treatments-xml/data/03/96/4C/03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D.xml

<document id="8B4ABB0AC44A86DF65A5900DFCA6B5DE" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9401362375" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-ZooBank="EE96562A-AEB9-4E4C-AAAF-036F41D8D3EF" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712167387144" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Kiernan, Caitlin R. &amp; Ebersole, Jun A." docDate="2023" docId="03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.40.13.1-28.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (13)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p9401362375" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.3:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Ectenosaurus shannoni Kiernan &amp; Ebersole 2023, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docUuid="4D791F56-9245-41CF-9290-2A0AA0F7C6DA" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFAF3417FF99672AFFAC1461872FFFB2" masterDocTitle="Two new plioplatecarpine mosasaurs (Mosasauridae; Plioplatecarpinae) of the genus Ectenosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of North America" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1727997956931" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B6253F517017114B12F78EEC9F482C43">Two new plioplatecarpine mosasaurs (Mosasauridae; Plioplatecarpinae) of the genus Ectenosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7CB38372E5D25ED19E92FDEBFA533FC5">Kiernan, Caitlin R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07E1430194A7940F5673AFFC062E4888">Ebersole, Jun A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="21833FAB0911CD3CE22764D28D6A2731">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C325AEF2FF88673BFF5A12FA85B4F904" box="[246,667,1691,1719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF88673BFF5A12FA85B4F904" blockId="17.[246,667,1691,1753]" box="[246,667,1691,1719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0C84A15FF88673BFF5A12FA85B4F904" allCaps="true" box="[246,667,1691,1719]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFF5A12FA856DF905" authority="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[246,578,1691,1719]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFF5A12FA856DF905" box="[246,578,1691,1719]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">ECTENOSAURUS SHANNONI</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2789C10FF88673BFDE412FF85B4F904" box="[584,667,1694,1718]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C325AEF2FF88673BFE2A12A08509F8D2" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF88673BFE2A12A08525F96B" blockId="17.[246,667,1691,1753]" box="[390,522,1729,1753]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF88673BFE2A12A08525F96B" box="[390,522,1729,1753]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionStartId-1="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionStartId-2="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetBox-1="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId-0="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetId-1="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetId-2="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." captionText-1="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." captionText-2="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="17" pageNumber="16">FIGS. 11–13</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF88673BFF3C1293853DF882" blockId="17.[112,799,1778,1840]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFF3C1293864CF8BE" bold="true" box="[144,355,1778,1804]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
Zoobank 
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—
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4D791F56- 9245-41CF-9290-A0AA0F7C6DA.
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<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFFDC13258626F8D2" box="[112,265,1860,1888]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Ectenosauru</emphasis>
s sp. in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF88673BFEC813248509F8D2" author="Kiernan, C. R." box="[356,550,1861,1888]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="91 - 103" refId="ref15209" refString="Kiernan, C. R. 2002. Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries. Journal of Vertebrae Paleontology 22 (1): 91 - 103. [https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2002) 022 [0091: SDA HSO] 2.0. CO; 2]." type="journal article" year="2002">Kiernan (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325AEF2FF88673BFF3C131484DAF99F" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF88673BFF3C131484DAF99F" blockId="17.[144,800,1909,1936]" lastBlockId="17.[832,1521,813,1933]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFF3C13148606F83D" bold="true" box="[144,297,1909,1935]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis—</emphasis>
A medium-sized plioplatecarpine mosasaur referable to a new species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFB0B174C8264FCFB" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1967" box="[1191,1355,813,841]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFB0B174C8264FCFB" box="[1191,1355,813,841]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Ectenosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the structure of the frontal, which possesses the following characteristics: a) a dorsal surface entirely lacking a median ridge, but with transverse doming anteriorly; b) a parietal dorsal table with rounded lateral margins and lacking parasagittal crest; c) a splenial with an elliptical posterior articulating surface. The species can be further distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFB1B104582DFFBF2" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1207,1520,1060,1088]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFB1B104582DFFBF2" box="[1207,1520,1060,1088]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Ectenosaurus clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF88673BFCDF10288483FBD1" box="[883,940,1097,1123]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sv00-20xv" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">SMU</collectionCode>
7650 by the simpler contact between the frontal and parietal and by a relatively shorter frontal. It can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFB8010EC83C0FB1B" box="[1068,1263,1165,1193]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFB8010EC83C0FB1B" box="[1068,1263,1165,1193]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">E. everhartorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFA8A10EC82E1FB1B" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1318,1486,1165,1193]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFA8A10EC82E1FB1B" box="[1318,1486,1165,1193]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the form of the posterior terminus of the splenial, which is neither square nor rounded, but elliptical. Characteristics separating 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFBBE10968203FAA1" authority="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1042,1324,1271,1299]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFBBE10968203FAA1" box="[1042,1324,1271,1299]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Ectenosaurus shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2789C10FF88673BFA9F109882BFFAA1" box="[1331,1424,1271,1299]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFA75109684FEFA84" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFA75109684FEFA84" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">E. tlemonectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include the absence of a median ridge on the frontal in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFC6D115C837DFAEB" box="[961,1106,1341,1369]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFC6D115C8362FAEB" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[961,1101,1341,1369]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">E shannoni</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the general ventral morphology of the frontal, a more elaborate sutural mode of contact between the coronoid and surangular in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFAF011E582DFFA12" box="[1372,1520,1412,1440]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFAF011E582C4FA12" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1372,1515,1412,1440]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">E shannoni</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the differences in the splenio-angular joint between the two taxa, and a greater degree of fusion between the supra- and infrastapedial processes of the quadrate in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFCEC127084DAF99F" box="[832,1013,1553,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF88673BFCEC127084C0F99F" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[832,1007,1553,1581]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF886738FCCC12548642FE03" blockId="17.[832,1521,813,1933]" lastBlockId="18.[112,801,195,1277]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B57F724FF886738FCCC12548642FE03" collectionCode="ALMNH" county="Paleo" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="17" location="Other" municipality="Much" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="V1048" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alabama" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF88673BFCCC125484D4F9FD" bold="true" box="[864,1019,1589,1615]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
<typeStatus id="548443DBFF88673BFCCC125484F4F9FD" box="[864,987,1589,1615]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
—
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF88673BFC5712548341F9E2" box="[1019,1134,1589,1616]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
: 
<collectingCounty id="62E185F5FF88673BFBDD1254839AF9E2" box="[1137,1205,1589,1616]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Paleo</collectingCounty>
:5452 consists of several bones from a disarticulated skull and axial skeleton, including the frontal, parietal, right splenial, right coronoid, a fragment of the left quadrate, numerous indeterminate skull fragments, an incomplete scapula, and several badly weathered vertebrae, including five cervicals, thirteen dorsals, five pygals, and four caudals. 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE46703FF88673BFAA21369827CF890" box="[1294,1363,1800,1826]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Much</collectingMunicipality>
of the specimen is weathered, especially the scapula and vertebrae, probably as a result of prolonged exposure to the elements before collection. 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF88673BFBCF13138386F83E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF88673BFBCF13138386F83E" box="[1123,1193,1906,1932]" county="Paleo" municipality="Much" name="Other" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Alabama">Other</location>
than subaerial weathering, the specimen is well preserved, lacking crushing and plastic deformation. 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FED714878684FEB2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FED714878684FEB2" box="[379,427,230,256]" county="Paleo" municipality="Much" name="The" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">The</location>
specimen was originally deposited in the collections of the 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FDB4156885D2FE91" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FDB4156885D2FE91" box="[536,765,265,291]" county="Paleo" municipality="Much" name="Geological Survey" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Geological Survey</location>
of 
<collectingRegion id="49FB339BFF8B6738FFDC154D87F1FEF4" box="[112,222,300,326]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Alabama</collectingRegion>
under the catalog number GSA 
<date id="FF81DBB9FF8B6738FDD8154C85E8FEF5" box="[628,711,301,327]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" value="1048-05">
<specimenCode id="DB995502FF8B6738FDD8154C85E8FEF5" box="[628,711,301,327]" collectionCode="V" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">V1048</specimenCode>
</date>
, but in 2005 was transferred to the 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FE6415318505FED8" box="[456,554,336,362]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8B6738FD961531879EFE3F" author="Ebersole, J. A. &amp; L. S. Dean" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="3 - 45" refId="ref14550" refString="Ebersole, J. A., and L. S. Dean. 2013. The history of Late Cretaceous vertebrate research in Alabama. Bulletin Alabama Museum of Natural History 31 (1): 3 - 45." type="journal article" year="2013">Ebersole and Dean 2013</bibRefCitation>
) and subsequently assigned a new catalog number, 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FFDC15F787CDFE03" box="[112,226,406,433]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FF3C15D88546FC51" blockId="18.[112,801,195,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FF3C15D88668FE61" bold="true" box="[144,327,441,467]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Occurrence—</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B57F724FF8B6738FEEB15D8854AFC51" collectingDate="1976-11" collectionCode="T, R" collectorName=" S. W. Shannon &amp; J. Kidd " country="United States of America" county="Greene County" location="lower Campanian" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="T22, R1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alabama">
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FEEB15D88658FE61" box="[327,375,441,467]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">The</collectorName>
specimen was collected in 
<date id="FF81DBB9FF8B6738FD1215DB87CFFE44" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" value="1976-11">
<collectingDate id="EFC52251FF8B6738FD1215DB87CFFE44" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" value="1976-11">November 1976</collectingDate>
</date>
by 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FEAB15BC8684FE44" box="[263,427,476,503]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">S.W. Shannon</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FE4815BC851DFE44" box="[484,562,476,503]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">J. Kidd</collectorName>
from erosional gullies within the lower 21 meters of the unnamed member of the 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FF16164286A5FD8F" box="[186,394,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Mooreville Chalk</collectorName>
(
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FE3B16428517FD8F" box="[407,568,547,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Selma Group</collectorName>
, 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FDED16428433FD8F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FDED16428433FD8F" box="[577,796,547,573]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="lower Campanian" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">lower Campanian</location>
, 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FFDC16268661FDD2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FFDC16268661FDD2" box="[112,334,582,609]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Upper Cretaceous" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Upper Cretaceous</location>
, 
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FEFB16278682FDD2" box="[343,429,582,608]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[110,181,1899,1921]" captionTargetBox="[202,1418,204,1874]" captionTargetId="figure-64@7.[155,1457,192,1894]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov., YPM VP4673. A-C. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C. Detail of olfactory canal. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
), located in the NE 1/4, SE 1/4 of 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FF2116088793FD31" box="[141,188,617,643]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Sec.</collectorName>
30, 
<specimenCode id="DB995502FF8B6738FF4716088634FD31" box="[235,283,617,643]" collectionCode="T" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">T22</specimenCode>
N, 
<specimenCode id="DB995502FF8B6738FE9616088674FD31" box="[314,347,617,643]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">R1</specimenCode>
E., 
<collectingCounty id="62E185F5FF8B6738FED21608851DFD31" box="[382,562,617,643]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Greene County</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FB339BFF8B6738FD9616088587FD31" box="[570,680,617,643]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Alabama</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F328BDE9FF8B6738FD1D160885CBFD31" box="[689,740,617,643]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FD5E160887B9FD15" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="4.[112,183,1509,1531]" captionTargetBox="[244,1389,216,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-192@4.[225,1403,191,1493]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 1. Geography and Stratigraphy. A. Generalized map of the United States during the Santonian Stage of the Cretaceous (~85 mya) with localities for YPM VP4673 (1) and ALMNH:Paleo:4673 (2). B. Generalized correlation chart of Coniacian to Campanian surface stratigraphy for Kansas and Alabama, USA. Base map data modified from Blakey (2014). Stratigraphic chart modified from Szabo et al. (1988) and Everhart (2014)." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FF0616ED87F5FD14" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FF0616ED87F5FD14" box="[170,218,652,678]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="The" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">The</location>
locality has since been reclaimed for farmland and is no longer available for study. 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FD9316D18553FD78" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FD9316D18553FD78" box="[575,636,688,714]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Until" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Until</location>
recently, the 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FFDC16B2866CFD5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FFDC16B2866CFD5F" box="[112,323,723,749]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Mooreville Chalk" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Mooreville Chalk</location>
was subdivided into a thick lower unnamed member and the thin 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FE40169687F3FC81" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FE40169687F3FC81" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="upper Arcola Limestone Member." pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">upper Arcola Limestone Member.</location>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8B6738FF4C177886E2FC86" author="Gentry, A. D. &amp; C. R. Kiernan &amp; J. F. Parham" box="[224,461,793,820]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref14887" refString="Gentry, A. D., C. R. Kiernan, and J. F. Parham. 2022. A large non-marine turtle from the Upper Cretaceous of Alabama and a review of North American &quot; macrobaenids. &quot; The Anatomical Record 2022: 1 - 20. [https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 25054]." type="journal article" year="2022">Gentry et al. (2022)</bibRefCitation>
recognized a basal member of the 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FF6C175D86B9FCE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FF6C175D86B9FCE4" box="[192,406,828,854]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Mooreville Chalk" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Mooreville Chalk</location>
, informally designated the 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FD41175D879EFCC8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FD41175D879EFCC8" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Erie Bend" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Erie Bend</location>
member. 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FE871701866AFCC8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FE871701866AFCC8" box="[299,325,864,890]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="In" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">In</location>
this paper &quot;unnamed member&quot; refers specifically to the portion of the 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FDBC17E285CAFC2F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FDBC17E285CAFC2F" box="[528,741,899,925]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Mooreville Chalk" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Mooreville Chalk</location>
that overlies the contact with the 
<location id="8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FE5D17C7855EFC72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03964C6FFF88673DFF5A12FA840FFE1D:8EE0ABA2FF8B6738FE5D17C7855EFC72" box="[497,625,934,960]" country="United States of America" county="Greene County" municipality="Arcola Limestone Member" name="Erie Bend" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" stateProvince="Alabama">Erie Bend</location>
member and underlies the 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE46703FF8B6738FEB717A8854AFC51" box="[283,613,969,995]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Arcola Limestone Member</collectingMunicipality>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325AEF2FF8B6738FF3C178C8505FB4F" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FF3C178C8505FB4F" blockId="18.[112,801,195,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FF3C178C8615FBB5" bold="true" box="[144,314,1005,1031]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Etymology—</emphasis>
The species epithet 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FD85178A85B7FBB5" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[553,664,1003,1031]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FD85178A85B7FBB5" box="[553,664,1003,1031]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
honors the late Samuel Wayne Shannon (1951‒2020) for his contributions to 
<collectingRegion id="49FB339BFF8B6738FF5F1052864EFBFF" box="[243,353,1075,1101]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Alabama</collectingRegion>
Cretaceous vertebrate paleontology throughout the 1970s (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8B6738FE131037855BFBC2" author="Shannon, S. W." box="[447,628,1110,1136]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="193 - 1999" refId="ref17100" refString="Shannon, S. W. 1974. Extension of the known range of the Plesiosauria in the Alabama Cretaceous. Southeastern Geology 15 (4): 193 - 1999." type="journal article" year="1974">Shannon 1974</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8B6738FDD3103785EFFBC3" author="Shannon, S. W." box="[639,704,1110,1137]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" refId="ref17132" refString="Shannon, S. W. 1975. Selected Alabama mosasaurs. Master's Thesis, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa." type="book" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8B6738FD6010378422FBC2" author="Shannon, S. W." box="[716,781,1110,1136]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" pagination="84" refId="ref17153" refString="Shannon, S. W. 1977. The occurrence and stratigraphic distribution of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of west Alabama. Geological Society of America, Southeastern Section, Abstracts with Programs, 1977: 84" type="journal article" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
); also for his co-discovery of the 
<typeStatus id="548443DBFF8B6738FE4E10188560FB21" box="[482,591,1145,1171]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen during graduate work at the University of 
<collectingRegion id="49FB339BFF8B6738FDBB10FD85A9FB04" box="[535,646,1180,1206]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Alabama</collectingRegion>
, Tuscaloosa, 
<collectingCountry id="F328BDE9FF8B6738FFDC10A18789FB68" box="[112,166,1216,1242]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">USA</collectingCountry>
, and for his early encouragement of the senior author's interest in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FED910828509FB4F" baseAuthorityName="DeBraga and Carroll" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[373,550,1251,1277]" family="Mosasauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Mosasauridae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325AEF2FF8B673DFFDC117F840FFE1D" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FFDC117F8621FA8A" blockId="18.[112,270,1310,1336]" box="[112,270,1310,1336]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FFDC117F8621FA8A" bold="true" box="[112,270,1310,1336]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FF3C1129824FFD78" blockId="18.[112,800,1352,1943]" lastBlockId="18.[832,1521,195,1943]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FF3C1129863BFAD6" bold="true" box="[144,276,1352,1380]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Frontal—</emphasis>
The frontal of 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FE7511288561FAD6" box="[473,590,1353,1380]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FD42112887EDFA35" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A, B</figureCitation>
) is essentially complete, but suffered some minor subaerial weathering prior to collection, particularly on its dorsal side. In overall appearance, the frontal is strikingly similar to that of 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FE2811B485EDFA43" box="[388,706,1493,1521]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FE2811B48592FA43" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[388,701,1493,1521]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">Ectenosaurus clidastoides</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
though it is relatively shorter and stouter. Anteriorly, the frontal forms a narrow bifurcate process to enclose the rear of the internarial bar within a V-shaped notch. This process is essentially complete and would have been intermediate in length between that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FE7E12E48552F913" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[466,637,1669,1697]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FE7E12E48552F913" box="[466,637,1669,1697]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FD1A12E48793F976" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FD1A12E48793F976" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E. tlemonectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(unknown for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FED912C98512F976" box="[373,573,1704,1732]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FED912C98512F976" box="[373,573,1704,1732]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E. everhartorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A median dorsal ridge is completely absent in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FE6312AD8510F955" box="[463,575,1740,1767]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, in contrast with 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FF40128F857DF8B8" box="[236,594,1774,1802]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FF40128F86B7F8B8" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[236,408,1774,1802]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FE0C128F8561F8B8" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[416,590,1774,1802]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FD27129185EBF8B8" box="[651,708,1776,1802]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sv00-20xv" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">SMU</collectionCode>
76350. Instead, the anteriormost portion of the dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FFD5135787CDF8E2" box="[121,226,1846,1872]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
) of the frontal is transversely arched or domed anteriorly, a trait absent in other specimens referred to the genus. This arching gives way to a generally planar dorsal surface, which thickens parasagittaly, then thins abruptly at the antorbital margins, and forms a broad, shallow sulcus posteriorly. Tiny foramina are present across the entire dorsal surface. The posterior sulcus deepens and expands to form a shallow depression that would have met the dorsal parietal table, forming the mesokinetic axis of the skull, movement along which may have been inhibited by a series of short vertical keels and overlapping flanges arising from the posterior margin of the frontal and the anterior margin of the parietal. This mode of contact appears to have been similar to, but simpler and less restrictive than, that seen in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FA2E162484A0FD36" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FA2E162484A5FD36" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
where each side of the dorsal table the parietal is overlapped by a posterior projection from the frontal. These projections are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FB6116CF8275FD78" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1229,1370,686,714]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FB6116CF8275FD78" box="[1229,1370,686,714]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E. shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FCCC16B284E2FB21" blockId="18.[832,1521,195,1943]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
The frontal alae are more prominent than in either 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FCEC169484C3FCA3" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[832,1004,757,785]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FCEC169484C3FCA3" box="[832,1004,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FBB8169483CDFCA3" box="[1044,1250,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FBB8169483F2FCA3" box="[1044,1245,757,785]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">E. everhartorum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
linguiform in outline, and diverge posterolaterally at an angle of about 50˚ from the sagittal plane. There are well-developed supraorbital embayments, as with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FBEA173F83C1FCC8" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1094,1262,862,890]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FBEA173F83C1FCC8" box="[1094,1262,862,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FA8A173F82DFFCC8" box="[1318,1520,862,890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FA8A173F82C4FCC8" box="[1318,1515,862,890]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">E. everhartorum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and within this embayment the frontal is emgarinate on the orbit. Some asymmetry is present in the frontal of 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FCEC17A8849EFC56" box="[832,945,969,996]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, and this is especially evident in the relative positions of the antorbital bulges. It is unclear whether this asymmetry is pathological or an artifact of preservation, but given the otherwise well-preserved, undistorted nature of the element, the former seems most likely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FCCC10FD8262FA38" blockId="18.[832,1521,195,1943]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
The preserved portion of the frontal measures ~ 
<quantity id="4CC7509CFF8B6738FA0F10FC82DFFB05" box="[1443,1520,1181,1207]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
in length and is widest at its posterior margins (
<quantity id="4CC7509CFF8B6738FA2E10A182C7FB68" box="[1410,1512,1216,1242]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="13.4">13.4 cm</quantity>
) and between the antorbital bulges (~ 
<quantity id="4CC7509CFF8B6738FAA010828259FB4F" box="[1292,1398,1251,1277]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="11.1">11.1 cm</quantity>
; a precise measurement is not possible due to the aforementioned asymmetry). The frontal narrows substantially within the supraorbital embayments (
<quantity id="4CC7509CFF8B6738FB22112C83CBFAD5" box="[1166,1252,1357,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="8.8">8.8 cm</quantity>
), producing a waisted or hour-glass shaped dorsoventral profile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B6738FCCC11F28362F8C6" blockId="18.[832,1521,195,1943]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
As mentioned previously, any discussion of the frontal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FCF111D4832EFA63" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1967" box="[861,1025,1461,1489]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FCF111D4832EFA63" box="[861,1025,1461,1489]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Ectenosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is severely hampered by the ventral surface of the 
<typeStatus id="548443DBFF8B6738FC6B11BB8302FA46" box="[967,1069,1498,1524]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
frontal being almost completely obscured beneath the left mandible. In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8B6738FB56119D8245F9A5" box="[1274,1386,1532,1559]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
: 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FAC2119D829EF9A5" box="[1390,1457,1532,1559]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Paleo</collectorName>
:5452 (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8B6738FCE51241849CF988" box="[841,947,1568,1594]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
), the frontal is bisected ventrally by the olfactory canal, which is bordered on either side by prominent descending processes that run roughly parallel before converging abruptly, then immediately diverging where the canal opens to accommodate the olfactory bulb. 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FCEC12AE8459F95B" box="[832,886,1743,1769]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">This</collectorName>
forms a roughly X-shaped configuration, with the descending processes thickest where they almost meet at the crux of the 
<collectorName id="26CA98AFFF8B6738FC5F137583F4F89C" box="[1011,1243,1812,1838]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">X. Posteroventrally</collectorName>
, a pair of deep grooves bracket an elongated stilliform boss that contacts the frontoparietal suture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8B673EFCCC131C8563FC72" blockId="18.[832,1521,195,1943]" lastBlockId="20.[112,801,195,1944]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
As in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8B6738FC03131A835FF825" box="[943,1136,1915,1943]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8B6738FC03131A8344F825" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[943,1131,1915,1943]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a narrow transverse ventral separating ridge situated within the supraorbital embayment would have prevented the prefrontal from contacting the postorbitofrontal. While the margins of this ridge are fairly straight in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFEC7154A8535FEF5" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[363,538,299,327]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFEC7154A8535FEF5" box="[363,538,299,327]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. tlemonectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and reach the supraorbital rim, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFE8C152F8683FED8" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[288,428,334,362]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFE8C152F8683FED8" box="[288,428,334,362]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are concave and laterally recurved, allowing the frontal much broader access to the orbit, so that the entire embayment, as well as the antorbital bulge, are emarginate. In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFD8815D885BAFE66" box="[548,661,441,468]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, the wedge is notched anteriorly, providing a shallow fold into which the tongue-shaped supraorbital process of the prefrontal articulates. Unlike the prefrontal, the postorbitofrontal would have been largely excluded from the supraorbital border, its anterior process is enclosed dorsally on three sides within a shallow, boomerang-shaped sulcus, with the separating ridge forming the anterior rim of this sulcus. This approaches the condition present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFCA616B087D0FCA3" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFCA616B087D0FCA3" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
more closely than in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFDAC169485E3FCA3" box="[512,716,757,785]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFDAC169485E7FCA3" box="[512,712,757,785]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">E. everhartorum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
where the frontal appears to comprise most of the supraorbital border. However, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFEC7175A851BFCE5" box="[363,564,827,855]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFEC7175A851BFCE5" box="[363,564,827,855]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. everhartorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the prefrontal and postorbitofrontal are much more widely separated than in either 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFF4A17E0865AFC2F" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[230,373,897,925]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFF4A17E0865AFC2F" box="[230,373,897,925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFE0F17E0857AFC2F" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[419,597,897,925]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFE0F17E0857AFC2F" box="[419,597,897,925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. tlemonectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the ventral separating ridge appears to be absent.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8A6739FFDC133B8674F810" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" startId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" targetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8A6739FFDC133B8674F810" blockId="19.[112,1498,1881,1955]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FFDC133B87F7F8DD" bold="true" box="[112,216,1882,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Figure 11</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8A6739FF4F133886E5F8C2" authority="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[227,458,1881,1904]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FF4F133886E5F8C2" box="[227,458,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Ectenosaurus shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2789C10FF8A6739FE63133A8533F8C2" box="[463,540,1883,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ALMNH:Paleo:5452. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FD54133B8407F8DD" bold="true" box="[760,808,1882,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">A, B.</emphasis>
Frontal in dorsal (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FC49133B84DAF8DD" bold="true" box="[997,1013,1882,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FB2A133B83B9F8DD" bold="true" box="[1158,1174,1882,1903]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
) views. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FB46133B823CF8DD" bold="true" box="[1258,1299,1882,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">C, D</emphasis>
. Parietal in dorsal (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FFD5131287A8F83B" bold="true" box="[121,135,1907,1929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">C</emphasis>
) and ventral (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FEB413158606F83B" bold="true" box="[280,297,1908,1929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">D</emphasis>
) views. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FED11312857FF83B" bold="true" box="[381,592,1907,1929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Abbreviations: POF</emphasis>
, excavation for postorbitofrontal; 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FC00131584F7F83B" bold="true" box="[940,984,1908,1929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">PRF</emphasis>
, excavation for prefrontal; 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8A6739FB461312823AF83B" bold="true" box="[1258,1301,1907,1929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">VSR</emphasis>
, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8D673EFF3C17A9857FF8BF" blockId="20.[112,801,195,1944]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFF3C17A98635FC56" bold="true" box="[144,282,968,996]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Parietal—</emphasis>
Only the incomplete anterior half of the parietal is preserved on 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFE05178D8536FBB5" box="[425,537,1004,1031]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFD1D178D87A7FB98" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C, D</figureCitation>
). Prior to collection, the parietal split horizontally into dorsal and ventral halves that were subsequently glued together during preparation. The dorsal parietal table (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFF111018860BFB21" box="[189,292,1145,1171]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
) can be divided into two regions: a broad anterior subrhomboidal shelf that merges smoothly into an elongate posterior shaft with rounded, parallel sides, which would have branched into the missing suspensorial rami. There is no evidence of a parasagittal ridge. A large subcircular parietal foramen, very slightly longer than wide, is centered on the dorsal table, and set back from the frontoparietal suture by a distance roughly equal to twice its diameter. Dorsally, the position and shape of the foramen compares well with that of both 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFFDC11B88795FA41" box="[112,186,1497,1523]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5bc7-5n0c" name="Fort Hays Sternberg Museum" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FHSM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFF6D11B887DDFA41" box="[193,242,1497,1523]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">VP-</collectionCode>
401 and 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFEF611B886BCFA41" box="[346,403,1497,1523]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sv00-20xv" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">SMU</collectionCode>
76350. The surface of the table is planar. Where it would have contacted the frontal, the margin of the dorsal table forms a distinct W-shaped anterior margin, the central peak bounded by short flanges that must have been overlapped dorsally by posteriorly directed projections from the frontal. This is similar but not identical to the condition present in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFD2812CC8591F975" box="[644,702,1709,1735]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sv00-20xv" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">SMU</collectionCode>
76350, where the frontoparietal contact appears to have been more complex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8D673EFE9F129286C0F8BF" author="Bell, G. L., Jr. &amp; K. R. Barnes &amp; M. J. Polcyn" box="[307,495,1779,1805]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="571 - 581" refId="ref13848" refString="Bell, G. L., Jr., K. R. Barnes, and M. J. Polcyn. 2013. Late Cretaceous mosasauroids (Reptilia, Squamata) of the Big Bend region in Texas, USA. The Full Procession: A Celebration of the Life and Career of Wann Langston, Jr. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 103 (3 - 4): 571 - 581. [https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755691013000406]" type="journal article" year="2013">Bell et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; fig. m).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8D673EFF3C13778355FE91" blockId="20.[112,801,195,1944]" lastBlockId="20.[832,1521,195,1944]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
Most of the lateral descending process (descensus processus parietalis of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8D673EFE2B135985E1F8E0" author="Konishi, T. &amp; M. W. Caldwell" box="[391,718,1848,1874]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="754 - 783" refId="ref15419" refString="Konishi, T., and M. W. Caldwell. 2011. Two new plioplatecarpine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) genera from the Upper Cretaceous of North America, and a global phylogenetic analysis of the plioplatecarpines. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (4): 754 - 783. [https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2011. 579023]." type="journal article" year="2011">Konishi and Caldwell 2011</bibRefCitation>
) is not preserved and what is present has been severely crushed. Postorbital processes at the anterolateral corners of the dorsal table appear to have been extremely short, so that the parietal would have contributed little to the anterior supratemporal fenestrae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8D673EFCCC154D8271FCC8" blockId="20.[832,1521,195,1944]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
The ventral surface of the parietal (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFABE154D8253FEF5" box="[1298,1404,300,327]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="19.[112,183,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[170,1477,207,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-71@19.[143,1499,192,1870]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 11. Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A, B. Frontal in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. C, D. Parietal in dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views. Abbreviations: POF, excavation for postorbitofrontal; PRF, excavation for prefrontal; VSR, ventral separation ridge. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
) is dominated by a large elliptical foramen, at least twice as long as wide, in contrast with its circular dorsal opening. It is unclear whether this dorsoventral variance is an artifact of plastic deformation or accurately reflects the anatomy of 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFCCF15BA84D2FE45" box="[867,1021,475,503]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFCCF15BA84D6FE45" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[867,1017,475,503]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">E. shannoni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFB8015BD83B0FE45" box="[1068,1183,476,503]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 the foramen is surrounded by a steep-sided, narrow-walled parapet of bone whose borders converge just behind the foramen. The lateral walls of this parapet rise to meet its dorsal rim at a 90˚ angle, and the narrow dorsal rim is planar. This structure corresponds to what was referred to by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8D673EFA3F16ED84F8FD78" author="Konishi, T. &amp; M. W. Caldwell &amp; T. Nishimura &amp; K. Sakurai &amp; K. Tanoue" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 31" refId="ref15487" refString="Konishi, T., M. W. Caldwell, T. Nishimura, K. Sakurai, and K. Tanoue. 2015. A new halisaurine mosasaur (Squamata; Halisaurinae) from Japan: the first record in the western Pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs. Journal of Systematic Paleontology 2015: 1 - 31. [https: // doi. or g / 10.1080 / 14772019.2015.1113447]." type="journal article" year="2015">Konishi et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
as the ventral triangular eminence, present in halisaurines and many russellosaurines (though it displays a wide range of variation within both groups), and its existence contradicts Holmes and Sues' (2000: 310) statement that in mosasaurs &quot;the ventral margin of the foramen is not conspicuously raised.&quot;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8D673FFCCC17E0860AFBFB" blockId="20.[832,1521,195,1944]" lastBlockId="21.[112,801,859,1941]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFCCC17E084D0FC2F" bold="true" box="[864,1023,897,925]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Quadrate—</emphasis>
Only a small portion of the left quadrate was collected (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFB9317C783F9FC72" box="[1087,1238,934,960]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionTargetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetId="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12A‒D</figureCitation>
), but it preserves the contact and fusion of the suprastapedial process with the infrastapedial and the presence of a dorsomedially directed flange from the infrastapedial that overlaps the expanded dorsodistal end of the suprastapedial, a trait already mentioned in the description of 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFAE5103682ADFBC3" box="[1353,1410,1111,1137]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673 as unknown in any mosasaur other than 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFAEA101982DFFB26" box="[1350,1520,1144,1172]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFAEA101982C3FB26" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1967" box="[1350,1516,1144,1172]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ectenosaurus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Indeed, in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFC7D10FD8368FB05" box="[977,1095,1180,1207]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 the contact is better preserved than in any other specimen of the genus previously described and can be viewed in its entirety, allowing for a better understanding of the precise nature of this unique contact, while also suggesting the trait may have been less developed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFB07112A8215FAD5" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1195,1338,1355,1383]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFB07112A8215FAD5" box="[1195,1338,1355,1383]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in either 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFCEC110F84C2FA38" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[832,1005,1390,1418]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFCEC110F84C2FA38" box="[832,1005,1390,1418]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFBBA110F83E3FA38" box="[1046,1228,1390,1418]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFBBA110F83E7FA38" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1046,1224,1390,1418]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFB5F110E824BFA38" box="[1267,1380,1391,1418]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, the infrastapedial process forms a delicate cheliform structure that not only overlaps the suprastapedial posterodorsally, but ventrally as well, embracing it in a sort of pincer grip while also creating a cradle that abuts the suprastapedial terminus. Complete fusion between the two processes can only be observed ventromedially (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFCE512078495F932" box="[841,954,1638,1664]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="21.[112,183,748,770]" captionTargetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" captionTargetId="figure-544@21.[117,1515,189,736]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 12: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–D. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (A), anterior/interior (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
). While the full extent of fusion is unclear,, the processes are less extensively fused than in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8D673EFA0612E98494F975" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8D673EFA0612E98498F975" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The infrastapedial process of 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFAE412CC82ADF975" box="[1352,1410,1709,1735]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673 (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8D673EFCE512B1848EF958" box="[841,929,1744,1770]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[112,183,1614,1636]" captionTargetBox="[172,1437,217,1589]" captionTargetId="figure-185@9.[125,1482,192,1603]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Ectenosaurus tlemonectes sp. nov., YPM VP4673. A–C. Left quadrate in medial (A), anterior (B), and posterior (C) views. D–F. Left squamosal in ventral (D), lateral (E), and medial (F) views. Arrow indicates suprastapedial/infrastapedial contact. Scale bars=5 cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
) may have enfolded the suprastapedial in much the same way, but preservation makes this difficult to determine with any certainty; fusion appears to have been more extensive in the Niobrara Chalk specimen. In neither 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFC08133B833BF8C7" box="[932,1044,1882,1909]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 nor 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8D673EFB7B133A823FF8C7" box="[1239,1296,1883,1909]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673 does the dorsodistal flange enter the deep, polygonal fossa for insertion of M. depressor mandibulae, but contacts and parallels the fossa's distal rim. In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFE57171F8545FC2B" box="[507,618,894,921]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, the posterior (external) flange is highly vascularized, though the anterior (ventral) flange is not, and there is a distinct bulge along the ventrolateral rim of the suprastapedial process that does not appear in either 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFDFD106885D1FB97" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[593,766,1033,1061]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFDFD106885D1FB97" box="[593,766,1033,1061]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">E. clidastoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFFDC104C860AFBFB" box="[112,293,1069,1097]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFFDC104C860EFBFB" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[112,289,1069,1097]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8C673FFFDC168D87F8FC86" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" startId="21.[112,183,748,770]" targetBox="[140,1486,216,722]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8C673FFFDC168D87F8FC86" blockId="21.[112,1492,747,821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFFDC168D87CFFCB3" bold="true" box="[112,224,748,770]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Figure 12:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFF49168A86E3FCB0" authority="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[229,460,747,770]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFF49168A86E3FCB0" box="[229,460,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Ectenosaurus shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2789C10FF8C673FFE7D168C8531FCB0" box="[465,542,749,770]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ALMNH:Paleo:5452. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFD56168D8409FCB3" bold="true" box="[762,806,748,769]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">A–D</emphasis>
. Left quadrate fragment with suprastapedial-infrastapedial contact in posterior (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFF5B17648628FCA8" bold="true" box="[247,263,773,794]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">A</emphasis>
), anterior/interior (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFE7B176786C8FCA9" bold="true" box="[471,487,774,795]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">B</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFDE617648577FCA9" bold="true" box="[586,600,773,795]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">C</emphasis>
), and medial (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFD47176785D3FCA9" bold="true" box="[747,764,774,795]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">D</emphasis>
) views. Arrow indicates interior flange of infrastapedial process. Scale bar=2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8C673FFF3C102E8677F899" blockId="21.[112,801,859,1941]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFF3C102E8639FBD9" bold="true" box="[144,278,1103,1131]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Splenial—</emphasis>
Much of the right splenial is preserved (Fig. 13A‒C), including the base of the lateral ala. As the medial ala has been lost, it is only possible to approximate the true shape of the articular face at the intramandibular joint, which appears to have formed an elongated rhombus. The &quot;robust, dorsomedially expanding flange&quot; reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8C673FFEAB11458521FA8D" author="Willman, A. J. &amp; T. Konishi &amp; M. W. Caldwell" box="[263,526,1316,1343]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" pagination="741 - 755" refId="ref18000" refString="Willman, A. J., T. Konishi, and M. W. Caldwell. 2021. A new species of Ectenosaurus (Mosasauridae: Plioplatecarpinae) from western Kansas, USA, reveals a novels suite of osteological characters for the genus. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 58 (9): 741 - 755. [https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2020 - 0175]." type="journal article" year="2021">Willman et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
for both 
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFDD01142840FFA8D" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1967" box="[636,800,1315,1343]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFDD01142840FFA8D" box="[636,800,1315,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Ectenosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFFDC11278636FAD0" box="[112,281,1350,1378]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="everhartorum">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFFDC11278636FAD0" box="[112,281,1350,1378]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">everhartorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFEFD112786D0FAD0" box="[337,511,1350,1378]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFEFD112786D4FAD0" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[337,507,1350,1378]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
giving a squarish shape to the articulating surface in those species, is absent in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFFDC11EF87CDFA1B" box="[112,226,1422,1449]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452. While the splenio-angular joint in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFFDC11D087CFFA7E" box="[112,224,1457,1484]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 is simpler than that of 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFDD511D3859DFA7E" box="[633,690,1458,1484]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673, it would still have been more complex than the ball-and-socket condyle/cotyle arrangement often used as a blanket characterization of this joint in mosasaurs (see discussion above). Instead, the articular face is divided into a broad vertical keel positioned just medial to its center and a sulcus located between the lower terminus of the keel and the medioventral rim of the splenial; these would have received matching structures from the angular. A well-defined longitudinal ridge marks the base of the lateral wing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8C673FFF3C135284D1FA7E" blockId="21.[112,801,859,1941]" lastBlockId="21.[832,1521,857,1941]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFF3C1352860AF8FD" bold="true" box="[144,293,1843,1871]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Coronoid—</emphasis>
The majority of the right coronoid (Fig. 13D‒F) is preserved, though it should be noted that some portions have been heavily restored with plaster by G.L. Bell, Jr. (M.J. Polcyn 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFB1E173882C0FCC7" box="[1202,1519,857,885]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">personal communication</emphasis>
2022). Fortunately, the restored portions are unpainted and easily discernible from the fossil itself. As in most russellosaurines, the coronoid is a short, saddle-shaped wedge of bone straddling the anterior rim of the surangular and forming a posteromedial sutural contact with a buttress on the surangular (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8C673FFB14104F826CFBFB" box="[1208,1347,1070,1097]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 13E, F</figureCitation>
). This sutural contact is more complex in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFB3510308226FBDE" box="[1177,1289,1105,1132]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 than in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFCEC10148456FB3D" box="[832,889,1141,1167]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673 and even more so than in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFA97101482AAFB3D" box="[1339,1413,1141,1167]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5bc7-5n0c" name="Fort Hays Sternberg Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">FHSM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFA2210148290FB3D" box="[1422,1471,1141,1167]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">VP-</collectionCode>
401, with the interdigitating grooves and ridges being more numerous and more closely spaced. Based on the right coronoid figured in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE8088FF8C673FFB9D10BF8202FB4A" author="Willman, A. J. &amp; T. Konishi &amp; M. W. Caldwell" box="[1073,1325,1246,1273]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" pagination="741 - 755" refId="ref18000" refString="Willman, A. J., T. Konishi, and M. W. Caldwell. 2021. A new species of Ectenosaurus (Mosasauridae: Plioplatecarpinae) from western Kansas, USA, reveals a novels suite of osteological characters for the genus. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 58 (9): 741 - 755. [https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2020 - 0175]." type="journal article" year="2021">Willman et al. (2021</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 11b), it also appears more complex than in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFB741160820CFAA9" box="[1240,1315,1281,1307]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5bc7-5n0c" name="Fort Hays Sternberg Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">FHSM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFA821160824FFAAE" box="[1326,1376,1281,1308]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">VP-</collectionCode>
5515. However, until more careful examinations of the latter two specimens can be conducted, as well as comparison with the Big Bend specimen (
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFBDD110A8381FA37" box="[1137,1198,1387,1413]" country="South Korea" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/sv00-20xv" name="Sangmiung University" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">SMU</collectionCode>
76350), we consider this feature in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFC1111EF8302FA1B" box="[957,1069,1422,1449]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452 a provisional apomorphy for 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFCC711D184D1FA7E" box="[875,1022,1456,1484]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFCC711D184D5FA7E" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[875,1018,1456,1484]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni">E. shannoni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8C673CFCCC11B485C5F888" blockId="21.[832,1521,857,1941]" lastBlockId="22.[112,800,1753,1956]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFCD211B584C1FA5D" box="[894,1006,1492,1519]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, the posterior crest of the coronoid is taller than in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFBE4119783D2F9A0" box="[1096,1277,1526,1554]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFBE4119783D6F9A0" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1096,1273,1526,1554]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but less developed than in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFC0512788347F987" box="[937,1128,1561,1589]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFC051278834EF987" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[937,1121,1561,1589]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clidastoides">E. clidastoides</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
and incomplete preservation makes it difficult to compare with 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFB78125F8232F9EA" box="[1236,1309,1598,1624]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5bc7-5n0c" name="Fort Hays Sternberg Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">FHSM</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFA8D125F827DF9EB" box="[1313,1362,1598,1625]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">VP-</collectionCode>
5515. The anterior bifurcation is less developed than in 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8C673FFAEC120182DEF9CE" box="[1344,1521,1632,1660]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8C673FFAEC120182C2F9CE" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[1344,1517,1632,1660]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tlemonectes">E. tlemonectes</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
and is more dorsally located. In 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8C673FFB4112E5824EF92D" box="[1261,1377,1668,1695]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, the lateral descending wing (largely restored) is a thin, relatively delicate, ventrally-directed process, while the medial descending wing is much shorter and ventromedially directed, forming a stout, triangular wedge in anteroposterior cross-section. Though it is clear the lateral wing was shorter than the medial, the precise difference cannot be determined due to the incompleteness of the latter. Numerous foramina are present within the ventral fold and, as in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8F673CFEB0129C867AF8A5" box="[284,341,1789,1815]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673, are especially prominent on the interior surface of the medial descending wing.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40ADF1FF8F673CFFC3122C87B9F903" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" startId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" targetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8F673CFFC3122C87B9F903" blockId="22.[111,1513,1613,1713]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFFC3122C87CBF9D7" bold="true" box="[111,228,1613,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 13:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8F673CFF46122E86F1F9D5" authority="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole, 2023" authorityName="Kiernan &amp; Ebersole" authorityYear="2023" box="[234,478,1615,1639]" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shannoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFF46122E86F1F9D5" box="[234,478,1615,1639]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Ectenosaurus shannoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2789C10FF8F673CFE48122F851BF9D7" box="[484,564,1614,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, ALMNH:Paleo:5452. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFCB2122C8466F9D7" bold="true" box="[798,841,1613,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">A–C</emphasis>
. Right splenial in lateral (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFBF1122C8341F9D7" bold="true" box="[1117,1134,1613,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFB77122F83C4F9D4" bold="true" box="[1243,1259,1614,1638]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">B</emphasis>
), and posterior (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFA0E122C829EF9D7" bold="true" box="[1442,1457,1613,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">C</emphasis>
) views. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFF15120687CAF9CD" bold="true" box="[185,229,1639,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">D, E</emphasis>
. Right coronoid in lateral (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFDA812068539F9CD" bold="true" box="[516,534,1639,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">D</emphasis>
) and medial (
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFD0112068593F9CD" bold="true" box="[685,700,1639,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">E</emphasis>
) views. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFCB81206840DF9CD" bold="true" box="[788,802,1639,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">F</emphasis>
. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFE8412E18617F92A" bold="true" box="[296,312,1664,1688]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">G</emphasis>
. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFD0012E18591F92A" bold="true" box="[684,702,1664,1688]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">H</emphasis>
. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80FD79FF8F673DFF3C1323840FFE1D" blockId="22.[112,800,1753,1956]" lastBlockId="23.[112,801,194,431]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8F673CFF3C13238603F8EC" bold="true" box="[144,300,1858,1886]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Vertebrae—</emphasis>
A total of twenty-seven vertebrae are preserved with 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8F673CFEA91307865AF833" box="[261,373,1894,1921]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/93n4-xhed" name="Alabama Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" type="Museum">ALMNH</collectionCode>
:Paleo:5452, including five cervicals, thirteen dorsals, five pygals, and four caudals. Most of the vertebrae consist of badly weathered centra lacking most of the cortical surface, neural arches, synapophyses. zygopophyses, and transverse processes. The best cervical vertebra (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8F673CFC711323836CF8EE" box="[989,1091,1858,1884]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Fig. 13F</figureCitation>
) preserves a distinct anteroventral ridge extending from the anterior rim of an elliptical hypapophyseal peduncle to the ventral rim of the cotyle. In lateral profile, this ridge forms a shallowly concave arc, as seen in 
<collectionCode id="ED2E65BCFF8E673DFF5C14878606FEB2" box="[240,297,230,256]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34880" name="Peabody Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" type="Museum">YPM</collectionCode>
VP4673 and other species of 
<emphasis id="B94B216BFF8E673DFD35148587B2FE91" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F86FAFF8E673DFD35148587B6FE91" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1967" family="Mosasauridae" genus="Ectenosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ectenosaurus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The articular surfaces of the pygals are sub-square in anteroposterior view. Only one of the caudles is well preserved (
<figureCitation id="1304E1FCFF8E673DFF50152E8648FEDB" box="[252,359,335,361]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="22.[111,186,1613,1637]" captionTargetBox="[155,1477,208,1581]" captionTargetId="figure-115@22.[128,1499,191,1601]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 13: Ectenosaurus shannoni sp. nov., ALMNH:Paleo:5452. A–C. Right splenial in lateral (A), medial (B), and posterior (C) views. D, E. Right coronoid in lateral (D) and medial (E) views. F. Laser scan of cast of right coronoid of ALMNH:Paleo:5452 in posteromedial view. G. Cervical vertebra in ventral view. H. Caudal vertebra in ventral view. Scale bars for A–F=5 cm. Scale bar for G=4 cm." pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Fig. 13G</figureCitation>
); it is subcircular in anteroposterior profile and preserves two rounded, posteroventrally oriented peduncles for articulation with the haemal arch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>