treatments-xml/data/02/75/87/027587C9BD7F3025FD5C1D324FBAE01C.xml

<document id="4A3DB6508F2A4F95589FF4CFE57CB800" ID-CLB-Dataset="3916" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3879.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4b976ba3-1a7b-4dd5-8afb-630b7cc8a695" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4949051" ID-ZooBank="6423894B-97D9-4286-ABB9-D4AF072B57FD" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623702926238" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Borkent, Art" docDate="2014" docId="027587C9BD7F3025FD5C1D324FBAE01C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03879p327.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3879 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Macropeza Meigen" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="84" masterDocId="FE4CFFB1BD2E3076FFF81A154D70E204" masterDocTitle="The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera" masterLastPageNumber="327" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1699015668130" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FF9B2AD7984C36B6C45641313FD7EAD1">The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera</mods:title>
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<treatment id="027587C9BD7F3025FD5C1D324FBAE01C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5593029" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189161025" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5593029" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:027587C9BD7F3025FD5C1D324FBAE01C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/027587C9BD7F3025FD5C1D324FBAE01C" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7F3027FD5C1D324EFEE546" box="[676,910,1831,1858]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7F3027FD5C1D324EFEE546" blockId="81.[436,1151,1831,1891]" box="[676,910,1831,1858]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7F3027FD5C1D324EFEE546" ID-CoL="5JJ5" ID-ENA="1874303" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[676,910,1831,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7F3027FD5C1D324EFEE546" bold="true" box="[676,910,1831,1858]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7F3027FD5C1D324E5AE545" bold="true" box="[676,810,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Macropeza</emphasis>
Meigen
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7F3027FE4C1D5F490FE567" box="[436,1151,1866,1891]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7F3027FE4C1D5F490FE567" blockId="81.[436,1151,1831,1891]" box="[436,1151,1866,1891]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
(
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FE441D5F4F5CE567" box="[444,556,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="257.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[215,1366,217,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-122@257.[203,1398,210,1827]" captionTargetPageId="257" captionText="FIGURE 12. Habitus. A. Pellucidomyia leei, male, in dorsal view (from Debenham 1970). B. Dibezzia prominens, sex unknown, in dorsal view (form Mayer 1934c). C. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in dorsal view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007, modified). D. Mallochohelea munda, male, in ventral view (from Szadziewski et al. 1997). E. Sphaeromias fasciata, sex unknown, in dorsal view (from Mayer 1934a). F. Bezzia glabra, female, in ventral view (from Thomsen 1937). G. Palpomyia sp., male, in dorsal view (from Grogan &amp; Wirth 1979). H. Paryphoconus oliveirai, female, in ventral view (modified from Ronderos et al. 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949100/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Figs. 12C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FDC01D5F4F1AE567" box="[568,618,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="266.[151,250,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,192,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-122@266.[160,1419,186,1818]" captionTargetPageId="266" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Elson- Harris 1987). C. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). D. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). E. Mallochohelea termophila (from Spinelli 1984, modified). F. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). G. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). H. Nilobezzia basispinigera (from Elson-Harris 1987). I. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). J. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). K. Lanatomyia electra (from Elson-Harris 1987). L. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949136/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">21D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FD8E1D5F4FD8E567" box="[630,680,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="271.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[190,1393,203,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-66@271.[189,1408,203,1924]" captionTargetPageId="271" captionText="FIGURE 26. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Echinohelea lanei (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Heteromyia wokei. D. Pellucidomyia leei. E. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Hebetula tonnoiri. G. Jenkinshelea magnipennis H. Macropeza bayeri." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949162/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">26H</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FD4C1D5F4F9BE567" box="[692,747,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">30M</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FD0F1D5F4E39E567" box="[759,841,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="283.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[195,1395,204,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-66@283.[186,1417,186,1925]" captionTargetPageId="283" captionText="FIGURE 38. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Macropeza sp. (from Laos). F. Mallochohelea caudellii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949194/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">38D–E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FCAD1D5F4E0EE567" box="[853,894,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="290.[151,250,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[222,1373,186,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-193@290.[202,1384,184,1720]" captionTargetPageId="290" captionText="FIGURE 45. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). B. Clinohelea bimaculata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified). C. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). D. Heteromyia clavata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). E. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). F. Pellucidomyia geari (from de Meillon &amp; Wirth 1981). G. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). H. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Debenham 1974). I. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). K. Mallochohelea albihalter (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). M. Probezzia xanthogaster (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). N. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011). O. Nilobezzia aranea (from Elson-Harris 1987). P. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). Q. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). R. Lanatomyia electra (from Debenham 1974). S. Lanatomyia miles (from Debenham 1974). T. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949212/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">45J</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FC711D5F4ECCE567" box="[905,956,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">51D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FC301D5F4969E567" box="[968,1049,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="310.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[192,1405,216,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-54@310.[184,1415,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="310" captionText="FIGURE 65. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. B. Macropeza natalensis. C. Macropeza sp. (from Laos)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949284/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">65B–C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FBDD1D5F4907E567" box="[1061,1143,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 76" captionStartId="321.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,181,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-185@321.[215,1375,177,1746]" captionTargetPageId="321" captionText="FIGURE 76. Abdominal segments 9. A. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in ventral view (modified from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). B. Macropeza albitarsis, female, in ventral view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). C. Mallochohelea termophila, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1984). D. Mallochohelea termophila, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1984). E. Probezzia pallida, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). F. Neobezzia fittkaui, male, in dorsal view (from Ronderos, et al. 2011). G. Nilobezzia virago, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). H. Johannsenomyia argentata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). I. Johannsenomyia argentata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Lanatomyia miles, female, in dorsal view (from Elson- Harris 1987). K. Anebomyia atripes, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Anebomyia atripes, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949324/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">76A–B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7F3024FF6F1D874944E319" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7F3024FF6F1D874944E319" blockId="81.[151,1436,1938,2035]" lastBlockId="82.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7F3027FF6F1D874C44E5AF" bold="true" box="[151,308,1938,1963]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
: Only pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7F3027FE271D874FEEE5AF" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2014" box="[479,670,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
with the metathorax with only one campaniform sensillum (M-3-T) situated at least ⅓ the length of the metathorax from its anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FC391DA34958E5CB" box="[961,1064,1974,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
), abdominal segment 4 with L-1- IV a short seta (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7F3027FEAD1DCF4CCDE5F7" box="[341,445,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="310.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[192,1405,216,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-54@310.[184,1415,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="310" captionText="FIGURE 65. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. B. Macropeza natalensis. C. Macropeza sp. (from Laos)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949284/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 65B</figureCitation>
) and L-3-IV situtated well anterior of L-2-IV; also unique with D-2-I and D-3-I well separated (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FEEF1A824CF3E2B4" box="[279,387,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
) and L-1-VIII present (for all species other than 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FC1F1A8C49F5E2B4" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[999,1157,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FC1F1A8C49F5E2B4" box="[999,1157,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">M. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); also unique with the metathorax with only one campaniform sensillum (M-3-T) situated at least ⅓ the length of the metathorax from its anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FEAD1ACA4CCDE2FC" box="[341,445,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
) and D-4-IV situated between D-8-IV and D-9-IV (except for 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FB7F1AF4486FE2FC" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1159,1311,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FB7F1AF4486FE2FC" box="[1159,1311,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">M. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but in that species D-4-V and D-4-VI are between D-8 and D-9 of their respective segments).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7C3024FF3F1B32492DE4E4" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="description">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7C3024FF3F1B32492DE4E4" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FF3F1B324CFAE344" bold="true" box="[199,394,295,320]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">DESCRIPTION</emphasis>
: Habitus as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FDC31B324FD2E344" box="[571,674,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="257.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[215,1366,217,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-122@257.[203,1398,210,1827]" captionTargetPageId="257" captionText="FIGURE 12. Habitus. A. Pellucidomyia leei, male, in dorsal view (from Debenham 1970). B. Dibezzia prominens, sex unknown, in dorsal view (form Mayer 1934c). C. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in dorsal view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007, modified). D. Mallochohelea munda, male, in ventral view (from Szadziewski et al. 1997). E. Sphaeromias fasciata, sex unknown, in dorsal view (from Mayer 1934a). F. Bezzia glabra, female, in ventral view (from Thomsen 1937). G. Palpomyia sp., male, in dorsal view (from Grogan &amp; Wirth 1979). H. Paryphoconus oliveirai, female, in ventral view (modified from Ronderos et al. 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949100/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
. Total length = 
<quantity id="4D249B3ABD7C3024FCA21B324972E33B" box="[858,1026,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.735" metricValueMax="4.88" metricValueMin="2.59" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="3.735" valueMax="4.88" valueMin="2.59">2.59–4.88 mm</quantity>
. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of midleg, wing (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB851B59499CE361" box="[1149,1260,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="261.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,199,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-85@261.[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="261" captionText="FIGURE 16. Anterior portion of heads. A. Parabezzia huberti, in ventral view (distorted slide specimen). B. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA), ventrolateral view. C. Clinohelea curriei, in ventral view. D. Heteromyia clavata, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Heteromyia wokei, in ventral, slightly lateral view. F. Pellucidomyia leei, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949118/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 16B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB0E1B594859E361" box="[1270,1321,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">33B</figureCitation>
). Ecdysial tear extending into eye sheath (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FDBA1B7A4FC5E38C" box="[578,693,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="262.[151,250,1910,1932]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,178,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-91@262.[158,1431,175,1896]" captionTargetPageId="262" captionText="FIGURE 17. Anterior portion of heads. A. Jenkinshelea sp., in ventral view (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). B. Mallochohelea caudellii., in ventral view. C. Sphaeromias longipennis, in ventral view. D. Bezzia sp., in ventral view (6 km E Salmon Arm, BC, Canada). E. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada), in ventral view. F. Phaenobezzia sp., in ventral view (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949120" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949120/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 17A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FD3C1B7A4F9DE38C" box="[708,749,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 79" captionStartId="324.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,201,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-148@324.[184,1406,195,1847]" captionTargetPageId="324" captionText="FIGURE 79. Evolution of ecdysial sutures and splits in pupal exuviae of Ceratopogonidae, head and anterior portion of thorax in ventral view. Numbers refer to character states of characters 2 and 8 in text. Red indicates ecdysial splits. A. Leptoconopinae. B. Forcipomyiinae. C. Dasyheleinae. D. Most Ceratopogonini. E. Most Ceratopogonini, Clinohelea. F. Allohelea, Atyphohelea, Parabezzia. G. Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia, Hebetula. H. most Sphaeromiini s. lat., most Palpomyiini, Paryphoconus; some Bezzia are nearly completed fused (as in Fig. 79I), with only the dorsal apotome separate, along with an ecdysial split along the base of the antenna and the dorsal thoracic split. I. Jenkinshelea, Macropeza, Mallochohelea, Probezzia, Neobezzia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949336/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">79I</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FCFB1B7A4E33E38C" bold="true" box="[771,835,367,392]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Head</emphasis>
: Dorsal apotome (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FBE21B7A49F4E38C" box="[1050,1156,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="266.[151,250,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,192,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-122@266.[160,1419,186,1818]" captionTargetPageId="266" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Elson- Harris 1987). C. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). D. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). E. Mallochohelea termophila (from Spinelli 1984, modified). F. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). G. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). H. Nilobezzia basispinigera (from Elson-Harris 1987). I. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). J. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). K. Lanatomyia electra (from Elson-Harris 1987). L. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949136/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
), without ventral line of weakness, without dorsomedial tubercle, without central dome; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB141B814820E3A9" box="[1260,1360,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="258.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-99@258.[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="258" captionText="FIGURE 13. Anterior portion of heads and thoraces, in anterior or anterodorsal view. A. Leptoconops kerteszi, ecdysial sutures of head enhanced to show position. B. Culicoides denticulatus. C. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. D. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). E. Alluaudomyia bella, dorsal apotome absent. F. Clinohelea curriei. G. Pellucidomyia leei. H. Mallochohelea caudellii. I. Bezzia sp. (from Bolean Lake, BC, Canada)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949104/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
) fused to scutum, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB791BA24999E3D4" box="[1153,1257,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="271.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[190,1393,203,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-66@271.[189,1408,203,1924]" captionTargetPageId="271" captionText="FIGURE 26. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Echinohelea lanei (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Heteromyia wokei. D. Pellucidomyia leei. E. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Hebetula tonnoiri. G. Jenkinshelea magnipennis H. Macropeza bayeri." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949162/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium separated medially by labrum, hypopharynx; apex of antenna (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FCFB1BEA4EE8E01C" box="[771,920,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="283.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[195,1395,204,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-66@283.[186,1417,186,1925]" captionTargetPageId="283" captionText="FIGURE 38. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Macropeza sp. (from Laos). F. Mallochohelea caudellii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949194/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 38D–E</figureCitation>
) anterior to posterior to, posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FF6718524C60E064" box="[159,272,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="266.[151,250,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[182,1405,192,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-122@266.[160,1419,186,1818]" captionTargetPageId="266" captionText="FIGURE 21. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Elson- Harris 1987). C. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). D. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). E. Mallochohelea termophila (from Spinelli 1984, modified). F. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). G. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). H. Nilobezzia basispinigera (from Elson-Harris 1987). I. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). J. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). K. Lanatomyia electra (from Elson-Harris 1987). L. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949136/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
)—1 elongate seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1 seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; clypeal-labrals (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FD8B18794FAEE081" box="[627,734,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="271.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[190,1393,203,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-66@271.[189,1408,203,1924]" captionTargetPageId="271" captionText="FIGURE 26. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Echinohelea lanei (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Heteromyia wokei. D. Pellucidomyia leei. E. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Hebetula tonnoiri. G. Jenkinshelea magnipennis H. Macropeza bayeri." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949162/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
)—2 slender or thick setae; oculars (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB6018794872E081" box="[1176,1282,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="271.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[190,1393,203,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-66@271.[189,1408,203,1924]" captionTargetPageId="271" captionText="FIGURE 26. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Echinohelea lanei (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Heteromyia wokei. D. Pellucidomyia leei. E. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Hebetula tonnoiri. G. Jenkinshelea magnipennis H. Macropeza bayeri." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949162/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
)—2 setae, 1 campaniform sensillum. 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FE53189A4F74E0AC" bold="true" box="[427,516,655,680]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Thorax</emphasis>
: Prothoracic extension (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FCEC189A4E09E0AC" box="[788,889,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="271.[151,250,1955,1977]" captionTargetBox="[190,1393,203,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-66@271.[189,1408,203,1924]" captionTargetPageId="271" captionText="FIGURE 26. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Echinohelea lanei (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Heteromyia wokei. D. Pellucidomyia leei. E. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Hebetula tonnoiri. G. Jenkinshelea magnipennis H. Macropeza bayeri." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949162" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949162/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 26H</figureCitation>
) wide, well-developed, extending from palpus to antenna; mesonotum without or with well-developed moderately sized tubercles, not extending posteromedially, not dividing metathorax medially (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FDD018C24FE3E0F4" box="[552,659,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
); respiratory organ (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FC8718C24EAEE0F4" box="[895,990,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="290.[151,250,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[222,1373,186,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-193@290.[202,1384,184,1720]" captionTargetPageId="290" captionText="FIGURE 45. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). B. Clinohelea bimaculata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979, modified). C. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). D. Heteromyia clavata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1977). E. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris &amp; Kettle 1986). F. Pellucidomyia geari (from de Meillon &amp; Wirth 1981). G. Dibezzia prominens (from Mayer 1934c). H. Hebetula tonnoiri (from Debenham 1974). I. Jenkinshelea albaria (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Macropeza albitarsis (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). K. Mallochohelea albihalter (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Probezzia pallida (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). M. Probezzia xanthogaster (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). N. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011). O. Nilobezzia aranea (from Elson-Harris 1987). P. Nilobezzia virago (from Elson-Harris 1987). Q. Johannsenomyia argentata (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). R. Lanatomyia electra (from Debenham 1974). S. Lanatomyia miles (from Debenham 1974). T. Anebomyia atripes (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949212" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949212/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 45J</figureCitation>
) length/width = 2.15–4.31, very short, squat to elongate, somewhat flattened apically, with pores closely abutting at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single row, outer surface with some wrinkles, with short, wide to moderately elongate pedicel, base with short to elongate posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ short, tracheal tube straight to slightly curved along length, with spirals restricted to base, wrinkles to half length; wing (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FBAC19724998E184" box="[1108,1256,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="283.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[195,1395,204,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-66@283.[186,1417,186,1925]" captionTargetPageId="283" captionText="FIGURE 38. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Macropeza sp. (from Laos). F. Mallochohelea caudellii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949194/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 38D–E</figureCitation>
) without apical tubercle or angle, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB9F199949BDE1A1" box="[1127,1229,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 33A</figureCitation>
) broadly abutting; halter apex abutting anterolateral knob-like extension of tergite 2; legs (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FC4E19BA4936E1CC" box="[950,1094,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="283.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[195,1395,204,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-66@283.[186,1417,186,1925]" captionTargetPageId="283" captionText="FIGURE 38. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Macropeza sp. (from Laos). F. Mallochohelea caudellii." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949194/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 38D–E</figureCitation>
) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FB7519C14985E1E9" box="[1165,1269,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 33E</figureCitation>
); with apex of foreleg moderately anterior to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally, small ventral lobe; sensilla: anteromedials—1 short, 1 elongate seta, 0–1 campaniform sensillum (as in 
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FAE31E0948FEE631" box="[1307,1422,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="276.[151,250,1885,1907]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,178,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-106@276.[177,1424,178,1864]" captionTargetPageId="276" captionText="FIGURE 31. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces; anteromedial setae. A. Homohelea delanoe. B. Leehelea hispida. C. Sphaeromias longipennis. D. Xenohelea galatea. E. Bezzia nobilis. F. Clastrieromyia dycei. G. Pachyhelea pachymera. H. Palpomyia jonesi. I. Phaenobezzia mashonensis. J. Paryphoconus oliveirai. K. Echinohelea lanei, partial lateral view (distorted slide specimen). L. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsal view. M. Palpomyia (JAD685), dorsolateral view. N. Probezzia seminigra, dorsal view of left side." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949178/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 31N</figureCitation>
); anterolaterals—1 moderately long seta; dorsal setae (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FD1E1E2A4E22E65C" box="[742,850,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 30M</figureCitation>
)—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-5-T peg-like setae or setae, D-4- T elongate seta or peg-like seta, D-3-T campaniform sensillum; D-1-T, D-2-T on single tubercle, D-3-T lateral to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FCBE1E924EDEE6A4" box="[838,942,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
)—1 campaniform sensillum; M-3-T distant from margin of metathorax (at least 1/3 length of metathorax). 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FC941EB94E90E6C1" bold="true" box="[876,992,1196,1221]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Abdomen</emphasis>
: with tergite 1 with 3 medial spots (in female only), tergites 2–7 with medial area with stripe, 2 anterolateral spots, sternites 3–7 with medial stripe, anterolateral spot, segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, peg-like or thin to thick setae, with rounded to pointed or bifid, short to moderately elongate tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, not membranous or with sternites 5–7 each with membranous disc; segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FC021F2949FDE751" box="[1018,1165,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 76" captionStartId="321.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,181,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-185@321.[215,1375,177,1746]" captionTargetPageId="321" captionText="FIGURE 76. Abdominal segments 9. A. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in ventral view (modified from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). B. Macropeza albitarsis, female, in ventral view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). C. Mallochohelea termophila, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1984). D. Mallochohelea termophila, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1984). E. Probezzia pallida, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). F. Neobezzia fittkaui, male, in dorsal view (from Ronderos, et al. 2011). G. Nilobezzia virago, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). H. Johannsenomyia argentata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). I. Johannsenomyia argentata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Lanatomyia miles, female, in dorsal view (from Elson- Harris 1987). K. Anebomyia atripes, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Anebomyia atripes, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949324/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 76A–B</figureCitation>
) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posterolaterally to nearly laterally, tapering to pointed apex; sensilla: tergite 1 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FDFC1F914F1AE799" box="[516,618,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 51" captionStartId="296.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[184,1397,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-64@296.[174,1406,183,1922]" captionTargetPageId="296" captionText="FIGURE 51. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Dibezzia debenhamae. B. Hebetula tonnoiri (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. D. Macropeza natalensis. E. Mallochohelea caudellii. F. Probezzia sabroskyi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949230/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 51D</figureCitation>
) with 8 setae, 2 campaniform sensilla, including 4 lateral sensilla, D-2-I, D-3-I well separated, D-7-I situated anterolaterally near L-1-I; segment 4 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FC201FB24942E7C4" box="[984,1074,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="310.[151,250,1984,2006]" captionTargetBox="[192,1405,216,1945]" captionTargetId="figure-54@310.[184,1415,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="310" captionText="FIGURE 65. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. B. Macropeza natalensis. C. Macropeza sp. (from Laos)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949284/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 65</figureCitation>
B-C)—D-2-IV, D-3-IV elongate setae; D-2-IV on elongate or bifid tubercle, D-3-IV on bump or bifid tubercle; D-5-IV peg-like seta, D-8-IV, D-9- IV short to moderately elongate setae, D-7-IV present or absent; D-5-IV on single bifid tubercle, D-8-IV, D-9-IV on separate but closely approximated tubercles, posterior dorsal sensilla in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D-4-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV or D-5-IV, D-8-IV, D-4-IV, D-9-IV; D-7-IV, if present, near D-3-IV; L-1- IV short to moderately elongate seta on short tubercle, near L-3-IV; L-2-IV, L-4-IV short setae, L-3-IV moderately elongate seta, L-2-IV, on pointed or bifid tubercles, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short to moderately elongate setae, on short bilobed tubercles, all closely approximated or with only V-5-IV, V-6-IV close; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, with L-1-VIII; segment 9 (
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD7C3024FE3A1CD24F6DE4E4" box="[450,541,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 76" captionStartId="321.[151,250,1765,1787]" captionTargetBox="[225,1365,181,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-185@321.[215,1375,177,1746]" captionTargetPageId="321" captionText="FIGURE 76. Abdominal segments 9. A. Macropeza albitarsis, male, in ventral view (modified from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). B. Macropeza albitarsis, female, in ventral view (from Szadziewski &amp; Dominiak, 2007). C. Mallochohelea termophila, male, in ventral view (from Spinelli 1984). D. Mallochohelea termophila, female, in dorsal view (from Spinelli 1984). E. Probezzia pallida, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). F. Neobezzia fittkaui, male, in dorsal view (from Ronderos, et al. 2011). G. Nilobezzia virago, female, in dorsal view (from Elson-Harris 1987). H. Johannsenomyia argentata, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). I. Johannsenomyia argentata, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). J. Lanatomyia miles, female, in dorsal view (from Elson- Harris 1987). K. Anebomyia atripes, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979). L. Anebomyia atripes, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949324/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Figs. 76</figureCitation>
A-B)—with D-5-IX, D-6-IX campaniform sensilla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7C3024FF3F1CF94F9CE574" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7C3024FF3F1CF94F9CE574" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FF3F1CF94F1AE501" bold="true" box="[199,618,1772,1797]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT</emphasis>
: The genus 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FCF31CF84EF8E500" box="[779,904,1773,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FCF31CF84EF8E500" box="[779,904,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Macropeza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from 22 species in the Nearctic, Palaearctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical Regions (
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FD491D1A4E21E52C" authority="Borkent, 2014" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2014" box="[689,849,1807,1832]" genus="Borkent" pageId="82" pageNumber="92" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD7C3024FD491D1A4E21E52C" author="Borkent" box="[689,849,1807,1832]" firstAuthor="Borkent" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref177229" refString="Borkent, A. (2014) World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Available from: http: // www. inhs. illinois. edu / research / FLYTREE / Borkent. html (accessed 20 May 2014)" type="url" year="2014">Borkent 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FC9B1D044951E523" authorityName="Meillon &amp; Wirth" authorityYear="1981" box="[867,1057,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geari">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FC9B1D044951E523" box="[867,1057,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Macropeza geari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FB241D1A480EE52C" box="[1244,1406,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Pellucidomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FB241D1A480EE52C" box="[1244,1406,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pellucidomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a new combination above. Immatures have been collected from mud and among plants at stream and river margins, reservoirs, and from aquatic plants (
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FDD31D4D4FABE56B" box="[555,731,1880,1903]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Pistia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stratiotes">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FDD31D4D4FABE56B" box="[555,731,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pistia stratiotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7C3025FF3F1D694CFEE344" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7C3024FF3F1D694DA1E5BD" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FF3F1D694F5CE591" bold="true" box="[199,556,1916,1941]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION</emphasis>
: The pupae of four named species of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FC211D684926E590" box="[985,1110,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FC211D684926E590" box="[985,1110,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Macropeza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been described (
<tableCitation id="C75E0364BD7C3024FAA91D694DB4E5BD" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="174.[147,245,486,512]" captionStartId-1="242.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1771,751,1679]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1428,341,1978]" captionTargetPageId-0="174" captionTargetPageId-1="242" captionText-0="TABLE 2. References to species of Ceratopogonidae described as eggs, larvae and/or pupae. Species studied as pupae in the current study have their name highlighted in bold font. Stages studied are referred to as 'E' for egg, 'L' for larva and 'P' for pupa. Taxa are arrangement phyletically by subfamily and tribe (some of which are paraphyletic) and within tribes genera are listed alphabetically. Subfamilies are abbreviated as follows: Lept.— Leptoconopinae, Forc.—Forcipomyiinae, Dasy.—Dasyheleinae, Cera.—Ceratopogoninae. References highlighted in bold font are those with SEM photomicrographs. Theses are cited only when their results have not been published. Duplicated figures or repeated descriptions by subsequent authors are not listed here. Fossil taxa are identified with a cross (†). The species name in bold indicates only that named material of the pupa was studied, not that the cited author's specimens were reexamined (although in many instances they were). The larva of Jenkinshelea albaria was tentatively associated by Wirth &amp; Grogan 1979 (not reared); see discussion by Knausenberger, 1987:248." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Number of named extant species with described immatures for genera of Ceratopogonidae (taxa of uncertain identity or identified only as &quot;sp.&quot; are not included). Only genera with at least one immature stage known are listed. Percentages of described species within that genus are those for which those stages are known. Number of named species from Borkent (2014), with a few additions as noted in the Taxonomic Discussion under some genera. Taxa are arranged phyletically by subfamily and tribe and within tribes genera are listed alphabetically." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA36657BD8030D8FF6B1BF34923E0EC" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA36657BDDC3084FF6F1A8D496DE336" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" tableUuid-0="DEA36657BD8030D8FF6B1BF34923E0EC" tableUuid-1="DEA36657BDDC3084FF6F1A8D496DE336">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7C3025FF3F1DD14CFEE344" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="83.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
All species of 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FE801DD04C85E5D8" box="[376,501,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FE801DD04C85E5D8" box="[376,501,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Macropeza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, other than 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7C3024FD731DD04E57E5D9" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[651,807,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7C3024FD731DD04E57E5D9" box="[651,807,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">M. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are nearly unique in having L-1-VIII on abdominal segment 8 (see character 71). In addition, nearly all species have another synapomorphy, with D-4-IV between D- 8-IV and D-9-IV. In 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7D3025FE781AA84F67E2D1" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[384,535,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FE781AA84F67E2D1" box="[384,535,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">M. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the sensilla is medial to D-8-IV and D-9-IV but is between the two comparable sensilla on abdominal segments 5 and 6. These observations may suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7D3025FBEB1AF449DCE2FC" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[1043,1196,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FBEB1AF449DCE2FC" box="[1043,1196,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">M. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the sister group to the remaining 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7D3025FEC71B104CCCE318" box="[319,444,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FEC71B104CCCE318" box="[319,444,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Macropeza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined or alternately, that the single specimen available had aberrantly distributed sensilla on segment 4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD7D3025FF3F1B594FBAE01C" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD7D3025FF3F1B594FBAE01C" blockId="83.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FF3F1B594F73E361" bold="true" box="[199,515,332,357]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">MATERIAL EXAMINED</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7D3025FDED1B584FD7E361" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[533,679,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albitarsis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FDED1B584FD7E361" box="[533,679,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">M. albitarsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 2 pupal exuviae, Piława river, Szwecja nr Wałcz, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD7D3025FB0E1B594837E361" box="[1270,1351,332,357]" name="Poland" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Poland</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD7D3025FAAD1B594DBFE38C" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" value="2007-07-05">5-VII- 2007</date>
(
<collectionCode id="ECCDAE1ABD7D3025FF271B7A4C58E38C" box="[223,296,367,392]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/26db-tnj6" name="Istituto di Zoologia dell'Universita" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">IZUG</collectionCode>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7D3025FEC41B644CDAE38C" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[316,426,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bayeri">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FEC41B644CDAE38C" box="[316,426,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">M. bayeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1 pupal exuviae (of 
<typeStatus id="5567887DBD7D3025FD661B7A4E73E38C" box="[670,771,367,392]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
), M’posa River, Empangeni, Zululand, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD7D3025FB3C1B7A4828E38C" box="[1220,1368,367,392]" name="South Africa" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD7D3025FA9C1B7A4DBFE3A9" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" value="1937-01-14">14-I- 1937</date>
(SAIM). 
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD7D3025FEB81B804CA9E3A9" baseAuthorityName="Meillon" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[320,473,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Macropeza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FEB81B804CA9E3A9" box="[320,473,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">M. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1 pupal exuviae, Manypuza River, INYONI, Zululand, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD7D3025FB9C1B814988E3A9" box="[1124,1272,404,429]" name="South Africa" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD7D3025FAFD1B8148ECE3A9" box="[1285,1436,404,429]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" value="1936-08-19">19-VIII-1936</date>
(SAIM). 
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD7D3025FF071BAC4C66E3D4" box="[255,278,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">M</emphasis>
. sp.: 1 pupal exuviae, Nam Houng River Margin, Moung Sayaboury, Sayaboury Province, 
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD7D3025FAC81BAD4819E3CB" box="[1328,1385,440,463]" name="Laos" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Laos</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="FE62101FBD7D3025FA8F1BA24D8FE3F1" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" value="1967-12-17">17- XII-1967</date>
(BPBM); 2 pupal exuviae (different species), as previous locality, 
<date id="FE62101FBD7D3025FBEC1BC949B6E3F1" box="[1044,1222,476,501]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" value="1967-12-17" valueMax="1967-12-20" valueMin="1967-12-17">17-20-XII-1967</date>
(BPBM); 1 pupal exuviae, as previous locality, 
<date id="FE62101FBD7D3025FE1A1BEA4F2BE01C" box="[482,603,511,536]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" value="1968-01-06" valueMax="1968-01-09" valueMin="1968-01-06">6-9-I-1968</date>
(BPBM).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>