221 lines
56 KiB
XML
221 lines
56 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8EBC06E828A68B0B2AE0C0BE51B62D37">The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C0929CE40DC231D78615DCA8C595FD5F">Borkent, Art</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0227F85C0A55E114A2A308C914575DAE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0FB6A1AA1F89F61B0F6DA61D99B21A21">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9FD49BFAAA392C8DAFBCD6093E4A57FD">2014-10-31</mods:number>
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<treatment id="027587C9BD6D3032FD5718A14C41E13C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5592997" ID-GBIF-Taxon="189161037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5592997" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:027587C9BD6D3032FD5718A14C41E13C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/027587C9BD6D3032FD5718A14C41E13C" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6D3035FD5718A14EF3E0CA" ID-CoL="SCV" ID-ENA="1874478" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[687,899,692,718]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FD5718A14EF3E0CA" bold="true" box="[687,899,692,718]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FD5718A14E53E0CA" bold="true" box="[687,803,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Allohelea</emphasis>
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Kieffer
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD6D3035FE1418C34936E0EB" box="[492,1094,726,751]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6D3035FE1418C34936E0EB" blockId="67.[492,1094,692,751]" box="[492,1094,726,751]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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(
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE0D18C34F14E0EB" box="[501,612,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="260.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[165,1428,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-103@260.[165,1429,181,1891]" captionTargetPageId="260" captionText="FIGURE 15. Anterior portion of heads. A. Culicoides denticulatus, in anteroventral view. B. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus, in anterior view. C. Brachypogon sp., in anterior view (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). D. Stilobezzia antennalis, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Allohelea japonica, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present (distorted slide specimen). F. Atyphohelea macroneura, in ventral view, right side of head, dorsal apotome not present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949112" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949112/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figs. 15E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FD9718C34FD2E0EB" box="[623,674,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="265.[151,250,1825,1847]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,189,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-141@265.[151,1436,177,1819]" captionTargetPageId="265" captionText="FIGURE 20. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Stilobezzia soror (from Mayer 1934c). B. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia pallidiventris (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). G. Serromyia sp.. H. Allohelea japonica. I. Monohelea obscura. J. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). K. Parabezzia alexanderi male (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). L. Parabezzia alexanderi female (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). M. Clinohelea dryas (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). N. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). O. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth & Grogan 1977, modified). P. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949134/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">20H</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FD5518C34FADE0EB" box="[685,733,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="270.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[178,1389,211,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-73@270.[177,1396,206,1927]" captionTargetPageId="270" captionText="FIGURE 25. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). C. Schizonyxhelea bulla. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). G. Atyphohelea macroneura. H. Parabezzia huberti." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949154/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">25E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FD1018C34E6AE0EB" box="[744,794,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">30B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FCDD18C34E24E0EB" box="[805,852,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="281.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[191,1380,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-61@281.[183,1402,204,1925]" captionTargetPageId="281" captionText="FIGURE 36. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia lutea. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949190/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">36E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FC9818C34EE3E0EB" box="[864,915,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="289.[151,250,1730,1752]" captionTargetBox="[238,1376,198,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-184@289.[205,1387,192,1716]" captionTargetPageId="289" captionText="FIGURE 44. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Alluaudomyia latipennis (from Debenham 1971). B. Alluaudomyia footei (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Baeodasymyia christopheri (from Borkent & Craig 1999). D. Austrohelea campbellensis. E. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). F. Stilobezzia glauca (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Stilobezzia ochracea (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). H. Stilobezzia diversa (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). I. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). J. Stilobezzia navaiae (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). K. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). L. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, as a Stilobezzia). M. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). N. Serromyia femorata (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). O. Allohelea japonica. P.Monohelea hirsuta (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). Q. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). R. Parabezzia alexanderi (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). S. Parabezzia huberti (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). T. Echinohelea lanei (from Wirth 1994b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949208/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">44O</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FC6618C34EBEE0EB" box="[926,974,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="294.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[190,1406,216,1939]" captionTargetId="figure-60@294.[181,1412,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="294" captionText="FIGURE 49. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Austrohelea campbellensis. B. Stilobezzia antennalis. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949224/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">49E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FC2118C3497DE0EB" box="[985,1037,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 61" captionStartId="306.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,219,1942]" captionTargetId="figure-59@306.[181,1412,213,1952]" captionTargetPageId="306" captionText="FIGURE 61. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Monohelea hirsuta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949268/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">61A</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FBE018C3494EE0EB" box="[1048,1086,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="319.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[224,1348,183,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-195@319.[222,1356,183,1717]" captionTargetPageId="319" captionText="FIGURE 74. Abdominal segments 9. A. Baeodasymyia michaeli, female, in dorsal view (modified from Borkent & Craig 1999). B. Austrohelea campbellensis, female, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). C. Stilobezzia lutea, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia lutea, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Stilobezzia rabelloi, male, in ventral view (from Borkent & Craig 2001). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Schizonyxhelea forattinii, female, in ventral view (from Borkent 2000a). H. Serromyia sp., female (in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). I. Allohelea japonica, female, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). J. Monohelea obscura, male, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). K. Atyphohelea macroneura, female, in dorsal view (from Borkent 1998). L. Parabezzia huberti, male, in ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949316/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">74I</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD6D3035FF6F190B4E17E17B" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6D3035FF6F190B4E17E17B" blockId="67.[151,1437,798,2011]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FF6F190B4C44E133" bold="true" box="[151,308,798,823]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
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: Only pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6D3035FE1D190B4FD4E133" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2014" box="[485,676,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
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with the thorax and abdomen with moderately developed rounded tubercles (
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FEF519574CF0E15F" box="[269,384,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figs. 30B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE7519574CB0E15F" box="[397,448,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 61" captionStartId="306.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,219,1942]" captionTargetId="figure-59@306.[181,1412,213,1952]" captionTargetPageId="306" captionText="FIGURE 61. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Monohelea hirsuta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949268/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">61A</figureCitation>
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, as in 33A) and the respiratory organ with a separate pore at midlength, in addition to those at its apex and, in one other species, at its base (
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<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FD0919734E2AE17B" box="[753,858,870,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="289.[151,250,1730,1752]" captionTargetBox="[238,1376,198,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-184@289.[205,1387,192,1716]" captionTargetPageId="289" captionText="FIGURE 44. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Alluaudomyia latipennis (from Debenham 1971). B. Alluaudomyia footei (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Baeodasymyia christopheri (from Borkent & Craig 1999). D. Austrohelea campbellensis. E. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). F. Stilobezzia glauca (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Stilobezzia ochracea (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). H. Stilobezzia diversa (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). I. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). J. Stilobezzia navaiae (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). K. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). L. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, as a Stilobezzia). M. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). N. Serromyia femorata (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). O. Allohelea japonica. P.Monohelea hirsuta (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). Q. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). R. Parabezzia alexanderi (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). S. Parabezzia huberti (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). T. Echinohelea lanei (from Wirth 1994b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949208/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44O</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD6D3032FF3F199F4D89E3A9" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6D3032FF3F199F4D89E3A9" blockId="67.[151,1437,798,2011]" lastBlockId="68.[151,1437,151,824]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
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<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FF3F199F4CFAE1A7" bold="true" box="[199,394,906,931]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">DESCRIPTION</emphasis>
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: Total length =
|
||
<quantity id="4D249B3ABD6D3035FDA0199F4FB6E1A6" box="[600,710,906,931]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="3.25">3.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of face, midleg, wing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FC8B19BB4EA7E1C3" box="[883,983,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="260.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[165,1428,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-103@260.[165,1429,181,1891]" captionTargetPageId="260" captionText="FIGURE 15. Anterior portion of heads. A. Culicoides denticulatus, in anteroventral view. B. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus, in anterior view. C. Brachypogon sp., in anterior view (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). D. Stilobezzia antennalis, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Allohelea japonica, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present (distorted slide specimen). F. Atyphohelea macroneura, in ventral view, right side of head, dorsal apotome not present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949112" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949112/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 15E</figureCitation>
|
||
, as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FBE519BB49F3E1C3" box="[1053,1155,942,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 33B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ecdysial tear extending into eye sheath (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FEA019C74CBAE1EF" box="[344,458,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="260.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[165,1428,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-103@260.[165,1429,181,1891]" captionTargetPageId="260" captionText="FIGURE 15. Anterior portion of heads. A. Culicoides denticulatus, in anteroventral view. B. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus, in anterior view. C. Brachypogon sp., in anterior view (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). D. Stilobezzia antennalis, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Allohelea japonica, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present (distorted slide specimen). F. Atyphohelea macroneura, in ventral view, right side of head, dorsal apotome not present." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949112" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949112/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figs. 15E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE2119C74F79E1EF" box="[473,521,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 79" captionStartId="324.[151,250,1861,1883]" captionTargetBox="[192,1396,201,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-148@324.[184,1406,195,1847]" captionTargetPageId="324" captionText="FIGURE 79. Evolution of ecdysial sutures and splits in pupal exuviae of Ceratopogonidae, head and anterior portion of thorax in ventral view. Numbers refer to character states of characters 2 and 8 in text. Red indicates ecdysial splits. A. Leptoconopinae. B. Forcipomyiinae. C. Dasyheleinae. D. Most Ceratopogonini. E. Most Ceratopogonini, Clinohelea. F. Allohelea, Atyphohelea, Parabezzia. G. Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia, Hebetula. H. most Sphaeromiini s. lat., most Palpomyiini, Paryphoconus; some Bezzia are nearly completed fused (as in Fig. 79I), with only the dorsal apotome separate, along with an ecdysial split along the base of the antenna and the dorsal thoracic split. I. Jenkinshelea, Macropeza, Mallochohelea, Probezzia, Neobezzia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949336/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">79F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FDE719C74F2EE1EF" bold="true" box="[543,606,978,1003]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Head</emphasis>
|
||
: Dorsal apotome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FCC119C74ED5E1EF" box="[825,933,978,1003]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="265.[151,250,1825,1847]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,189,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-141@265.[151,1436,177,1819]" captionTargetPageId="265" captionText="FIGURE 20. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Stilobezzia soror (from Mayer 1934c). B. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia pallidiventris (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). G. Serromyia sp.. H. Allohelea japonica. I. Monohelea obscura. J. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). K. Parabezzia alexanderi male (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). L. Parabezzia alexanderi female (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). M. Clinohelea dryas (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). N. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). O. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth & Grogan 1977, modified). P. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949134/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
|
||
), without ventral line of weakness, without dorsomedial tubercle, without central dome; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FBD419E349E2E60B" box="[1068,1170,1014,1039]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="258.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-99@258.[172,1416,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="258" captionText="FIGURE 13. Anterior portion of heads and thoraces, in anterior or anterodorsal view. A. Leptoconops kerteszi, ecdysial sutures of head enhanced to show position. B. Culicoides denticulatus. C. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. D. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). E. Alluaudomyia bella, dorsal apotome absent. F. Clinohelea curriei. G. Pellucidomyia leei. H. Mallochohelea caudellii. I. Bezzia sp. (from Bolean Lake, BC, Canada)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949104/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 13H</figureCitation>
|
||
) fused to scutum, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FC301E0F495CE637" box="[968,1068,1050,1075]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="270.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[178,1389,211,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-73@270.[177,1396,206,1927]" captionTargetPageId="270" captionText="FIGURE 25. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). C. Schizonyxhelea bulla. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). G. Atyphohelea macroneura. H. Parabezzia huberti." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949154/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium separated medially by labrum, hypopharynx; apex of antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE001E774F2AE67F" box="[504,602,1122,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="281.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[191,1380,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-61@281.[183,1402,204,1925]" captionTargetPageId="281" captionText="FIGURE 36. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia lutea. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949190/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36E</figureCitation>
|
||
) anterior to posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FC401E934956E69B" box="[952,1062,1158,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="265.[151,250,1825,1847]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,189,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-141@265.[151,1436,177,1819]" captionTargetPageId="265" captionText="FIGURE 20. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Stilobezzia soror (from Mayer 1934c). B. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia pallidiventris (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). G. Serromyia sp.. H. Allohelea japonica. I. Monohelea obscura. J. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). K. Parabezzia alexanderi male (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). L. Parabezzia alexanderi female (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). M. Clinohelea dryas (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). N. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). O. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth & Grogan 1977, modified). P. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949134/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 20H</figureCitation>
|
||
)—1 short seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1 seta, no campaniform sensillum; clypeal-labrals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FAFF1EBF4819E6C7" box="[1287,1385,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="270.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[178,1389,211,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-73@270.[177,1396,206,1927]" captionTargetPageId="270" captionText="FIGURE 25. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). C. Schizonyxhelea bulla. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). G. Atyphohelea macroneura. H. Parabezzia huberti." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949154/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
||
)—2 minute setae; oculars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE691EDB4C83E6E3" box="[401,499,1230,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="270.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[178,1389,211,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-73@270.[177,1396,206,1927]" captionTargetPageId="270" captionText="FIGURE 25. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). C. Schizonyxhelea bulla. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). G. Atyphohelea macroneura. H. Parabezzia huberti." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949154/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
||
)—2 setae, 2 campaniform sensilla.
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FC7C1EDB4EADE6E3" bold="true" box="[900,989,1230,1255]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: Prothoracic extension (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FB151EDB483FE6E3" box="[1261,1359,1230,1255]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="270.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[178,1389,211,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-73@270.[177,1396,206,1927]" captionTargetPageId="270" captionText="FIGURE 25. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). C. Schizonyxhelea bulla. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). G. Atyphohelea macroneura. H. Parabezzia huberti." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949154" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949154/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25E</figureCitation>
|
||
) wide, well-developed, extending from palpus to antenna; mesonotum with well-developed moderately sized tubercles, not extending posteromedially, with slight protuberance, not dividing metathorax medially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FB5F1F03487EE72B" box="[1191,1294,1302,1327]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="294.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[190,1406,216,1939]" captionTargetId="figure-60@294.[181,1412,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="294" captionText="FIGURE 49. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Austrohelea campbellensis. B. Stilobezzia antennalis. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949224/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 49E</figureCitation>
|
||
); respiratory organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FF141F2F4C28E757" box="[236,344,1338,1363]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="289.[151,250,1730,1752]" captionTargetBox="[238,1376,198,1685]" captionTargetId="figure-184@289.[205,1387,192,1716]" captionTargetPageId="289" captionText="FIGURE 44. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Alluaudomyia latipennis (from Debenham 1971). B. Alluaudomyia footei (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Baeodasymyia christopheri (from Borkent & Craig 1999). D. Austrohelea campbellensis. E. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). F. Stilobezzia glauca (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Stilobezzia ochracea (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). H. Stilobezzia diversa (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). I. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). J. Stilobezzia navaiae (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). K. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). L. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, as a Stilobezzia). M. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). N. Serromyia femorata (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). O. Allohelea japonica. P.Monohelea hirsuta (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). Q. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). R. Parabezzia alexanderi (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). S. Parabezzia huberti (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). T. Echinohelea lanei (from Wirth 1994b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949208" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949208/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 44O</figureCitation>
|
||
) length/width = 3.42, moderately elongate, somewhat flattened apically, with pores closely abutting at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single row, with 3 additional more basal pores, outer surface smooth, with moderately elongate, wide pedicel, base with very slender posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ short, tracheal tube straight to slightly curved along length, with spirals restricted to base, distally with plate; wing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE3F1FDF4F5EE7E7" box="[455,558,1482,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="281.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[191,1380,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-61@281.[183,1402,204,1925]" captionTargetPageId="281" captionText="FIGURE 36. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia lutea. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949190/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with slight angle lateral to apex of hind leg, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FD921FFB4FA2E403" box="[618,722,1518,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="278.[151,250,1883,1905]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-110@278.[176,1420,177,1860]" captionTargetPageId="278" captionText="FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949184/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 33A</figureCitation>
|
||
) broadly abutting; halter apex abutting anterolateral knob-like extension of tergite 2; legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FE341C074F5FE42F" box="[460,559,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="281.[151,250,1950,1972]" captionTargetBox="[191,1380,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-61@281.[183,1402,204,1925]" captionTargetPageId="281" captionText="FIGURE 36. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia lutea. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949190/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 36E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FDA81C234FC5E44B" box="[592,693,1590,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="277.[151,250,1887,1909]" captionTargetBox="[174,1419,183,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-104@277.[173,1420,183,1869]" captionTargetPageId="277" captionText="FIGURE 32. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Austroconops mcmillani. B. Leptoconops linleyi. C. Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) sp. (Florida, USA). D. Atrichopogon sp. (from 6.5 km NW Enderby, BC, Canada). E. Dasyhelea sp., in anteroventral view (Herman Lake, 4 km SE Eagle Bay, BC, Canada). F. Dasyhelea oppresa. G. Culicoides denticulatus. H. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. I. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). J. Alluaudomyia bella. K. Baeodasymyia michaeli. L. Stilobezzia antennalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949182/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 32L</figureCitation>
|
||
); with apex of foreleg ventral to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally; sensilla: anteromedials—2 setae, 1 thicker than other; anterolaterals—1 very short seta (or perhaps a campaniform sensillum but with shagreen making identification uncertain); dorsal setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FF671CB74C73E4BF" box="[159,259,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="275.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,193,1797]" captionTargetId="figure-119@275.[161,1426,193,1813]" captionTargetPageId="275" captionText="FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949174" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949174/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 30B</figureCitation>
|
||
)—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T, D-5-T very short setae, D-3-T campaniform sensillum; D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T on well-developed tubercle, D-5-T on separate well-developed tubercle, D-3-T posterior to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FD761CFF4F83E507" box="[654,755,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="294.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[190,1406,216,1939]" captionTargetId="figure-60@294.[181,1412,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="294" captionText="FIGURE 49. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Austrohelea campbellensis. B. Stilobezzia antennalis. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949224/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 49E</figureCitation>
|
||
)—2 campaniform sensilla; M-3-T near anterior margin of metathorax (difficult to discern among shagreen).
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6D3035FD371D1B4E33E523" bold="true" box="[719,835,1806,1831]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: without pigmentation pattern, segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, peg-like or thin to thick setae, with rounded, short to moderately elongate tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, each without membranous disc; segment 9 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FAF61D434819E56B" box="[1294,1385,1878,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="319.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[224,1348,183,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-195@319.[222,1356,183,1717]" captionTargetPageId="319" captionText="FIGURE 74. Abdominal segments 9. A. Baeodasymyia michaeli, female, in dorsal view (modified from Borkent & Craig 1999). B. Austrohelea campbellensis, female, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). C. Stilobezzia lutea, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia lutea, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Stilobezzia rabelloi, male, in ventral view (from Borkent & Craig 2001). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Schizonyxhelea forattinii, female, in ventral view (from Borkent 2000a). H. Serromyia sp., female (in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). I. Allohelea japonica, female, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). J. Monohelea obscura, male, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). K. Atyphohelea macroneura, female, in dorsal view (from Borkent 1998). L. Parabezzia huberti, male, in ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949316/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 74I</figureCitation>
|
||
) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posterodorsolaterally, tapering to pointed apex; sensilla: tergite 1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3035FDBA1D8B4FDAE5B3" box="[578,682,1950,1975]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="294.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[190,1406,216,1939]" captionTargetId="figure-60@294.[181,1412,210,1949]" captionTargetPageId="294" captionText="FIGURE 49. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Austrohelea campbellensis. B. Stilobezzia antennalis. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949224" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949224/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 49E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with 5 setae, 1 campaniform sensillum (difficult to discern in shagreen), including 2 lateral sensilla, 1 seta?, D-7-I absent (or not discernible in shagreen); segment 4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6D3032FA971DD74DB6E2B4" captionStart="FIGURE 61" captionStartId="306.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[190,1402,219,1942]" captionTargetId="figure-59@306.[181,1412,213,1952]" captionTargetPageId="306" captionText="FIGURE 61. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). B. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). C. Monohelea hirsuta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949268/files/figure.png" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 61A</figureCitation>
|
||
)—D-2-IV peg-like seta on elongate tubercle, D-3-IV short seta on low tubercle; D-5-IV peg-like seta, D-8-IV, D-9-IV short setae, D-7-IV absent or not visible among shagreen; D-5-IV and D-4-IV on elongate tubercle, D-8-IV and D-9-IV on elongate tubercle, posterior dorsal sensilla on two tubercles in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D-4-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV; L-1-IV short peg on elongate tubercle, well anterior of posterior lateral setae; L-2-IV, L-3-IV short setae on separate elongate tubercles, L-4-IV short seta without tubercle, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short setae, on rounded tubercles, V-6-IV, V-7-IV on single tubercle; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, without L-1-VIII; segment 9 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="12E72A5ABD6A3032FE6C1B7A4C81E38C" box="[404,497,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="319.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[224,1348,183,1717]" captionTargetId="figure-195@319.[222,1356,183,1717]" captionTargetPageId="319" captionText="FIGURE 74. Abdominal segments 9. A. Baeodasymyia michaeli, female, in dorsal view (modified from Borkent & Craig 1999). B. Austrohelea campbellensis, female, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). C. Stilobezzia lutea, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia lutea, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Stilobezzia rabelloi, male, in ventral view (from Borkent & Craig 2001). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Schizonyxhelea forattinii, female, in ventral view (from Borkent 2000a). H. Serromyia sp., female (in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). I. Allohelea japonica, female, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). J. Monohelea obscura, male, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). K. Atyphohelea macroneura, female, in dorsal view (from Borkent 1998). L. Parabezzia huberti, male, in ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4949316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4949316/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fig. 74I</figureCitation>
|
||
)—with D-5-IX campaniform sensillum, D-6-IX possibly absent (dense shagreen present).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD6A3032FF3F1BA24952E01C" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6A3032FF3F1BA24952E01C" blockId="68.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FF3F1BA24F17E3D4" bold="true" box="[199,615,439,464]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT</emphasis>
|
||
: The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FCFB1BA24E1EE3D4" box="[771,878,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FCFB1BA24E1EE3D4" box="[771,878,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Allohelea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from 57 species from every Region worldwide (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FEE71BC94CB2E3F1" authority="Borkent, 2014" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2014" box="[287,450,476,501]" genus="Borkent" pageId="68" pageNumber="92" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD6A3032FEE71BC94CB2E3F1" author="Borkent" box="[287,450,476,501]" firstAuthor="Borkent" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" refId="ref177229" refString="Borkent, A. (2014) World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Available from: http: // www. inhs. illinois. edu / research / FLYTREE / Borkent. html (accessed 20 May 2014)" type="url" year="2014">Borkent 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The two species known as immatures have been collected among grass on a stream margin or from damp soil in a swampy area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD6A3032FD771BEA4E3DE01C" author="Glukhova" box="[655,845,511,536]" firstAuthor="Glukhova" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 230" refId="ref183637" refString="Glukhova, V. M. (1979 a) Larvae of the Biting Midges of the subfamilies Heteromyiini + Sphaeromiini + Palpomyiini + Stenoxenini and Ceratopogoninae of the Fauna of the USSR (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae = Heleidae). AN SSSR, Opredeliteli po faune SSSR, 121, pp. 1 - 230. [Nauk, SSSR, Leningrad, in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1979" yearSuffix="a">Glukhova 1979a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD6A3032FCA11BEA4966E01C" author="de Meillon" box="[857,1046,511,536]" firstAuthor="de Meillon" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="9 - 25" refId="ref180917" refString="De Meillon, B. (1939) Notes on Ceratopogonidae (Dipt. Nematocera) from southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 1, 9 - 25." type="journal article" year="1939">de Meillon 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD6A3032FF3F1831491EE0F4" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6A3032FF3F18314812E0A3" blockId="68.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FF3F18314F5CE039" bold="true" box="[199,556,548,573]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION</emphasis>
|
||
: There are only two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FC6D18314970E039" box="[917,1024,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FC6D18314970E039" box="[917,1024,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Allohelea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known as pupae (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C75E0364BD6A3032FB371831483FE039" box="[1231,1359,548,573]" captionStart-0="TABLE 2" captionStart-1="TABLE 3" captionStartId-0="174.[147,245,486,512]" captionStartId-1="242.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1771,751,1679]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1428,341,1978]" captionTargetPageId-0="174" captionTargetPageId-1="242" captionText-0="TABLE 2. References to species of Ceratopogonidae described as eggs, larvae and/or pupae. Species studied as pupae in the current study have their name highlighted in bold font. Stages studied are referred to as 'E' for egg, 'L' for larva and 'P' for pupa. Taxa are arrangement phyletically by subfamily and tribe (some of which are paraphyletic) and within tribes genera are listed alphabetically. Subfamilies are abbreviated as follows: Lept.— Leptoconopinae, Forc.—Forcipomyiinae, Dasy.—Dasyheleinae, Cera.—Ceratopogoninae. References highlighted in bold font are those with SEM photomicrographs. Theses are cited only when their results have not been published. Duplicated figures or repeated descriptions by subsequent authors are not listed here. Fossil taxa are identified with a cross (†). The species name in bold indicates only that named material of the pupa was studied, not that the cited author's specimens were reexamined (although in many instances they were). The larva of Jenkinshelea albaria was tentatively associated by Wirth & Grogan 1979 (not reared); see discussion by Knausenberger, 1987:248." captionText-1="TABLE 3. Number of named extant species with described immatures for genera of Ceratopogonidae (taxa of uncertain identity or identified only as "sp." are not included). Only genera with at least one immature stage known are listed. Percentages of described species within that genus are those for which those stages are known. Number of named species from Borkent (2014), with a few additions as noted in the Taxonomic Discussion under some genera. Taxa are arranged phyletically by subfamily and tribe and within tribes genera are listed alphabetically." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA36657BD8030D8FF6B1BF34923E0EC" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DEA36657BDDC3084FF6F1A8D496DE336" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" tableUuid-0="DEA36657BD8030D8FF6B1BF34923E0EC" tableUuid-1="DEA36657BDDC3084FF6F1A8D496DE336">Tables 2–3</tableCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FA7C18314D89E05B" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FA7C18314D89E05B" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the spirals are restricted to the base of the tracheal tube and the remaining portion is composed of distinctive (and unique) plates. Because
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD6A3032FDA418794E58E081" author="de Meillon" box="[604,808,620,645]" firstAuthor="de Meillon" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="9 - 25" refId="ref180917" refString="De Meillon, B. (1939) Notes on Ceratopogonidae (Dipt. Nematocera) from southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 1, 9 - 25." type="journal article" year="1939">de Meillon (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not show any modifications to the tracheal tube of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FF6F18854D8FE0A3" box="[151,255,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FF6F18854D8FE0A3" box="[151,255,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A. mimas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the modifications in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FE1518854F1EE0A3" box="[493,622,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FE1518854F1EE0A3" box="[493,622,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should considered an autapomorphy of that species for the present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6A3032FF3F18A1491EE0F4" blockId="68.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EE4D4B2EBD6A3032FF3F18A14CEDE0C9" author="De Meillon" box="[199,413,692,717]" firstAuthor="De Meillon" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" pagination="9 - 25" refId="ref180917" refString="De Meillon, B. (1939) Notes on Ceratopogonidae (Dipt. Nematocera) from southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 1, 9 - 25." type="journal article" year="1939">De Meillon (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested there were no sensilla on the abdomen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FBFB18A1491DE0C8" box="[1027,1133,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FBFB18A1491DE0C8" box="[1027,1133,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A. mimas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but likely the pronounced tubercles and heavy shagreen made these difficult to see (as is the case for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FC2418CD492DE0EB" box="[988,1117,728,751]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FC2418CD492DE0EB" box="[988,1117,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C2C66554BD6A3032FF3F18E94C41E13C" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A6336DFBD6A3032FF3F18E94C41E13C" blockId="68.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FF3F18E94F71E111" bold="true" box="[199,513,764,789]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">MATERIAL EXAMINED</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DDC4D5CBD6A3032FDE918E94FE2E110" box="[529,658,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Allohelea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A8EACDBD6A3032FDE918E94FE2E110" box="[529,658,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">A. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1 pupal exuviae, Komarovskii Nature Reserve, Primorskii Territory,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F2CB764FBD6A3032FF6F190A4D92E13C" box="[151,226,799,824]" name="Russia" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(ZIN).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |