340 lines
43 KiB
XML
340 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:date id="7A564DF952A6A0A2BBD438D0BE0E9914">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="386D2655E3179F0D2057560AD7EECD11">2013-05-22</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B64F87EA2073FFFDFF202C5E59D7B81B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B64F87EA2073FFFDFF202C5E59D7B81B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B64F87EA2073FFFDFF202C5E59D7B81B" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph id="3E5936FC2073FFF2FF202C5E59BFBA29" blockId="39.[151,724,1051,1110]" box="[151,724,1051,1078]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="651181902073FFF2FF202C5E59BFBA29" bold="true" box="[151,724,1051,1078]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F2073FFF2FF202C5E59BFBA29" ID-CoL="KM76" authority="(Hoogmoed 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[151,724,1051,1078]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FF202C5E59BFBA29" bold="true" box="[151,724,1051,1078]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FF202C5E5A9ABA2A" bold="true" box="[151,497,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Barbarophryne brongersmai</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FDB72C5959A7BA29" author="Hoogmoed" box="[512,716,1051,1077]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed 1972</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="76FC65772073FFFDFF202C7C5A1EBA83" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3E5936FC2073FFF2FF202C7C5A43BA4A" blockId="39.[151,724,1051,1110]" box="[151,296,1086,1110]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<figureCitation id="A6DD2A792073FFF2FF202C7C5A4FBA4A" box="[151,292,1086,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1766,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,241,1703]" captionTargetId="figure-81@37.[151,1436,241,1703]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 13. Members of the Bufonidae family native to Morocco. A-C: Amietophrynus mauritanicus; A-B: Akkechour (WB); C: Ouarzazate (PdP). D-F: Barbarophryne brongersmai; D: Tamri (WB); E: Sidi Ifni (Gabriel Martínez del Mármol); F: Mechra-Benâbbou (WB). G-I: Bufo bufo; G-H: Oukaimeden (PdP); I: Tetouan (WB). J-L: Bufotes boulengeri; J: Oualidia (WB); K: Sidi Ifni (Gabriel Martínez del Mármol); L: Saidia (PdP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10097963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10097963/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figs. 13D–F</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3E5936FC2073FFF2FF202CC55A57B836" blockId="39.[151,1436,1158,2016]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FF202CC55AA4BA83" bold="true" box="[151,463,1158,1183]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">Background information.</emphasis>
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||
While the validity of
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||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F2073FFF2FD592CC558C8BA82" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[750,931,1158,1182]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FD592CC558C8BA82" box="[750,931,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was shortly doubted after its description (Benhachem
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FE852CE95A1BBADF" box="[306,368,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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1989), subsequent data on larval morphology, karyology, osteology and bioacoustic data confirmed its specific status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FE512C8C59B3BAFA" author="Grillitsch" box="[486,728,1230,1254]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Grillitsch" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="215 - 229" refId="ref41748" refString="Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. & Splechtna, H. (1989) The tadpole of Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 215 - 229. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00395" type="journal article" year="1989">
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||
Grillitsch
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FDED2C8D59FFBAFA" box="[602,660,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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1989
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Herrero
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||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FCF22C8D58EBBAFA" box="[837,896,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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1993;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FC662C8C5FC5BAFA" author="Delfino" box="[977,1198,1230,1254]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Delfino" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="108 - 119" refId="ref38959" refString="Delfino, M., Doglio, S., Rocek, Z., Seglie, D. & Kabiri, L. (2009) Osteological peculiarities of Bufo brongersmai (Anura: Bufonidae) and their possible relation to life in an arid environment. Zoological Studies, 48, 108 - 119." type="journal article" year="2009">
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Delfino
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FB982C8D5F02BAFA" box="[1071,1129,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Doglio
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FAA62C8D5E20BAFA" box="[1297,1355,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
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2009). The origin and interfamily relationships of
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<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F2073FFF2FD302CB1585DBB17" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[647,822,1267,1291]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
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<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FD302CB1585DBB17" box="[647,822,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in regard to other bufonid species remain unresolved (see Results section of the present paper). The current calibration suggests that separation from other Eurasian
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<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F2073FFF2FF202D785A67BB4E" box="[151,268,1338,1362]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
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would have occurred during the Oligocene, between 20 and 30 mya. The mountain ranges of the Western Palearctic were formed throughout that period as a result of the Alpine orogeny (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FB312D1C5EFABB6A" author="Rosenbaum" box="[1158,1425,1374,1398]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rosenbaum" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="107 - 130" refId="ref45004" refString="Rosenbaum, G. & Lister, G. S. (2002) Reconstruction of the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan Orogen. Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 8, 107 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3809 / jvirtex. 2002.00051" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Rosenbaum
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FAA32D1D5E27BB6A" box="[1300,1356,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
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2002
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Being one of the main vicariant events during the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the Alpine orogeny likely had profound impact on divergence within the
|
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<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F2073FFF2FD3B2DE4586BBBA2" box="[652,768,1446,1470]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FCCB2DE55FCFBBA2" author="Van Bocxlaer" box="[892,1188,1446,1470]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Van Bocxlaer" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="131" refId="ref46718" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. & Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 131. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131" type="journal article" year="2009">
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<collectingRegion id="FC22F81E2073FFF2FCCB2DE558CCBBA2" box="[892,935,1447,1470]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Van</collectingRegion>
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Bocxlaer
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FB942DE55F34BBA2" box="[1059,1119,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FB042DE45F9BBBA2" author="Van Bocxlaer" box="[1203,1264,1446,1470]" firstAuthor="Van Bocxlaer" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="679 - 682" refId="ref46789" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Loader, S. P., Roelants, K., Biju, S. D., Menegon, M., Bossuyt, F. (2010) Gradual adaptation toward a rangeexpansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. Science, 327, 679 - 682. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 1181707" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, most contemporary bufonid genera diverged throughout that period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FCC12D885FC9BBFE" author="Van Bocxlaer" box="[886,1186,1482,1507]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Van Bocxlaer" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="131" refId="ref46718" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. & Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 131. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 131" type="journal article" year="2009">
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<collectingRegion id="FC22F81E2073FFF2FCC12D8858C8BBFE" box="[886,931,1482,1506]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Van</collectingRegion>
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Bocxlaer
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FBA92D895F3FBBFF" box="[1054,1108,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
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. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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). Initial separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F2073FFF2FF202DAC5A28B81A" box="[151,323,1518,1542]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FF202DAC5A28B81A" box="[151,323,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Barbarophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="17A157952073FFF2FEFE2DAD5AC5B81A" box="[329,430,1519,1543]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
during the Oligocene therefore seems a likely scenario, although comprehensive evidence is still lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E5936FC2073FFF2FF702E7559E8B9A0" blockId="39.[151,1436,1158,2016]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FF702E755A46B853" bold="true" box="[199,301,1591,1615]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="1">Tadpole.</emphasis>
|
||
The following diagnosis is a summary of the elaborate descriptions given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FB2A2E745E00B852" author="Hoogmoed" box="[1181,1387,1590,1614]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FF202E185AFEB86E" author="Grillitsch" box="[151,405,1626,1651]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Grillitsch" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="215 - 229" refId="ref41748" refString="Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. & Splechtna, H. (1989) The tadpole of Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 215 - 229. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00395" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Grillitsch
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FEBF2E195A2AB86F" box="[264,321,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A drawing of the tadpole is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="A6DD2A792073FFF2FCFC2E1858DBB86E" box="[843,944,1626,1650]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1742,1765]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,193,1707]" captionTargetId="figure-155@33.[151,1436,193,1721]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 12. Tadpoles of Moroccan anurans. A: Alytes maurus, Ketama. B: Discoglossus scovazzi, Safi. C: Discoglossus pictus, Tafuyalt (Algeria). D: Amietophrynus mauritanicus, Mohammedia. E: Barbarophryne brongersmai, Smimou. F: Bufo bufo, Tazekka. G: Bufotes boulengeri, Dayet Aoua. H: Hyla meridionalis, Mohammedia. I: Pelobates varaldii, Kenitra. J: Pelophylax saharicus, Sidi Ifni. All drawings made by DE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10097961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10097961/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
|
||
. Fully developed tadpoles are characterized by their flattened body shape and generally small interorbital space. Eyes positioned dorsally on head. Interorbital space varying from equal to nearly 1½ times as wide as the internarial space (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FB922EE05E70B8A6" author="Grillitsch" box="[1061,1307,1698,1723]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Grillitsch" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="215 - 229" refId="ref41748" refString="Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. & Splechtna, H. (1989) The tadpole of Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 215 - 229. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00395" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Grillitsch
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE2073FFF2FB2D2EE15FBEB8A7" box="[1178,1237,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Oral disk approximately 1½ times as wide as the interorbital space. Spiracle sinistral, pointing straight backwards or slightly upwards. Body 1¼ times as wide as deep, 1
|
||
<superScript id="C9939BB42073FFF2FD202EA859F4B8E4" attach="none" box="[663,671,1770,1784]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">2</superScript>
|
||
/
|
||
<subScript id="A26234B92073FFF2FD112EBE59C5B916" attach="left" box="[678,686,1788,1802]" fontSize="6" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">3</subScript>
|
||
times as long as wide. Tail less than four times as long as deep. Dorsal tail fin occasionally higher than ventral tail fin, ending posterior of the muscular base of the tail. Tail tip rounded. Oral disc ventral, about one and a half times as wide as interorbital space. Clusters of papillae at the corners of the mouth, upper and lower lip free of papillae. Two tooth rows on the upper and three on the lower labium. Lower supralabial row with median gap. Colour uniform dark brown to black, ventral side turning slightly lighter during ontogeny. Tail fins unspotted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E5936FC2073FFFDFF702F8A580FBF78" blockId="39.[151,1436,1158,2016]" lastBlockId="40.[151,1437,151,1544]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D2073FFF2FF702F8A5AF0B9FC" author="Hoogmoed" box="[199,411,1992,2016]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the interorbital space to be equal to the distance between the nostrils, and considered this as one of the most important characters to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFC2528DB5F2BBEAC" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[914,1088,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFC2528DB5F2BBEAC" box="[914,1088,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFB3028DB5E4BBEAC" authorityName=", Dayet Aoua. H" baseAuthorityName="Lataste" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[1159,1312,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boulengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFB3028DB5E4BBEAC" box="[1159,1312,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. boulengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, as shown by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFE9C28FE5943BEC8" author="Grillitsch" box="[299,552,188,212]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Grillitsch" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="215 - 229" refId="ref41748" refString="Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. & Splechtna, H. (1989) The tadpole of Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 215 - 229. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853889 X 00395" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Grillitsch
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFE2B28FF5ABDBEC8" box="[412,470,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
this distance varies considerably, nearly approaching the distance observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFF2028A35A5ABEE4" authorityName=", Dayet Aoua. H" baseAuthorityName="Lataste" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[151,305,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boulengeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF2028A35A5ABEE4" box="[151,305,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. boulengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(interorbital space 1½ times the distance between the nostrils). As the dorsal tail fin can be higher than the ventral tail fin in both species while they present similar colours, identification in the field is troublesome. The interorbital space in relation to both the internarial space and the oral disk, as well as presence/absence of spots on the tail are the most informative characters for identification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E5936FC207CFFFDFF70292D59ADBD63" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF70292D5A09BF94" bold="true" box="[199,354,367,392]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">Bioacoustics.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFEDC292D5950BF9B" author="Hoogmoed" box="[363,571,367,391]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described that a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFCF62933589BBF94" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[833,1008,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFCF62933589BBF94" box="[833,1008,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emitted several ‘short squeaks’ from beneath a large stone lying at the edge of a pond, but did not assume that this represented an advertisement call as it was highly different from the call of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFDCF29F55987BFD3" box="[632,748,439,463]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bufonidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that he was familiar with.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFBC329FA5E42BFD3" author="Bogaerts" box="[1140,1321,439,464]" firstAuthor="Bogaerts" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="81 - 88" refId="ref37432" refString="Bogaerts, S. (2001) Breeding Brongersma's Toad, Bufo brongersmai. Pod @ arcis, 2, 81 - 88." type="journal article" year="2001">Bogaerts (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the advertisement call, based on captive individuals, as consisting of several short pulses lasting for approximately 1–2 seconds, thus confirming the observation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFD7829BD58CFBC0B" author="Hoogmoed" box="[719,932,511,535]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Bioacoustics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFBDA2A435E75BC04" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[1133,1310,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFBDA2A435E75BC04" box="[1133,1310,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been analysed first by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFEE22A665A86BC20" author="Gallix" box="[341,493,548,572]" firstAuthor="Gallix" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref41127" refString="Gallix, T. (2002) Premieres donnees sur la biologie de Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972 endemique de Maroc. MSc thesis, Laboratoire de Biogeographie et Ecologie des Vertebres de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Montpellier." type="book" year="2002">Gallix (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and then by Doglio
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFD672A67586ABC20" box="[720,769,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2009). The call is variable and composed of a train of 3 to 8 pulses, with a fundamental frequency ranging from 1217 to 1890 Hz. The call length varies between 0.53 to 3.11 seconds. Pulse length ranges from 0.03 to 3.11 seconds. Interpulse length varies from 0.09 to 0.14 seconds, while the pulse rate ranges from 6.39 to 6.73 seconds. Intervals between calls are irregular. The frequency of release calls is higher, while the length of this call and number of pulses are highly variable. The advertisement call analysed herein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A6DD2A79207CFFFDFF592A955A2EBCF3" box="[238,325,727,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1626,1649]" captionTargetBox="[159,1423,184,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-181@19.[151,1436,163,1605]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. The amplitude (upper) and frequency (lower) of the advertisement call of respectively A: Amietophrynus mauritanicus. B: Barbarophryne brongersmai. C: Bufotes boulengeri. D: Hyla meridionalis. E-F show the amplexus calls of respectively a Pelobates varaldii male and female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10097951" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10097951/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
) was recorded at 22.7ºC (34% humidity) and consisted of 5 notes composed of a series of 5 to 7 pulses (median = 7), with a dominant frequency ranging from 1217 to 1276 Hz. Note length varied between 0.77 to 1.10 seconds (average 0.98 ± 0.145). Pulse length ranged from 0.055 to 3.11 seconds (average 0.064 ± 0.004, n = 32). Interpulse length varied from 0.09 to 0.14 seconds (average 0.106 ± 0.011, n = 27,), while the pulse rate ranged from 6.39 to 6.73 seconds (average 6.52 ± 0.126).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E5936FC207CFFFDFF702BCE5A1EBA83" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF702BCE5AEDBDB8" bold="true" box="[199,390,907,932]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFE3A2BCE59A4BDB8" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[397,719,908,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFE3A2BCE59A4BDB8" box="[397,719,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Barbarophryne brongersmai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an explosive breeder dependent on incidental periods of rain during spring, which uses all kinds of small, temporary water bodies such as rain puddles, temporary streams and ponds and occasionally man-made water reservoirs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFD532B965805BDF0" author="Gallix" box="[740,878,980,1004]" firstAuthor="Gallix" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref41127" refString="Gallix, T. (2002) Premieres donnees sur la biologie de Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972 endemique de Maroc. MSc thesis, Laboratoire de Biogeographie et Ecologie des Vertebres de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Montpellier." type="book" year="2002">Gallix 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFCCE2B965FF7BDF0" author="Garcia-Munoz" box="[889,1180,980,1004]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Garcia-Munoz" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="231 - 233" refId="ref41167" refString="Garcia-Munoz, E., Ceacero, F., Pedrajas, L. (2009) Notes on the reproductive biology and conservation of Pseudoepidalea brongersmai. Herpetology Notes, 2, 231 - 233." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
García-Muñoz
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFB932B975F37BDF0" box="[1060,1116,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for reproduction. Site fidelity is relatively strong. Reproduction has been observed between mid-March and the beginning of April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFF292C5E5A35BA28" author="Hoogmoed" box="[158,350,1052,1076]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFEDE2C5E592BBA28" author="Guillon" box="[361,576,1052,1076]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guillon" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="37 - 48" refId="ref41975" refString="Guillon, M., Le Liard, G. & Slimani, T. (2004) Nouvelles donnees sur la repartition et l'ecologie de reproduction de Bufo brongersmai, B. viridis et B. mauritanicus dans le Jbilets centrales (Maroc). Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de la France, 111 - 112, 37 - 48." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Guillon
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFE722C5F5A96BA28" box="[453,509,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eggs are deposited in small clutches, and attached onto stones or vegetation underwater (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFE942C7D5AA1BA4B" author="Bogaerts" box="[291,458,1087,1111]" firstAuthor="Bogaerts" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="81 - 88" refId="ref37432" refString="Bogaerts, S. (2001) Breeding Brongersma's Toad, Bufo brongersmai. Pod @ arcis, 2, 81 - 88." type="journal article" year="2001">Bogaerts 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the general aridity, which characterizes the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFB772C035E07BA44" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[1216,1388,1088,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFB772C035E07BA44" box="[1216,1388,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the larval period is rather long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFE662C265936BA60" author="Gallix" box="[465,605,1124,1148]" firstAuthor="Gallix" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref41127" refString="Gallix, T. (2002) Premieres donnees sur la biologie de Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972 endemique de Maroc. MSc thesis, Laboratoire de Biogeographie et Ecologie des Vertebres de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Montpellier." type="book" year="2002">Gallix 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recently metamorphosed juveniles have been observed in May (García- Muñoz
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF5A2CCB5A4EBABC" box="[237,293,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="76FC6577207CFFFDFF702CE959D7B81B" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="3E5936FC207CFFFDFF702CE95965BBF8" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,1544]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF702CE95A0BBAD8" bold="true" box="[199,352,1195,1220]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Initially,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9E64D7F207CFFFDFE612CEF59E2BAD8" baseAuthorityName="Hoogmoed" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[470,649,1196,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Barbarophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brongersmai">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFE612CEF59E2BAD8" box="[470,649,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B. brongersmai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was only known from the southern Moroccan Atlantic coast near Tiznit, and the adjacent
|
||
<collectingCountry id="46F1766C207CFFFDFE0F2C925907BAFB" box="[440,620,1231,1255]" name="Western Sahara" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Western Sahara</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFDC82C8D582DBAFB" author="Hoogmoed" box="[639,838,1231,1255]" firstAuthor="Hoogmoed" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="49 - 64" refId="ref42591" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49 - 64." type="journal article" year="1972">Hoogmoed 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFCE92C925F2CBAFB" author="Destre" box="[862,1095,1231,1256]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Destre" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="19 - 26" refId="ref39016" refString="Destre, R., Roux, P., Geniez, P., Thevenot, M. & Bons, J. (1989) Nouvelles observations sur l'herpetofaune Marocaine. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de la France, 51, 19 - 26." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Destre
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFC032C935899BAF4" box="[948,1010,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided considerable range extensions along the entire sub-Atlas region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="46F1766C207CFFFDFD652CB65851BB17" box="[722,826,1268,1291]" name="Morocco" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northwards onto the arid plain of Marrakech. Additional records have been published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFD3A2D555811BB33" author="Guillon" box="[653,890,1303,1328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guillon" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="37 - 48" refId="ref41975" refString="Guillon, M., Le Liard, G. & Slimani, T. (2004) Nouvelles donnees sur la repartition et l'ecologie de reproduction de Bufo brongersmai, B. viridis et B. mauritanicus dans le Jbilets centrales (Maroc). Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de la France, 111 - 112, 37 - 48." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Guillon
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFD5B2D5B584DBB2C" box="[748,806,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Doglio
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFBBA2D5B5F23BB2C" box="[1037,1096,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009). The distribution map (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A6DD2A79207CFFFDFF282D7E5A6FBB48" box="[159,260,1340,1364]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1119,1142]" captionTargetBox="[164,1422,200,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-355@38.[151,1436,185,1098]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 14. Niche models and distribution records of Bufonidae members in Morocco. A: Amietophrynus mauritanicus. B: Barbarophryne brongersmai. C: Bufo bufo. D: Bufotes boulengeri. Warmer colours indicate higher climate suitability. Dark spots indicate records derived from literature, white spots show new records." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10097965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10097965/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is composed of records from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFDD32D7E5817BB48" author="Bons and Geniez" box="[612,892,1340,1364]" firstAuthor="Bons" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refId="ref37681" refString="Bons J. & Geniez, P. (1996) Amphibiens et Reptiles du Maroc (Sahara Occidental compris), Atlas biogeographique. Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, Barcelona, Spain, 320 pp." type="book" year="1996">Bons and Geniez (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFC3E2D7E5F73BB48" author="Brito" box="[905,1048,1340,1364]" firstAuthor="Brito" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="2 - 6" refId="ref38301" refString="Brito, J. C. (2003) Observations of amphibians and reptiles from north and west Africa - Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal. Boletin de la Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, 14, 2 - 6." type="journal article" year="2003">Brito (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFB922D7E5EFCBB48" author="Herrmann and Herrmann" box="[1061,1431,1340,1364]" firstAuthor="Herrmann" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="76 - 77" refId="ref42551" refString="Herrmann, P. A. & Herrmann, H. - W. (2003) New records and natural history notes for amphibians and reptiles from southern Morocco. Herpetological Review, 34, 76 - 77." type="journal article" year="2003">Herrmann and Herrmann (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFF202D1D5AE9BB6B" author="Guillon" box="[151,386,1375,1400]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Guillon" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="37 - 48" refId="ref41975" refString="Guillon, M., Le Liard, G. & Slimani, T. (2004) Nouvelles donnees sur la repartition et l'ecologie de reproduction de Bufo brongersmai, B. viridis et B. mauritanicus dans le Jbilets centrales (Maroc). Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de la France, 111 - 112, 37 - 48." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Guillon
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF432D235A45BB64" box="[244,302,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFE382D1D5907BB6B" author="Harris" box="[399,620,1375,1400]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Harris" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="19 - 28" refId="ref42191" refString="Harris, D. J., Carretero, M. A., Brito, J. C., Kaliontzopoulou, A., Pinho, C., Perera, A., Vasconcelos, R., Barata, M., Barbosa, D., Carvalho, S., Fonseca, M. M., Perez-Lanuza, G. & Rato, C. (2008) Data on the distribution of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Morocco: Records from 2001 - 2006. Herpetological Bulletin, 103, 19 - 28." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Harris
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFE692D23597CBB64" box="[478,535,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFDCD2D22588FBB6B" author="Ramos and Diaz-Portero" box="[634,996,1375,1399]" firstAuthor="Ramos" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="90 - 93" refId="ref44688" refString="Ramos, J. J. & Diaz-Portero, M. A. (2008) Aportaciones al conocimiento de la herpetofauna del Jebel Saghro (Antiatlas Oriental, Marruecos). Boletin de la Asociacion Herpetologica Espanola, 19, 90 - 93." type="journal article" year="2008">Ramos and Díaz-Portero (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Doglio
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFBC62D235FC0BB64" box="[1137,1195,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009). New records fill in gaps within the sub-Atlas distribution of the species, which seems to be (nearly) continuous. The new record (see also
|
||
<figureCitation id="A6DD2A79207CFFFDFEB12DE55A02BBA3" box="[262,361,1447,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1766,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,241,1703]" captionTargetId="figure-81@37.[151,1436,241,1703]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 13. Members of the Bufonidae family native to Morocco. A-C: Amietophrynus mauritanicus; A-B: Akkechour (WB); C: Ouarzazate (PdP). D-F: Barbarophryne brongersmai; D: Tamri (WB); E: Sidi Ifni (Gabriel Martínez del Mármol); F: Mechra-Benâbbou (WB). G-I: Bufo bufo; G-H: Oukaimeden (PdP); I: Tetouan (WB). J-L: Bufotes boulengeri; J: Oualidia (WB); K: Sidi Ifni (Gabriel Martínez del Mármol); L: Saidia (PdP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10097963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10097963/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
|
||
) north of Mechra-Benâbbou is close to that of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5A774B0D207CFFFDFC2F2DEA5F04BBA3" author="De la Riva" box="[920,1135,1447,1471]" firstAuthor="De la Riva" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" pagination="24" refId="ref38734" refString="De la Riva, I. (1992) Bufo brongersmai (Brongersma's toad). Herpetological Review, 23, 24." type="journal article" year="1992">De la Riva (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but significant due to its location north of the Oued Rbiaa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3E5936FC207CFFFDFF702DAD59D7B81B" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,1544]" box="[199,700,1519,1544]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C92EAEE207CFFFDFF702DAD5A99B814" bold="true" box="[199,498,1519,1544]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">National Red List Status.</emphasis>
|
||
Near Threatened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |