pacific sponge,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD1FFF1FC1689D5B181CCE5" authority="(De Laubenfels, 1954)" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nematifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD1FFF1FC1689D5B582CCC1" box="[998,1242,1960,1987]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chalinula nematifera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD1FFF1FB1C89D4B188CCE5" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 306" refId="ref38657" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1954) Sponges of the west-central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology, 7, 1 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516" type="journal article" year="1954">De Laubenfels, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had invaded the Mexican Pacific coast. Although no taxonomic description of the sponges are provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FF678EE5B0E5CBB3" author="Avila, E. & Carballo, J. L." box="[151,445,151,179]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="257 - 264" refId="ref36862" refString="Avila, E. & Carballo, J. L. (2008) A preliminary assessment of the invasiveness of the Indo-Pacific sponge Chalinula nematifera on coral communities from the tropical Eastern Pacific. Biological Invasions, 11 (2), 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 008 - 9230 - 5" type="journal article" year="2008">Ávila and Carballo (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the images provided do not match with the species description of
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FB6A8EEAB461CBB3" box="[1178,1337,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD0FFF0FB6A8EEAB46DCBB3" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1954" box="[1178,1333,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nematifera">C. nematifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which is a thinly encrusting, vibrant mauve sponge with distinctive pale wavy ‘surface threads’, and very small oscules (oscules were not observed by De Laubenfels) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FD7E8EA2B22ECBFB" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[654,886,222,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 306" refId="ref38657" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1954) Sponges of the west-central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Zoology, 7, 1 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6516" type="journal article" year="1954">De Laubenfels 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FC728EA2B566CBFB" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[898,1086,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1867" refId="ref38764" refString="De Weerdt, W. H. (2002) Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, New York, pp. 852 - 873. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 91" type="book chapter" year="2002">De Weerdt 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FBB98EA2B453CBFB" author="Rossi, G. & Montori, S. & Cerrano, C. & Calcinai, B." box="[1097,1291,222,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="143 - 148" refId="ref41388" refString="Rossi, G., Montori, S., Cerrano, C. & Calcinai, B. (2015) The coral killing sponge Chalinula nematifera (Porifera: Haplosclerida) along the eastern coast of Sulawesi Island (Indonesia). Italian Journal of Zoology, 82 (1), 143 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2014.994046" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Rossi
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FB7E8EA2B59FCBFB" box="[1166,1223,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the Mexican Pacific specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C395FCDBFFD0FFF0FDF68F7EB31CCA1F" box="[518,580,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1767,1791]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,417,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-100@5.[170,1416,417,1742]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Sponge collection sites around the Galápagos Archipelago in this study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158069" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5158069/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
. in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FD808F79B2FCCA1F" author="Avila, E. & Carballo, J. L." box="[624,932,259,287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="257 - 264" refId="ref36862" refString="Avila, E. & Carballo, J. L. (2008) A preliminary assessment of the invasiveness of the Indo-Pacific sponge Chalinula nematifera on coral communities from the tropical Eastern Pacific. Biological Invasions, 11 (2), 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10530 - 008 - 9230 - 5" type="journal article" year="2008">Ávila and Carballo (2008))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were pale lilac in colour, possessed obvious volcano shaped oscules, and lacked the wavy surface threads. The external morphology of the Mexican Pacific specimens is similar to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="996A2EBCFFD0FFF0FE338F36B361CA67" box="[451,569,331,357]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD0FFF0FD3D8F36B23ECA67" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[717,870,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FD3D8F36B3B8CA67" box="[717,736,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C</emphasis>
|
||
. cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FCE08F36B23ECA67" box="[784,870,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">molitba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but further taxonomic work is required to confirm whether they are the same species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0FD1B0D6FFD0FFF0FF678B8BB30FCD31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5158079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5158079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5158079/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,250,1526,1550]" targetBox="[151,1436,417,1503]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD0FFF0FF678B8BB30FCD31" blockId="11.[151,1436,1526,1587]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FF678B8BB04DCD0D" bold="true" box="[151,277,1526,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD0FFF0FEEE8B8BB3A9CD0D" authority="(De Laubenfels, 1949)" baseAuthorityName="De Laubenfels" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[286,753,1526,1551]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Chalinula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="molitba">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FEEE8B8BB0DBCD0C" box="[286,387,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Chalinula</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FE5E8B8BB0A3CD0C" box="[430,507,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">molitba</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FDFC8B8AB3B2CD0D" author="De Laubenfels, M. W." box="[524,746,1526,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref38578" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1949) Sponges of the Western Bahamas. American Museum Novitates, 1431, 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1949">De Laubenfels, 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. MCCDRS9439:
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FC588B8BB299CD0C" bold="true" box="[936,961,1526,1550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FC3A8B8AB54BCD0C" box="[970,1043,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">In situ.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FBEB8B8AB56ACD0D" bold="true" box="[1051,1074,1527,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Deck photo of a small sample;
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FA748B8BB4C4CD0C" bold="true" box="[1412,1436,1526,1550]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Cross section of the choanosome.
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FE018866B352CD31" bold="true" box="[497,522,1563,1587]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Oxeas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD0FFF0FF678807B35DCD96" blockId="11.[151,517,1657,1684]" box="[151,517,1657,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FF678807B35DCD96" bold="true" box="[151,517,1657,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD0FFF0FF1E8804B35DCD96" authority="Grant, 1841" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1841" box="[238,517,1657,1684]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FF1E8804B03FCD96" bold="true" box="[238,359,1657,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haliclona</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FE9E8807B35DCD96" author="Grant, R. E." box="[366,517,1658,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="310 - 313" refId="ref39629" refString="Grant, R. E. (1841) Porifera. In: Bailliere, H. (Ed.), Outlines of Comparative Anatomy. Vol. 1. London, pp. 5 - 9 + 310 - 313." type="book chapter" year="1841">Grant, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="13B4B3D5FFD0FFF0FF6788BFB2BCCCF3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD0FFF0FF6788BFB54FCDDE" blockId="11.[151,1047,1730,1757]" box="[151,1047,1730,1757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FF6788BFB04ACDDE" bold="true" box="[151,274,1730,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD0FFF0FEE888BFB0C9CDDE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[280,401,1730,1756]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Chalinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with unispicular secondary lines (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FCA088BEB553CDDE" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[848,1035,1730,1757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1867" refId="ref38764" refString="De Weerdt, W. H. (2002) Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, New York, pp. 852 - 873. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 91" type="book chapter" year="2002">De Weerdt 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD0FFF0FF67895EB375CC3F" blockId="11.[151,557,1827,1854]" box="[151,557,1827,1854]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FF67895EB375CC3F" bold="true" box="[151,557,1827,1854]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAE9BDDFFD0FFF0FEE7895EB375CC3F" authority="Grant, 1836" authorityName="Grant" authorityYear="1836" box="[279,557,1827,1854]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FEE7895EB0C8CC3C" bold="true" box="[279,400,1827,1854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Haliclona</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FE67895EB375CC3F" author="Grant, R. E." box="[407,557,1827,1853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref39578" refString="Grant, R. E. (1836) Animal Kingdom. In: Todd, R. B. (Ed.), The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. 1. Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, London, pp. 107 - 118." type="book" year="1836">Grant, 1836</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B11E05EFFD0FFF0FF678916B2BCCCF3" blockId="11.[151,1436,1899,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="69DA3C4CFFD0FFF0FF678916B04ACC87" bold="true" box="[151,274,1899,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Choanosomal skeleton consisting of a very regular, ladder-like reticulation of uni- to paucispicular primary lines, regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, a unispicular tangential isotropic reticulation; occasionally with the oxeas ‘intercrossing’. Oxeas short, rather robust, fusiform or with acerate points. Spongin moderate to abundant (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F3F9DAFFFD0FFF0FCED89A5B281CCF3" author="De Weerdt, W. H." box="[797,985,2007,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1867" refId="ref38764" refString="De Weerdt, W. H. (2002) Family Chalinidae Gray, 1867. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, New York, pp. 852 - 873. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 0747 - 5 _ 91" type="book chapter" year="2002">De Weerdt 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |