235 lines
26 KiB
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235 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.789" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a5926121-e45e-4312-95a8-a0aad38b2df5" ID-PMC="PMC3088449" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-71-49" ID-PubMed="21594048" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-71-49" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 71" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the genus Antepione Packard with description of the new genus Pionenta Ferris (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae)" checkinTime="1451250866218" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ferris, Clifford D." docDate="2010" docId="E3AA2AB6385645930139EF46C128A45B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 71: 49-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 71" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.789" docTitle="Antepione thisoaria" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="FFFC2C54FFD6FFBD9850C02CFF96FFBC" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Antepione Packard with description of the new genus Pionenta Ferris (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1668165112411" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the genus Antepione Packard with description of the new genus Pionenta Ferris (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ferris, Clifford D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>71</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>49</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.789</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.789</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-71-49</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360891" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E3AA2AB6385645930139EF46C128A45B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E3AA2AB6385645930139EF46C128A45B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName authority="Guenee, 1857 [1858]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione thisoaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thisoaria">
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Antepione thisoaria (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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, 1857 [1858])
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 111-1959
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione sulphurata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulphurata">Antepione sulphurata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Packard, AS" journalOrPublisher="Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="A monograph of the geometrid moths or Phalaenidae of the United States" volume="10" year="1876">Packard 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 484
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Epione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epione depontanata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depontanata">Epione depontanata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Grote, AR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" pagination="73 - 92" title="Descriptions of North American Lepidoptera. No. 3." volume="3" year="1864">Grote 1864</bibRefCitation>
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: 90
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Eutrapela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eutrapela furciferata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furciferata">Eutrapela furciferata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Packard, AS" journalOrPublisher="Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="A monograph of the geometrid moths or Phalaenidae of the United States" volume="10" year="1876">Packard 1876</bibRefCitation>
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: 559
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gonopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gonopteryx rhomboidaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhomboidaria">Gonopteryx rhomboidaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Oberthuer, C" journalOrPublisher="Ennomidae, Guenee. Etudes de Lepidopterologie comparee" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" pagination="223 - 355" title="Revision des Phalenites decrites par Guenee dans le Species general des Lepidopteres (Tome IX) - Famille II" volume="6" year="1912">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Oberthür">Oberthuer</normalizedToken>
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1912
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 246, pl. 148, f. 1401
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Heterolocha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterolocha sulphurata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulphurata">Heterolocha sulphurata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Packard 1873</bibRefCitation>
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: 79
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Heterolocha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterolocha thisoaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thisoaria">Heterolocha thisoaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Guenee, A" editor="Boisduval, JBAD de" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="Vol. 9, Uranides et Phalenites 1" volumeTitle="Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres" year="1857 [1858]">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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1857 [1858]
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 106.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Hyperythra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyperythra arcasaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcasaria">Hyperythra arcasaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" title="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum" year="1860">Walker 1860</bibRefCitation>
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: 131
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Mimogonodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mimogonodes constricta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constricta">Mimogonodes constricta</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Warren, W" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" pagination="82 - 159" title="New genera and species of Geometridae." volume="2" year="1895">Warren 1895</bibRefCitation>
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: 149
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Sabulodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sabulodes thisoaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thisoaria">Sabulodes thisoaria</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, WTM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. 2" volume="274" year="1948">Forbes 1948</bibRefCitation>
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: 108
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracis azonax" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="azonax">Tetracis azonax</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Druce, H" journalOrPublisher="Biologia Centrali-Americana. Lepidoptera - Heterocera" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" volume="2" year="1892 - 1900">Druce 1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 54, pl. 46, f. 8
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Tetracis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetracis rivulata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivulata">Tetracis rivulata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Warren, W" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" pagination="408 - 507" title="New genera and species of Geometridae." volume="4" year="1897">Warren 1897</bibRefCitation>
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: 506
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Female HT (Fig. 1), country of origin not stated [MNHN].</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="fixation of type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Fixation of type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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The Central American taxa were not recognized and described until 1892 (azonax) and 1912 (rhomboidaria). On this basis, I infer that specimens from this region were not available to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
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in 1857 when he described thisoaria, and that the holotype was collected in eastern North America. In habitus, the HT matches exactly female specimens of the sulphuraria/sulphurata form. The HT was most probably collected in the Middle Atlantic region. I hereby fix the type locality as eastern North America. Based on my research, it appears that
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<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, WTM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. 2" volume="274" year="1948">Forbes (1948)</bibRefCitation>
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was the first to use the name thisoaria in the North American fauna.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="other material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
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84 specimens (a few by photograph) from Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mexico, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Nova Scotia, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Tennessee, Virginia. Additional distribution records were obtained
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="53" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
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individuals and several museums, including 439 from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
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Figures 1-4.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Antepione</taxonomicName>
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species. 1
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione thisoaria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thisoaria">Antepione thisoaria</taxonomicName>
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HT (dorsal and ventral) with pin labels (MNHN photo) 2
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione imitata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitata">Antepione imitata</taxonomicName>
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HT with pin labels (SEMC photo) 3
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione (Tetracis) indiscretata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indiscretata" subGenus="Tetracis">Antepione (Tetracis) indiscretata</taxonomicName>
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HT with pin labels (SEMC photo) 4
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione (Eugonobapta) constans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constans" subGenus="Eugonobapta">Antepione (Eugonobapta) constans</taxonomicName>
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HT, adult, pin labels (AMNH photo) and male genitalia. The balsam embedding medium has fogged with age producing the apparent lack of focus in the genitalia photo.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
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Antepione thisoaria is most easily separated from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione imitata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitata">Antepione imitata</taxonomicName>
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based on geography. It does not occur west of the 95th parallel, while
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione imitata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitata">Antepione imitata</taxonomicName>
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extends eastward
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="54" start="start">only</pageBreakToken>
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to west Texas, and is not recorded from Central America. In the male genitalia, the apical region of the valva lacks spines, which are present in the valva of imitata. In the female genitalia, the corpus bursae is initially swollen while not so in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione imitata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitata">Antepione imitata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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Adults. As described above for the genus. Genitalia.Figs 17-19. Two dissections (male and female) by author; illustrations in
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<bibRefCitation author="McGuffin, WC" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 182" title="Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae 4" volume="138" year="1987">McGuffin (1987, Figs 242g, 245e)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Pitkin, LM" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" pagination="121 - 401" title="Neotropical ennomine moths: a review of the genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)." volume="135" year="2002">Pitkin (2002, Figs 202, 460)</bibRefCitation>
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. Uncus stout, slightly decurved, tapering to a rounded tip; gnathos with unjoined slender arms, medial gnathos with a few small teeth; valva rounded at apex without spinesMale genitalia -, produced ventral ridge forming two short projections; anellus with two sclerotized spinose lobes; aedeagus truncate with one large narrow elliptical cornutus near base of vesica. Female genitalia - Apophyses long, slender; posterior apophyses ca. 1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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anterior apophyses; ductus bursae ridged, moderately short, partially sclerotized at posterior; corpus bursae without signum, corpus bursae without signum, oblong and initially swollen with membranous anterior sac; ductus seminalis originates at top of ductus bursae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="biology and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Biology and distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
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(Fig. 59).
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<bibRefCitation author="McGuffin, WC" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 182" title="Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera) II. Subfamily Ennominae 4" volume="138" year="1987">McGuffin (1987: 88-89)</bibRefCitation>
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described the early stages and cited three specific larval hosts:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus rugosa" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosa">Alnus rugosa</taxonomicName>
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(Du Roi) Spreng;
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Physocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Physocarpus opulifolius" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="opulifolius">Physocarpus opulifolius</taxonomicName>
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(L.) Maxim;
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus serotina" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">Prunus serotina</taxonomicName>
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Ehrh. Various additional larval hosts are reported in the literature in the families
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<taxonomicName genus="Aceraceae" lsidName="Aceraceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Aceraceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="Anacardiaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Betulaceae" lsidName="Betulaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName genus="Ebenaceae" lsidName="Ebenaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Ebenaceae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName genus="Rosaceae" lsidName="Rosaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="genus">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
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. The last instar larva was illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, publication FHTET- 2001 - 10" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" title="Geometrid caterpillars of northeastern and Appalachian forests" year="2001">Wagner et al. (2001, p. 155)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Wagner, DL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" title="Caterpillars of eastern North America" year="2005">Wagner (2005, p. 195)</bibRefCitation>
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. Adults fly
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<normalizedToken originalValue="April–May">April-May</normalizedToken>
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with an occasional mid-March and mid-June record,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="July–August">July-August</normalizedToken>
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with occasional September to mid-October records. There is one generation in Canada, and at least two southward. The distribution map (Fig. 59) represents the data that I was able to locate. The heavy distribution in Pennsylvania reflects intensive collecting in that state by CMNH personnel and volunteers. Undoubtedly similar efforts in neighboring areas should produce additional records. The overall range of this species is: in CANADA from Nova Scotia to Manitoba; in the UNITEDSTATES (county records in parentheses) then south and west to the Gulf states to the 95th parallel, including Alabama (Bibb, DeKalb, Jackson, Madison, Monroe), Arkansas (Logan, Montgomery, Polk, Scott, Washington), Connecticut (Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven, New London, Tolland, Windham), Georgia (Cherokee, Rabun), Illinois (Cook, Macon), Indiana (Elkhart, Jackson, Jasper, Lagrange, Laporte, Monroe, Newton, Perry, Pulaski, St. Joseph), Iowa (Johnson, Monroe), Kansas (Crawford), Kentucky (Bell, Boone, Bracken, Bulitt, Calloway, Carter, Fayette, Graves, Harlan, Jefferson, Madison, McCracken, Meade, Menifee, Metcalfe, Morgan, Muhlenberg, Oldham, Owsley, Powell, Rowan, Russell, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Covell CV, Jr" journalOrPublisher="Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission Scientific and Technical Series" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="The butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of Kentucky: an annotated checklist" volume="6" year="1999">Covell 1999</bibRefCitation>
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), Louisiana (Feliciana Parish), Maine (Aroostook, Franklin, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis), Maryland (Allegheny, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, Garrett, Harford, Howard, Washington, Worcester), Massachusetts (Berkshire, Dukes, Essex, Middlesex, Nantucket), Michigan (Berrien, Cass, Otsego), Minnesota (Houston), Mississippi (Franklin, George, Grenada, Harrison, Kemper, Lee, Marshall, Oktibbeha, Pike, Pontotoc, Tishomingo, Union, Warren, Webster, Winston), Missouri (Barry, Benton, Camden, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Greene, Jasper, Lafayette, Lewis, Madison, Morgan, Newton, Stoddard, Warren, Wayne), Nebraska (Cass), New Jersey (Burlington, Essex, Gloucester, Morris, Passaic,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="55" start="start">Sussex</pageBreakToken>
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, Union, Warren), New Hampshire (Rockingham), New York (Albany, Kings, Queens, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester), North Carolina (Allegheny, Ashe, Avery, Stokes, Swain, Transylvania), Ohio (Adams, Ashland, Ross, Wayne), Oklahoma (Cherokee, see
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson, JM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="Oklahoma Moth Species by County" url="http://www.biosurvey,ou.edu/ok_butterfly.html" year="2010">Nelson 2010</bibRefCitation>
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||
), Pennsylvania (Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Blair, Bucks, Butler, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Crawford, Dauphin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Lawrence, Northumberland, Perry, Somerset, Washington, Westmoreland, York), Rhode Island (Washington), South Carolina (Greenville), Tennessee (Louden, Wilson), Virginia (Augusta, Carroll, Giles), West Virginia (Cabell, Grant, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Mason, Monongalia, Monroe, Pendleton, Randolph, Roane, Wyoming); MEXICO (Michoacan state); CENTRAL AMERICA in Costa Rica and Guatemala
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Pitkin ,, LM" journalOrPublisher="Gayana Zoologia" pageId="15" pageNumber="64" pagination="121 - 155" title="A checklist to the Ennominae (Geometridae) of Costa Rica: taxonomy for a national biodiversity inventory." volume="60" year="1996">(Pitkin et al. 1996)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Covell CV, Jr" journalOrPublisher="Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="A field guide to the moths of eastern North America" year="1984">Covell (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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stated the westward range of the species to Texas. I have been unable to confirm Texas from museum records.
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, WTM" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. 2" volume="274" year="1948">Forbes (1948)</bibRefCitation>
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||
stated: "... varieties in Colorado, Texas, and Arizona." His
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“varieties”">"varieties"</normalizedToken>
|
||
are assumed to be
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione imitata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitata">Antepione imitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although the distribution map (Fig. 59) suggests occurrence of thisoaria in Florida, Vermont and Wisconsin, no records were found.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="55" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
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||
The gray spring form of the moth (Figs 11, 15) was described by Packard as the species furciferata. The male (Fig. 14) represents the summer form arcasaria, and the female (Fig. 16) represents the summer form sulphuraria = sulphurata.
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Packard, AS" journalOrPublisher="Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories" pageId="14" pageNumber="63" title="A monograph of the geometrid moths or Phalaenidae of the United States" volume="10" year="1876">Packard (1876)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Heterolocha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterolocha sulphuraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulphuraria">Heterolocha sulphuraria</taxonomicName>
|
||
Packard, 1873 as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Antepione" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Antepione sulphurata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulphurata">Antepione sulphurata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Once barcoding data are available, the disjunct distributions of Mexican and Central American populations may ultimately prove to be separate species, in which case the name azonax Druce, 1892 (Costa Rica, Guatemala) is available and has date priority over rhomboidaria
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Oberthür">Oberthuer</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1912 (Costa Rica) and rivulata Warren, 1897 (Costa Rica). The two female specimens in the CNC from Tuxpan, Michoacan, Mexico are exact matches for the sulphuraria/sulphurata phenotype and were collected in early August, 1959.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |