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<document id="64D0DBC49B12C7AE135030D5D51B2FC2" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.334.1.12" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13721130" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725661247083" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dixon, Kingsley W. &amp; Christenhusz, Maarten J. M." docDate="2018" docId="03986E32C61FFFB219F4F7F83DECFC1A" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.334.1.12.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 334 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.334.1.12" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Rhizanthella johnstonii K. W. Dixon &amp; Christenh. 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="79" masterDocId="FFA1164AC61FFFB6197CF1083F0CFFE9" masterDocTitle="Flowering in darkness: a new species of subterranean orchid Rhizanthella (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae; Diurideae) from Western Australia" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1725672122244" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="8D7E5B9962EAA690E2A17AC248942A22">Flowering in darkness: a new species of subterranean orchid Rhizanthella (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae; Diurideae) from Western Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5C6999B20FBC009754262361330C11C9">Dixon, Kingsley W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8213147377DFF1F90393A7172256ED3D">Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9423C550D4D7FDF4CDE97E326656DD3B">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW 9 3 DS, UK &amp; Plant Gateway, 5 Baddeley Gardens, Bradford BD 10 8 JL, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D0F6FFDD1D41802E5A13C5CE1DEF1C8B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AE5729F7D96A120D737CC9C7E8840EBA">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9583E596853D393EFE944E1DA3F7623E">
<mods:date id="70A27FF74FABB8D73A74AB9AB50AF841">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9E6D6DF4D094023B757246B9A35FD10D">2018-01-12</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="419653E54565E2BB96C6D15DA074794E" type="DOI">10.11646/phytotaxa.334.1.12</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B9ABC05C5B8DB7F0F6EB3024142920AB" type="ISSN">1179-3163</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03986E32C61FFFB219F4F7F83DECFC1A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03986E32C61FFFB219F4F7F83DECFC1A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03986E32C61FFFB219F4F7F83DECFC1A" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<subSubSection id="C32B8CAFC61FFFB619F4F7F83C96F8E2" box="[136,922,1776,1803]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61FFFB619F4F7F83C96F8E2" blockId="0.[136,922,1776,1803]" box="[136,922,1776,1803]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<heading id="D0C66848C61FFFB619F4F7F83C96F8E2" box="[136,922,1776,1803]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB619F4F7F83DB6F8E2" ID-CoL="8X4M4" authority="K.W.Dixon &amp; Christenh." authorityName="K. W. Dixon &amp; Christenh." authorityYear="2018" box="[136,698,1776,1803]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="johnstonii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB619F4F7F83E94F8E2" bold="true" box="[136,408,1776,1803]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Rhizanthella johnstonii</emphasis>
K.W.Dixon &amp; Christenh.
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB61BB8F7FA3C15F8E2" box="[708,793,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A276BE4DC61FFFB61BB8F7FA3C15F8E2" box="[708,793,1778,1803]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="130AC3A1C61FFFB61A54F7FA3C7BF8E2" box="[808,887,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[136,229,1953,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,190,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-14@1.[203,1383,190,1929]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Western Australian Rhizanthella species. A. Rhizanthella johnstonii. Munglinup, Western Australia. Photo by A. Brown. B. Rhizanthella gardneri. Babakin, Western Australia. Photo by K. Dixon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721134/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130AC3A1C61FFFB61AFFF7FA3C9DF8E2" box="[899,913,1778,1803]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1505,1526]" captionTargetBox="[222,1367,205,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-13@2.[219,1369,190,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sketch of Rhizanthella johnstonii. Adapted by M. Christenhusz from an anonymous sketch in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721136/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">3</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B8CAFC61FFFB519F4F6103BCFFE66" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61FFFB619F4F6103BF0F8B8" blockId="0.[136,1452,1816,1873]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
Type:—
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB619AAF6103E6EF8C4" box="[214,354,1816,1837]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">AUSTRALIA</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingRegion id="49F511C6C61FFFB61817F6103D16F8C4" box="[363,538,1816,1837]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
Western
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB618C2F6103D16F8C4" box="[446,538,1816,1837]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Australia</taxonomicName>
</collectingRegion>
: Ravensthorpe, Munglinup, Oldfield location 1002, on tributary of Dallinup Creek, which is a tributary of the Oldfield River,
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61FFFB61896F6343D6CF8B8" box="[490,608,1852,1873]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" value="1979-06-01">1 June 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB61B16F6343DFFF8B8" box="[618,755,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">George 15717</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="548A6186C61FFFB61B83F6343C54F8B8" box="[767,856,1852,1873]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2047E1C61FFFB61A1DF6343CA0F8B8" box="[865,940,1852,1873]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15701" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15701" name="Western Australian Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="Herbarium">PERTH</collectionCode>
288586!;
<typeStatus id="548A6186C61FFFB61D73F6343B6DF8B8" box="[1039,1121,1852,1873]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="isotype">isotypes</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2047E1C61FFFB61D16F6343B8DF8B8" box="[1130,1153,1852,1873]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15867" name="Royal Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="Herbarium">K</collectionCode>
!,
<collectionCode id="ED2047E1C61FFFB61DF3F6343BC9F8B8" box="[1167,1221,1852,1873]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15627" name="Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="Herbarium">NSW</collectionCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3269FB4C61FFFB61DB2F6343BFCF8B8" box="[1230,1264,1852,1873]" name="United States of America" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">US</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61FFFB619F4F68A3CD9F7EC" blockId="0.[136,1452,1922,2053]" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
This species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB618E6F68A3D19F870" authorityName="Rogers" authorityYear="1928" box="[410,533,1922,1945]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB618E6F68A3D19F870" box="[410,533,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">R. gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having fewer flowers in a smaller capitulum that are white or suffused with a pink blush, much paler than
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB618FBF6AE3D0EF854" authorityName="Rogers" authorityYear="1928" box="[391,514,1958,1981]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB618FBF6AE3D0EF854" box="[391,514,1958,1981]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">R. gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The bracts are also lighter, white, occasionally tinged purple pink on the margins and apex (
<figureCitation id="130AC3A1C61FFFB619B5F6C23E07F808" box="[201,267,1994,2017]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[136,229,1953,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,190,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-14@1.[203,1383,190,1929]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Western Australian Rhizanthella species. A. Rhizanthella johnstonii. Munglinup, Western Australia. Photo by A. Brown. B. Rhizanthella gardneri. Babakin, Western Australia. Photo by K. Dixon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721134/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The species is associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB61B1AF6C23B0BF808" authority="Fielding &amp; Gardner" authorityName="Fielding &amp; Gardner" box="[614,1031,1994,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB61B1AF6C23C22F808" box="[614,814,1994,2017]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Melaleuca hamata</emphasis>
Fielding &amp; Gardner
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB61D47F6C23A1FF808" authority="R. Br. It" authorityName="R. Br. It" box="[1083,1299,1994,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB61D47F6C23BB0F808" box="[1083,1212,1994,2017]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">M. uncinata</emphasis>
R.Br. It
</taxonomicName>
has a disjunct distribution from
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB61838F6E63EB2F7EC" authorityName="Rogers" authorityYear="1928" box="[324,446,2030,2053]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB61838F6E63EB2F7EC" box="[324,446,2030,2053]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">R. gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a different
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61FFFB61BCEF6E63C2FF7EC" box="[690,803,2030,2053]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61FFFB61BCEF6E63C2FF7EC" box="[690,803,2030,2053]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Melaleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
host preference.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4E8FACC61EFFB719F4F6A93C39F833" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721134" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13721134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721134/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="76" startId="1.[136,229,1953,1974]" targetBox="[203,1383,190,1928]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61EFFB719F4F6A93C39F833" blockId="1.[136,1452,1953,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB719F4F6A93FF2F85F" bold="true" box="[136,254,1953,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Western Australian
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61EFFB718BEF6A93DABF85F" box="[450,679,1953,1974]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB718BEF6A93D37F85F" box="[450,571,1953,1974]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">Rhizanthella</emphasis>
species.
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB71BE8F6A93DABF85F" bold="true" box="[660,679,1953,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">A</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB71BDBF6A93DA0F85F" bold="true" box="[679,684,1953,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61EFFB71BCEF6A93C9EF85F" box="[690,914,1953,1974]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="johnstonii">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB71BCEF6A93C9EF85F" box="[690,914,1953,1974]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">Rhizanthella johnstonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Munglinup, Western
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61EFFB71D15F6A93BC8F85F" box="[1129,1220,1953,1974]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Australia</taxonomicName>
. Photo by A. Brown.
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB71CE9F6A93AA0F85F" bold="true" box="[1429,1452,1953,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61EFFB719F4F6CD3E56F833" authorityName="Rogers" authorityYear="1928" box="[136,346,1989,2010]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61EFFB719F4F6CD3E56F833" box="[136,346,1989,2010]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="76">Rhizanthella gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Babakin, Western
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61EFFB71B69F6CD3D7CF833" box="[533,624,1989,2010]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Australia</taxonomicName>
. Photo by K. Dixon.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4E8FACC61DFFB419F4F4E93E64F9F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721136" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13721136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721136/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" startId="2.[136,229,1505,1526]" targetBox="[222,1367,205,1475]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61DFFB419F4F4E93E64F9F3" blockId="2.[136,1451,1505,1562]" pageId="2" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61DFFB419F4F4E93FF3FA1F" bold="true" box="[136,255,1505,1526]" pageId="2" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Sketch of
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61DFFB41817F4E93D40FA1F" box="[363,588,1505,1526]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="johnstonii">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61DFFB41817F4E93D40FA1F" box="[363,588,1505,1526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="77">Rhizanthella johnstonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Adapted by M. Christenhusz from an anonymous sketch in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61DFFB519C1F7433BCFFE66" blockId="2.[136,1452,1611,2066]" lastBlockId="3.[136,1452,160,543]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="2" pageNumber="77">
Holomycotrophic, achlorophyllous, fully subterranean plants. Rhizomes more or less horizontal, upturned to the peduncle, 3.0–4.0 ×
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB41823F7673EE8F96F" box="[351,484,1647,1670]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="cm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.5">0.5 – 1.3 cm</quantity>
,
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below the soil surface, swollen at the peduncle base, sparsely hairy, the hairs fine. Bracts few, appressed, broadly triangular,
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB41B36F79B3DC1F943" box="[586,717,1683,1706]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.6 mm</quantity>
, obtuse, but the tip thickened-canaliculate. Lateral rhizome branches smaller, arising from a thickened part at the base of the peduncle. Peduncles erect, to
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB41D49F7BF3B8DF927" box="[1077,1153,1719,1742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
long, c.
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB41D99F7BF3A6AF927" box="[1253,1382,1719,1742]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.6 mm</quantity>
thick, narrowest below the capitulum, glabrous. Bracts in two spirals, widely spaced, the lowermost appressed, broadly triangular, 0.3–0.4 × c. 10.0 mm, becoming narrowly triangular towards the apex, and there slightly divergent from the peduncle, 10–25 ×
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB419E1F62B3E0FF8D3" box="[157,259,1827,1850]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3–10 mm</quantity>
, concave, amplexicaul, obtuse with a thick central vein, margins thinner. Inflorescences a terminal capitulum, the receptacle
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB41986F64F3E67F8B7" box="[250,363,1863,1886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="10.0">10–25 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Involucral bracts six to eight, rarely ten, imbricate, forming a cup surrounding the flowers, narrowly obovate,
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB4182CF6633ECEF86B" box="[336,450,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="25.0">25–35 mm</quantity>
× c.
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB41884F6633D49F86B" box="[504,581,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
, concave at base, apex obtuse but with an apiculum, cream to pale pinkish-cream, with 3–7 simple or singly forked veins. Flowers up to c. 60 per capitulum in 8–12 spiral rows, each row with 6–8 flowers, the innermost not fully developing, all inwardly facing, the outermost flowers opening first. Perianth white but pink suffused,
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61DFFB419F4F6DF3FEDF807" box="[136,225,2007,2030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
long, tubular for the lower half, sepals and petals free near the apex but closely imbricate. Lateral sepals broadly triangular, curved forwards, obtuse to acute. Dorsal sepal broadly triangular, cucullate, the margins overlapped by those of the lateral sepals, which are slightly longer. Petals more or less triangular, obtuse, free in the upper part, about
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61CFFB51C62F1A83A56FF5E" box="[1310,1370,160,183]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
shorter than the sepals, apices slightly crenulate with the margins flaring. Labellum motile on slender claw of
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61CFFB51DACF1CC3A27FF32" box="[1232,1323,196,219]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
, erect at the base, strongly curved forward and protruding. More or less obliquely semi-circular with a recurved tip when seen from the side, 1.5–2.0 ×
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61CFFB5184DF0043EB9FECA" box="[305,437,268,291]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="1.1" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.7">0.7–1.5 mm</quantity>
, deeply channeled, smooth, entire. Column more or less terete, 2.0–
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61CFFB51DE6F0043BFCFECA" box="[1178,1264,268,291]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
. Anther terminal,
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61CFFB519F4F0383E00FEAE" box="[136,268,304,327]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.8">0.8–0.9 mm</quantity>
, shortly apiculate, persistent. Stigma
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, cuneate with curved, lateral margins and a small projection at the base. On each side of the column at the upper edge of the stigma there is a small, narrow, obtuse lobe. Ovary elongate, smooth, 5–6 ×
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, smaller in inner flowers, enlarging to elongate-ovoid if pollinated (
<figureCitation id="130AC3A1C61CFFB51D40F0703B97FE66" box="[1084,1179,376,399]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="1.[136,229,1953,1974]" captionTargetBox="[203,1383,190,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-14@1.[203,1383,190,1929]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 2. Western Australian Rhizanthella species. A. Rhizanthella johnstonii. Munglinup, Western Australia. Photo by A. Brown. B. Rhizanthella gardneri. Babakin, Western Australia. Photo by K. Dixon." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721134/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130AC3A1C61CFFB51DDAF0703BB9FE66" box="[1190,1205,376,399]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1505,1526]" captionTargetBox="[222,1367,205,1475]" captionTargetId="figure-13@2.[219,1369,190,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sketch of Rhizanthella johnstonii. Adapted by M. Christenhusz from an anonymous sketch in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13721136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13721136/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B8CAFC61CFFB519C1F0943BC7FDF6" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61CFFB519C1F0943BC7FDF6" blockId="3.[136,1452,160,543]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB519C1F0943E60FE5A" bold="true" box="[189,364,412,435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Distribution:—</emphasis>
Found in the area around Munglinup, east of Ravensthorpe in southern
<collectingRegion id="49F511C6C61CFFB51D12F0943A3CFE5A" box="[1134,1328,412,435]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
Western
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB51DB7F0943A3CFE5A" box="[1227,1328,412,435]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Australia</taxonomicName>
</collectingRegion>
, where it is only found in thickets of
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB518E6F0C83D6EFE3E" box="[410,610,448,471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB518E6F0C83D6EFE3E" box="[410,610,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Melaleuca hamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB51B0DF0C83DFEFE3E" box="[625,754,448,471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB51B0DF0C83DFEFE3E" box="[625,754,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">M. uncinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and an unnamed
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB51ACFF0C83B74FE3E" box="[947,1144,448,471]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB51ACFF0C83B28FE3E" box="[947,1060,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Melaleuca</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
of the
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB51DBAF0C83A44FE3E" box="[1222,1352,448,471]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB51DBAF0C83A44FE3E" box="[1222,1352,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">M. uncinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0A2D5C61CFFB519F3F0EC3E54FE12" author="Brown, A. &amp; Dixon, K. W. &amp; French, C. &amp; Brockman, G." box="[143,344,484,507]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" refId="ref1933" refString="Brown, A., Dixon, K. W., French, C. &amp; Brockman, G. (2013) Field guide to the orchids of Western Australia: the definitive guide to the native orchids of Western Australia. Simon Nevill Publications, Perth, 513 pp." type="book" year="2013">
Brown
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB5199DF0EC3E1BFE12" box="[225,279,484,507]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). This differs from the other Western Australian species,
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB51AC6F0EC3B38FE12" authorityName="Rogers" authorityYear="1928" box="[954,1076,484,507]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gardneri">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB51AC6F0EC3B38FE12" box="[954,1076,484,507]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">R. gardneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is only found in thickets of
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB519F4F3003D17FDF6" authority="Craven &amp; Lepschi" authorityName="Craven &amp; Lepschi" box="[136,539,520,543]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scalena">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB519F4F3003E5CFDF6" box="[136,336,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Melaleuca scalena</emphasis>
Craven &amp; Lepschi
</taxonomicName>
between Babakin and Corrigin in the central Wheatbelt (
<figureCitation id="130AC3A1C61CFFB51D01F3003BB2FDF6" box="[1149,1214,520,543]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="3.[136,229,2054,2075]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Distribution of Rhizanthella in Western Australia." pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4E8FACC61CFFB519F4F90E3DEDF7F2" box="[136,737,2054,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" startId="3.[136,229,2054,2075]" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61CFFB519F4F90E3DEDF7F2" blockId="3.[136,737,2054,2075]" box="[136,737,2054,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB519F4F90E3FF2F7F2" bold="true" box="[136,254,2054,2075]" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB518EBF90E3D1CF7F2" authorityName="Rogers" authorityYear="1928" box="[407,528,2054,2075]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="78" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61CFFB518EBF90E3D1CF7F2" box="[407,528,2054,2075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="78">Rhizanthella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Western
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61CFFB51BFEF90E3DD1F7F2" box="[642,733,2054,2075]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Australia</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32B8CAFC61BFFB219C1F1A83DC5FE12" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61BFFB219C1F1A83C35FE82" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,1011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB219C1F1A83E37FF5E" bold="true" box="[189,315,160,183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Ecology:—</emphasis>
Plants are holomycotrophic and acquire nutrients from a shared mycorrhizal fungus (
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB21DADF1A83AAFFF5E" box="[1233,1443,160,183]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Ceratobasidiaceae" genus="Ceratobasidium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Cantharellales" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21DADF1A83A71FF5E" box="[1233,1405,160,183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Ceratobasidium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
) association with the fine root systems of
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB21B3DF1CC3C05FF32" box="[577,777,196,219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hamata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21B3DF1CC3C05FF32" box="[577,777,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Melaleuca hamata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB21A42F1CC3CB3FF32" box="[830,959,196,219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uncinata">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21A42F1CC3CB3FF32" box="[830,959,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">M. uncinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and grow in coarse sandy clay or sandy loam with a thin layer of surface leaf litter. The specialised holomycotrophic association with a fungus that links the orchid to the root system of a specific autotrophic host is key to explaining why
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB21A37F0043B4FFECA" box="[843,1091,268,291]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Rhizanthella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="johnstonii">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21A37F0043B4FFECA" box="[843,1091,268,291]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Rhizanthella johnstonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to only a few sites. In this tripartite relationship, the autotrophic host provides nutrients and carbon (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0A2D5C61BFFB21AB5F0383BBCFEAE" author="Bougoure, J. J. &amp; Brundrett, M. C. &amp; Grierson, P. F." box="[969,1200,304,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" pagination="947 - 956" refId="ref1890" refString="Bougoure, J. J., Brundrett, M. C. &amp; Grierson, P. F. (2010) Carbon and nitrogen supply to the underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri. New Phytologist 186: 947 - 956." type="journal article" year="2010">
Bougoure
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21D47F0383B7DFEAE" box="[1083,1137,304,327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), and thus conservation of the orchid is reliant on ensuring the health of the host species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61BFFB219C1F0703DC5FE12" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,1011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB219C1F0703EA4FE66" bold="true" box="[189,424,376,399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Specimens examined</emphasis>
:—
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB218BBF0703D68FE66" box="[455,612,376,399]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">AUSTRALIA</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingRegion id="49F511C6C61BFFB21B17F0703C26FE66" box="[619,810,376,399]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
Western
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB21BB8F0703C26FE66" box="[708,810,376,399]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Australia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Australia</taxonomicName>
</collectingRegion>
: Ravensthorpe, Munglinup,
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61BFFB21D2DF0703BD1FE66" box="[1105,1245,376,399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" value="2002-06-25">25 June 2002</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21D99F0703FC7FE5A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Braun &amp; Brundrett 3740a</emphasis>
(PERTH 6873626!);
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61BFFB218CAF0943D46FE5A" box="[438,586,412,435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" value="2002-06-26">26 June 2002</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21B2BF0943C7CFE5A" box="[599,880,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Braun &amp; Brundrett 3740b</emphasis>
(PERTH 6873618!);
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61BFFB21D20F0943A06FE5A" box="[1116,1290,412,435]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" value="1979-12">December 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21C6AF0943AA7FE5A" box="[1302,1451,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Chapman s.n.</emphasis>
(PERTH 998575!);
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61BFFB21824F0C83EF9FE3E" box="[344,501,448,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" value="1979-08-01">1 August 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21882F0C83D9AFE3E" box="[510,662,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">George 15733</emphasis>
(PERTH 3218910!);
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61BFFB21A05F0C83B21FE3E" box="[889,1069,448,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" value="1979-10-13">13 October 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21D4AF0C83BC2FE3E" box="[1078,1230,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">George 15779</emphasis>
(PERTH 7862016!);
<date id="FF8FF9E4C61BFFB219F4F0EC3E15FE12" box="[136,281,484,507]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" value="1979-05-26">26 May 1979</date>
,
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21858F0EC3ECBFE12" box="[292,455,484,507]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">McGuiness s.n.</emphasis>
(PERTH 288594!,
<collectingCountry id="F3269FB4C61BFFB21BEBF0EC3DB1FE12" box="[663,701,484,507]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">US</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B8CAFC61BFFB219C1F3003DECFC1A" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61BFFB219C1F3003FC7FD62" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,1011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB219C1F3003E50FDF6" bold="true" box="[189,348,520,543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Etymology:—</emphasis>
We name this species in recognition of Lionel Johnston, who has worked tirelessly and without reward on the many field trips to resolve the distributional status of this new taxon. His unwavering support of orchid conservation and his life-long support of KWD’s programme of orchid research is also acknowledged with the publication of this new taxon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8EDF24C61BFFB219C1F3903DECFC1A" blockId="4.[136,1452,160,1011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB219C1F3903E76FD46" bold="true" box="[189,378,664,687]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Conservation:—</emphasis>
We recommend this species to be listed as rare flora as the species is highly restricted to a narrow band of vegetation along drainage systems on sandy loams between the
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61BFFB21A3BF3B43C92FD3A" box="[839,926,700,723]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="350.0">350 mm</quantity>
and
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61BFFB21AADF3B43B24FD3A" box="[977,1064,700,723]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
isohyets. It is likely the species may have occurred in higher rainfall zones, but the vegetation has been extensively cleared or is unsuitable habitat (clays, sands or rocky soils). Despite extensive surveys for the species east and west along the
<quantity id="4CC972C1C61BFFB21ABAF20C3B5EFCF2" box="[966,1106,772,795]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="375.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="350.0">350–400 mm</quantity>
isohyet band and in drier climes north of the current distribution range the species was not located due to lack of suitable
<taxonomicName id="4C31A4A7C61BFFB21D3AF2203BBBFCD6" box="[1094,1207,808,831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9450336C61BFFB21D3AF2203BBBFCD6" box="[1094,1207,808,831]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="79">Melaleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thickets, unfavourable soil or unfavourable hydrology (e. g. swamps). Because of its subterranean habit, it is difficult to make a complete IUCN red list assessment, but we expect this species to fall in one of the categories of threat, most likely Critically Endangered (CR B1a,b(i,iii), B2a,b(ii,iii);
<bibRefCitation id="EFA0A2D5C61BFFB218EAF29C3D14FC42" author="IUCN" box="[406,536,916,939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="79" refId="ref2130" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN red list categories and criteria, version 3.1, second edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, 32 pp." type="book" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
), because the species has a single location, a small number of known individuals and a projected continued decline due to the extensive clearing of the habitat, impacts of climate change and continued habitat alteration due to feral animal grazing and weed impacts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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