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<document id="8E834144C7D783CDAB0D7C6300043157" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.13.004.0832" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13192853" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722623714260" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Pan, Xuming, Liu, Weiwei, Yi, Zhenzhen, Fan, Xinpeng, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. &amp; Lin, Xiaofeng" docDate="2013" docId="80298786FFC37D1B3963F9C6A740D1B8" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.52.1.35-49.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 52 (1)" docSource="https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/7e747b38-e86b-3f14-85d0-058b78439c1b/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:A2410F4AEE1F22C18462D14A0D03D0BF.1:ActaProtozool.2012-2013.journal_article" docStyleId="A2410F4AEE1F22C18462D14A0D03D0BF" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2012-2013.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Frontonia schaefferi Bullington 1939" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="7C10FFFEFFC47D12391AFFB8A36DD011" masterDocTitle="Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1722677146055" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="012DEB9D284BB3A2F2FABBF0200CA43C">Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners</mods:title>
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<treatment id="80298786FFC37D1B3963F9C6A740D1B8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192117" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13192117" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:80298786FFC37D1B3963F9C6A740D1B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/80298786FFC37D1B3963F9C6A740D1B8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC37D153963F9C6A2FFD769" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153963F9C6A3C2D6AA" blockId="7.[121,767,1662,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<heading id="537781FCFFC37D153963F9C6A3C2D6AA" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" reason="5">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153963F9C6A3C2D6AA" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC37D153963F9C6A124D689" authority="Bullington, 1939" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[121,585,1662,1688]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="schaefferi">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153963F9C6A219D689" bold="true" box="[121,372,1662,1688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Frontonia schaefferi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D153861F9C6A124D689" author="Bullington W. E." box="[379,585,1662,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153B42F9C6A1CCD689" box="[600,673,1662,1688]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="4502032BFFC37D153BB5F9C6A3E5D6AA" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[121,177,226,247]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data of Frontonia guangdongensis spec. nov. (upper row, bold font), F. ocularis Bullington, 1939 (middle row) and F. schaefferi Bullington, 1939 (lower row). Data according to protargol-impregnated specimens. All measurements in µm. Abbreviations: CV coefficient of variation in %, n number of specimens measured, SD standard deviation." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Tables 1</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="4502032BFFC37D15398DF919A3CAD6AA" box="[151,167,1697,1723]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[129,185,226,247]" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of marine or brackish Frontonia species isolated in China." pageId="7" pageNumber="42">2</tableCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153985F96BA2FFD769" blockId="7.[121,768,1747,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
When this species was first described by
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFC37D153B98F96BA3A7D701" author="Bullington W. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington (1939)</bibRefCitation>
, neither the details of its living morphology, nor a clearly-outlined diagnosis was given. Hence, an improved diagnosis based on both previous and present studies is supplied here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC37D153A51FF5AA01AD246" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153A51FF5AA01AD246" blockId="7.[806,1452,226,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153A51FF5AA724D0ED" bold="true" box="[843,1097,226,252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Improved diagnosis:</emphasis>
Marine or brackish
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFC37D153C35FF5AA6C8D0ED" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1838" box="[1327,1445,226,252]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153C35FF5AA6C8D0ED" box="[1327,1445,226,252]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Frontonia</emphasis>
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, about 95120 × 5065 μm
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153D44FEBDA7C1D10E" box="[1118,1196,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">in vivo</emphasis>
, elliptical or reniform with anterior end broad and posterior end slightly narrowed; small buccal field about 20% of body length; about 5980 somatic kineties; three vestibular and five postoral kineties; peniculi 1 and 2 each with four rows, peniculus 3 with two rows; macronucleus ellipsoidal, located in central region of body; one contractile vacuole, positioned on right-dorsal side at about 3/5 distance down body length and with about eight, long collecting canals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="409A651BFFC37D1B3A51FDE7A740D1B8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="description">
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D153A51FDE7A650D586" blockId="7.[806,1452,226,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153A51FDE7A675D268" bold="true" box="[843,1304,607,633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Description of Shenzhen population:</emphasis>
Size
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFC37D153C46FDE7A6C1D268" box="[1372,1452,607,633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">in vivo</emphasis>
about 95100 × 5055 μm. Elliptical or reniform in outline with anterior end broad and posterior end slightly narrowed (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AB9FD7FA710D2F0" box="[931,1149,711,737]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, B, H, I, K</figureCitation>
). Dorsoventrally flattened about 3:2 (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153ABDFD52A760D315" box="[935,1037,746,772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4M</figureCitation>
). Buccal cavity small and shallow, elliptical to triangular in outline, about 20 µm × 10 µm, which corresponds to about 20% of body length (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C66FC97A02ED37D" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4J</figureCitation>
). Cytoplasm colourless to slightly grayish, often with many small black granules (34 µm across) at anterior end of body (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AD0FC2FA701D3A0" box="[970,1132,919,945]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, H, I</figureCitation>
). A few small blue crystal granules (13 μm in diameter) distributed randomly in cytoplasm (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AA9FC65A731D3E6" box="[947,1116,989,1015]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, H, I</figureCitation>
). Macronucleus ellipsoidal, about 25 × 15 μm, located in body centre (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C26FC47A6F2D408" box="[1340,1439,1023,1049]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). No micronucleus observed. One contractile vacuole, about 10 µm in diameter, positioned on right-dorsal side at about three-fifths distance down body length, with about eight long collecting canals (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C09FB32A6F3D4B5" box="[1299,1438,1162,1188]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4A, H</figureCitation>
): one contractile vacuole pore located on right-ventral surface (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153A8BFB68A09FD4FB" box="[913,1010,1232,1258]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Extrusomes spindle-shaped, about 5 µm long, densely arranged beneath pellicle (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C59FB4AA6F3D51D" box="[1347,1438,1266,1292]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4L</figureCitation>
), approximately 20 µm long when extruded (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153C26FAADA6F2D53E" box="[1340,1439,1301,1327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4N</figureCitation>
). Somatic cilia approximately 6 µm long. Locomotion by crawling slowly on substrate or by swimming in water with clockwise rotation about long body axis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="083F3690FFC37D1B3A51FA18A1E2D175" blockId="7.[806,1452,226,1916]" lastBlockId="9.[121,768,226,425]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
General infraciliature as shown in
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153DF8FA18A6C5D5AB" box="[1250,1448,1440,1466]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4EG, OQ</figureCitation>
. Anterior and postoral sutures conspicuous, both extending onto dorsal side (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153D41FA5DA7B6D5EE" box="[1115,1243,1509,1535]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
). About 59 to 80 somatic kineties. Five postoral kineties with dikinetids, beginning below the oral and terminating on the postoral suture (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153AA6F9F5A75AD676" box="[956,1079,1613,1639]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4E, F</figureCitation>
). Three vestibular kineties with densely arranged kinetosomes extending from anterior vertex of buccal cavity and terminating at postoral suture (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFC37D153A72F90DA09ED6DE" box="[872,1011,1717,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4G, O</figureCitation>
). Three conspicuous peniculi, about half of the length of the buccal cavity: peniculi 1 and 2 about equal in length, each composed of four rows of kinetosomes, about half length of buccal cavity; peniculus 3 slightly curved to right at anterior end, composed of two shorter kineties which are about equal in length (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFCD7D1B3998FF5AA26AD0ED" box="[130,263,226,252]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4G, O</figureCitation>
). Single-rowed paroral membrane on right edge of buccal cavity running from anterior to posterior edge of buccal overture, with well-developed oral pharyngeal fibres in the buccal area (
<figureCitation id="90BB2A15FFCD7D1B38E5FEF2A1EFD175" box="[511,642,330,356]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" captionTargetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-0@8.[567,1024,704,1448]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Frontonia schaefferi in vivo (AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation. A, H ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell; B different body shapes; C single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals; D part of argyrome; E, F infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore; G infraciliature of the buccal area; I, K ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes; J buccal area, arrows show anterior suture; L extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle; M lateral view; N extruded extrusomes; O-Q structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars:A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4G, Q</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5CFF6618FFCC7D1A399BF978A0C9D788" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13192861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13192861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13192861/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" startId="8.[129,164,1728,1749]" targetBox="[183,1417,244,1694]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="083F3690FFCC7D1A399BF978A0C9D788" blockId="8.[129,1460,1728,1945]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A399BF978A3ACD6C4" bold="true" box="[129,193,1728,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A39D2F978A2B8D6C4" box="[200,469,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFCC7D1A39D2F978A2E3D6C4" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" box="[200,398,1728,1749]" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="schaefferi">Frontonia schaefferi</taxonomicName>
in vivo
</emphasis>
(AC, HN) and after protargol (EG, OQ) and silver nitrate (D) impregnation.
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3DEBF978A66FD6C4" bold="true" box="[1265,1282,1728,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3C15F978A64FD6C4" bold="true" box="[1295,1314,1728,1749]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">H</emphasis>
ventral view of a typical individual, arrow shows the single contractile vacuole and arrowhead shows a large algal cell;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3DB6F964A7D1D6E0" bold="true" box="[1196,1212,1756,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">B</emphasis>
different body shapes;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A399BF940A3FFD71C" bold="true" box="[129,146,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">C</emphasis>
single contractile vacuole with about 8 long collecting canals;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3A12F940A074D71C" bold="true" box="[776,793,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">D</emphasis>
part of argyrome;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3AF8F940A09FD71C" bold="true" box="[994,1010,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3AE4F940A760D71C" bold="true" box="[1022,1037,1784,1805]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">F</emphasis>
infraciliature in ventral and dorsal views, macronucleus, and contractile vacuole pore;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3B2AF8ACA12ED738" bold="true" box="[560,579,1812,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">G</emphasis>
infraciliature of the buccal area;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3A8FF8ACA0F3D738" bold="true" box="[917,926,1812,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">I</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3AB1F8ACA0D3D738" bold="true" box="[939,958,1812,1833]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">K</emphasis>
ventral view of two individuals showing different shapes;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A39D7F888A3B4D754" bold="true" box="[205,217,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">J</emphasis>
buccal area, arrows show anterior suture;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3B65F888A1E2D754" bold="true" box="[639,655,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">L</emphasis>
extrusomes (arrows) beneath pellicle;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3D09F888A747D754" bold="true" box="[1043,1066,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">M</emphasis>
lateral view;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A3DA7F888A7A3D754" bold="true" box="[1213,1230,1840,1861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
extruded extrusomes;
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCC7D1A399BF8F4A3C2D770" bold="true" box="[129,175,1868,1889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">O -Q</emphasis>
structure of buccal region, arrow on P depicts paroral membrane, arrows on Q depict cytopharyngeal fibers. CF cytopharyngeal fibres; CVP contractile vacuole pore; Ma macronucleus; P1P3 peniculi 1, 2, 3; PM paroral membrane; PK postoral kineties; VK vestibular kineties. Scale bars: A = 40 μm, E, F = 50 μm, H, I, K, M = 70 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="083F3690FFCD7D1B3985FED4A740D1B8" blockId="9.[121,768,226,425]" lastBlockId="9.[805,1452,226,425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCD7D1B3985FED4A164D197" bold="true" box="[159,521,364,390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Comparison and remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="CF804D13FFCD7D1B3B05FED4A21AD1B8" authority="Bullington, 1939" authorityName="Bullington" authorityYear="1939" class="Oligohymenophorea" family="Frontoniidae" genus="Frontonia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Hymenostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="schaefferi">
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCD7D1B3B05FED4A3CFD1B8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Frontonia schaefferi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFCD7D1B39B7FE37A21AD1B8" author="Bullington W. E." box="[173,375,399,425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
was originally reported by
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFCD7D1B3BD6FE37A0B9D0ED" author="Bullington W. E." box="[716,980,226,425]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington (1939)</bibRefCitation>
with only its infraciliature described. The Shenzhen population closely resembles that described by
<bibRefCitation id="6C114B61FFCD7D1B3AB5FE9FA7E8D150" author="Bullington W. E." box="[943,1157,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="10 - 66" refId="ref7708" refString="Bullington W. E. (1939) A study of spiralling in the ciliate Frontonia with a review of the genus and description of two new species. Arch. Protistenk. 92: 10 - 66" type="journal article" year="1939">Bullington (1939)</bibRefCitation>
except for a minor difference in the body size
<emphasis id="3AF4EA82FFCD7D1B3D56FEF2A7F0D175" box="[1100,1181,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">in vivo</emphasis>
(120 × 65 µm vs. 100 × 55 µm in Shenzhen population) which we believe is population-dependent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>