A revision of the genus Antepione Packard with description of the new genus Pionenta Ferris (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) Author Ferris, Clifford D. text ZooKeys 2010 71 49 70 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.789 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.71.789 1313-2970-71-49 Antepione thisoaria ( Guenee , 1857 [1858]) Figs 111-1959 Antepione sulphurata Packard 1876 : 484 Epione depontanata Grote 1864 : 90 Eutrapela furciferata Packard 1876 : 559 Gonopteryx rhomboidaria Oberthuer 1912 : 246, pl. 148, f. 1401 Heterolocha sulphurata Packard 1873 : 79 Heterolocha thisoaria Guenee 1857 [1858] : 106. Hyperythra arcasaria Walker 1860 : 131 Mimogonodes constricta Warren 1895 : 149 Sabulodes thisoaria Forbes 1948 : 108 Tetracis azonax Druce 1892 : 54, pl. 46, f. 8 Tetracis rivulata Warren 1897 : 506 Type material. Female HT (Fig. 1), country of origin not stated [MNHN]. Fixation of type locality. The Central American taxa were not recognized and described until 1892 (azonax) and 1912 (rhomboidaria). On this basis, I infer that specimens from this region were not available to Guenee in 1857 when he described thisoaria, and that the holotype was collected in eastern North America. In habitus, the HT matches exactly female specimens of the sulphuraria/sulphurata form. The HT was most probably collected in the Middle Atlantic region. I hereby fix the type locality as eastern North America. Based on my research, it appears that Forbes (1948) was the first to use the name thisoaria in the North American fauna. Other material examined. 84 specimens (a few by photograph) from Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mexico, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Nova Scotia, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Tennessee, Virginia. Additional distribution records were obtained from individuals and several museums, including 439 from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA. Figures 1-4. Antepione species. 1 Antepione thisoaria HT (dorsal and ventral) with pin labels (MNHN photo) 2 Antepione imitata HT with pin labels (SEMC photo) 3 Antepione (Tetracis) indiscretata HT with pin labels (SEMC photo) 4 Antepione (Eugonobapta) constans HT, adult, pin labels (AMNH photo) and male genitalia. The balsam embedding medium has fogged with age producing the apparent lack of focus in the genitalia photo. Diagnosis. Antepione thisoaria is most easily separated from Antepione imitata based on geography. It does not occur west of the 95th parallel, while Antepione imitata extends eastward only to west Texas, and is not recorded from Central America. In the male genitalia, the apical region of the valva lacks spines, which are present in the valva of imitata. In the female genitalia, the corpus bursae is initially swollen while not so in Antepione imitata . Description. Adults. As described above for the genus. Genitalia.Figs 17-19. Two dissections (male and female) by author; illustrations in McGuffin (1987, Figs 242g, 245e) ; Pitkin (2002, Figs 202, 460) . Uncus stout, slightly decurved, tapering to a rounded tip; gnathos with unjoined slender arms, medial gnathos with a few small teeth; valva rounded at apex without spinesMale genitalia -, produced ventral ridge forming two short projections; anellus with two sclerotized spinose lobes; aedeagus truncate with one large narrow elliptical cornutus near base of vesica. Female genitalia - Apophyses long, slender; posterior apophyses ca. 1.8 x anterior apophyses; ductus bursae ridged, moderately short, partially sclerotized at posterior; corpus bursae without signum, corpus bursae without signum, oblong and initially swollen with membranous anterior sac; ductus seminalis originates at top of ductus bursae. Biology and distribution (Fig. 59). McGuffin (1987: 88-89) described the early stages and cited three specific larval hosts: Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng; Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim; Prunus serotina Ehrh. Various additional larval hosts are reported in the literature in the families Aceraceae , Anacardiaceae , Betulaceae , Ebenaceae , and Rosaceae . The last instar larva was illustrated by Wagner et al. (2001, p. 155) and Wagner (2005, p. 195) . Adults fly April-May with an occasional mid-March and mid-June record, July-August with occasional September to mid-October records. There is one generation in Canada, and at least two southward. The distribution map (Fig. 59) represents the data that I was able to locate. The heavy distribution in Pennsylvania reflects intensive collecting in that state by CMNH personnel and volunteers. Undoubtedly similar efforts in neighboring areas should produce additional records. The overall range of this species is: in CANADA from Nova Scotia to Manitoba; in the UNITEDSTATES (county records in parentheses) then south and west to the Gulf states to the 95th parallel, including Alabama (Bibb, DeKalb, Jackson, Madison, Monroe), Arkansas (Logan, Montgomery, Polk, Scott, Washington), Connecticut (Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven, New London, Tolland, Windham), Georgia (Cherokee, Rabun), Illinois (Cook, Macon), Indiana (Elkhart, Jackson, Jasper, Lagrange, Laporte, Monroe, Newton, Perry, Pulaski, St. Joseph), Iowa (Johnson, Monroe), Kansas (Crawford), Kentucky (Bell, Boone, Bracken, Bulitt, Calloway, Carter, Fayette, Graves, Harlan, Jefferson, Madison, McCracken, Meade, Menifee, Metcalfe, Morgan, Muhlenberg, Oldham, Owsley, Powell, Rowan, Russell, see Covell 1999 ), Louisiana (Feliciana Parish), Maine (Aroostook, Franklin, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis), Maryland (Allegheny, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, Garrett, Harford, Howard, Washington, Worcester), Massachusetts (Berkshire, Dukes, Essex, Middlesex, Nantucket), Michigan (Berrien, Cass, Otsego), Minnesota (Houston), Mississippi (Franklin, George, Grenada, Harrison, Kemper, Lee, Marshall, Oktibbeha, Pike, Pontotoc, Tishomingo, Union, Warren, Webster, Winston), Missouri (Barry, Benton, Camden, Cape Girardeau, Carter, Greene, Jasper, Lafayette, Lewis, Madison, Morgan, Newton, Stoddard, Warren, Wayne), Nebraska (Cass), New Jersey (Burlington, Essex, Gloucester, Morris, Passaic, Sussex , Union, Warren), New Hampshire (Rockingham), New York (Albany, Kings, Queens, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester), North Carolina (Allegheny, Ashe, Avery, Stokes, Swain, Transylvania), Ohio (Adams, Ashland, Ross, Wayne), Oklahoma (Cherokee, see Nelson 2010 ), Pennsylvania (Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Blair, Bucks, Butler, Centre, Chester, Clearfield, Crawford, Dauphin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Lawrence, Northumberland, Perry, Somerset, Washington, Westmoreland, York), Rhode Island (Washington), South Carolina (Greenville), Tennessee (Louden, Wilson), Virginia (Augusta, Carroll, Giles), West Virginia (Cabell, Grant, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Mason, Monongalia, Monroe, Pendleton, Randolph, Roane, Wyoming); MEXICO (Michoacan state); CENTRAL AMERICA in Costa Rica and Guatemala (Pitkin et al. 1996) . Covell (1984) stated the westward range of the species to Texas. I have been unable to confirm Texas from museum records. Forbes (1948) stated: "... varieties in Colorado, Texas, and Arizona." His "varieties" are assumed to be Antepione imitata . Although the distribution map (Fig. 59) suggests occurrence of thisoaria in Florida, Vermont and Wisconsin, no records were found. Remarks. The gray spring form of the moth (Figs 11, 15) was described by Packard as the species furciferata. The male (Fig. 14) represents the summer form arcasaria, and the female (Fig. 16) represents the summer form sulphuraria = sulphurata. Packard (1876) redescribed Heterolocha sulphuraria Packard, 1873 as Antepione sulphurata . Once barcoding data are available, the disjunct distributions of Mexican and Central American populations may ultimately prove to be separate species, in which case the name azonax Druce, 1892 (Costa Rica, Guatemala) is available and has date priority over rhomboidaria Oberthuer , 1912 (Costa Rica) and rivulata Warren, 1897 (Costa Rica). The two female specimens in the CNC from Tuxpan, Michoacan, Mexico are exact matches for the sulphuraria/sulphurata phenotype and were collected in early August, 1959.